All-solid-state lithium metal batteries represent leading candidates for the next generation of highenergy-density rechargeable batteries.However,the coupled mechanisms governing dendrite growth and crack propagation ...All-solid-state lithium metal batteries represent leading candidates for the next generation of highenergy-density rechargeable batteries.However,the coupled mechanisms governing dendrite growth and crack propagation within solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)remain inadequately understood.To address this knowledge gap,we propose an electrochemical-mechanical coupled phase-field model designed to simulate the complex processes of lithium deposition and crack propagation in SSEs.This framework systematically examines the influence of initial defect characteristics—including morphology,dimensions,and fracture toughness—on dendrite penetration dynamics.Furthermore,it identifies potential initiation pathways for detrimental lithium deposition within the electrolyte bulk.The model also quantifies the critical role of electrolyte elastic modulus and grain boundary orientation in modulating deposition behavior.Notably,simulation results demonstrate concordance with existing experimental observations,thereby establishing a fundamental theoretical framework for understanding failure mechanisms.This work provides crucial mechanistic insights and predictive capabilities to guide the rational design of failure-resistant SSEs for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.展开更多
[目的]考察重组人Ig E Fc的抗过敏反应作用。[方法]建立阴离子交换和疏水层析为主的分离纯化工艺,从CHO细胞培养的上清中获得重组人Ig E Fc样品;利用流式细胞法测定重组人Ig E Fc与表达人FcεRIα的CHO3D10细胞的亲和力;利用表达人FcεR...[目的]考察重组人Ig E Fc的抗过敏反应作用。[方法]建立阴离子交换和疏水层析为主的分离纯化工艺,从CHO细胞培养的上清中获得重组人Ig E Fc样品;利用流式细胞法测定重组人Ig E Fc与表达人FcεRIα的CHO3D10细胞的亲和力;利用表达人FcεRIαEG-RBL2H3的细胞评价重组人Ig E Fc对细胞活化的抑制;在猴体上考察重组人Ig E Fc阻止被动皮肤过敏反应的作用。[结果]制备的重组人Ig E Fc的纯度达到98%;重组人Ig E Fc与CHO3D10细胞的亲和常数为1.40×109(mmol/L)-1是人Ig E的5倍;重组人Ig E Fc的剂量为NP-Ig E的5或6倍时可完全抑制体外细胞活化和体内过敏反应。[结论]重组人Ig E Fc可以抑制Ig E介导的过敏反应,具有新型抗过敏药物开发的前景。展开更多
While photoreduction of CO_(2) to CH 4 is an effective means of producing value-added fuels,common pho-tocatalysts have poor activity and low selectivity in photocatalytic CO_(2)-reduction processes.Even though creati...While photoreduction of CO_(2) to CH 4 is an effective means of producing value-added fuels,common pho-tocatalysts have poor activity and low selectivity in photocatalytic CO_(2)-reduction processes.Even though creating defects is an effective photocatalyst fabrication route to improve photocatalytic activity,there are some challenges with the facile photocatalyst synthesis method.In this work,an O element is in-troduced into a graphitic carbon nitride(CN)skeleton through a precursory ultraviolet light irradiation pretreatment to increase the visible light absorption and enhance the carrier density of this modified non-metal CN photocatalyst;the charge transfer dynamics thereof are also studied through electrochem-ical tests,photoluminescence spectroscopy,and nanosecond transient absorption.We verify that the op-timized sample exhibits lower charge recombination and a suppressed 84 ns electron-trapping lifetime,compared to the 103 ns electron-trapping lifetime of the CN counterpart,and thereby contributes to ro-bust detrapping and a fast transfer of active electrons.Through density functional theory calculations,we find that the improved light absorption and increased electron density are ascribed to O-element doping,which enhances the CO_(2) adsorption energy and improves the CO_(2)-to-CH 4 photoreduction activity;it be-comes 17 times higher than that of the bare CN,and the selectivity is 3.8 times higher than that of CN.Moreover,the optimized sample demonstrates excellent cyclic stability in a 24-hour cycle test.展开更多
Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)have been considered as one of the most promising alternatives to lithiumion batteries(LIBs)in view of their competitive energy density with significantly reduced product cost.Moreover,all...Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)have been considered as one of the most promising alternatives to lithiumion batteries(LIBs)in view of their competitive energy density with significantly reduced product cost.Moreover,alloy-type materials are expected as a high-performance anode of PIBs thanks to their intrinsic chemical stability as well as high theoretical specific capacity.Unfortunately,the serious incompatibility between alloy-type active materials and electrolytes,especially for the formation of unstable solidelectrolyte interfacial(SEI)films,often leads to insufficient cycle life.Herein,the formation mechanism of SEI films in the K-storage systems based on carbon sphere confined Sb anode(Sb@CS)were investigated in commercially available electrolytes.Physical characterizations and theoretical calculation revealed that the solvents in the dilute electrolyte of 0.8 M KPF_(6)/EC+DEC were excessively decomposed on the interface to generate unstable SEI and thus result in inferior K-storage stability.On the contrary,a salt-concentrated electrolyte(3 M KFSI/DME)can generate inorganic-dominated stable SEI due to the preferential decomposition of anions.As a result,the prepared Sb@CS in the matched 3 M KFSI/DME electrolyte delivered a high reversible capacity of 467.8 m A h g^(-1)after 100 cycles at 100 m A g^(-1),with a slow capacity decay of 0.19%per cycle from the 10th to the 100th cycle.These findings are of great significance for revealing the interfacial reaction between electrodes and electrolytes as well as improving the stability of Sb-based anode materials for PIBs.展开更多
The Baculovirus Expression Vector System(BEVS)is highly valued in vaccine development,protein engineering,and drug metabolism research due to its biosafety,operational convenience,rapid scalability,and capacity for se...The Baculovirus Expression Vector System(BEVS)is highly valued in vaccine development,protein engineering,and drug metabolism research due to its biosafety,operational convenience,rapid scalability,and capacity for selfassembling virus-like particles.However,increasing cell density at the time of inoculation severely compromises the production capacity of BEVS,resulting in the“cell density effect”.This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of the cell density effect through time-series analysis of transcriptomes and proteomes,with the goal of overcoming or alleviating the decline in productivity caused by increased cell density.The dynamic analysis of the omics of High Five cells under different CCI(cell density at infection)conditions showed that the impact of the“cell density effect”increased over time,particularly affecting genetic information processing,error repair,protein expression regulation,and material energy metabolism.Omics analysis of the growth stage of High Five cells showed that after 36 h of culture(cell density of about 1×106 cells/mL),the expression of ribosome-related proteins decreased,resulting in a rapid decrease in protein synthesis capacity,which was a key indicator of cell aging.Senescence verification experiments showed that cells began to show obvious early aging characteristics after 36 h,resulting in a decrease in the host cell’s ability to resist stress.Overexpression and siRNA inhibition studies showed that the ndufa12 gene was a potential regulatory target for restricting the“cell density effect”.Our results suggested that stress-induced premature senescence in High Five cell cultures,resulting in reduced energy metabolism and protein synthesis capabilities,was a critical factor contributing to cell density effects,and ultimately affecting virus production.In conclusion,this study provided new insights into managing virus production limitations due to cell density effects and offered innovative strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of cellular aging in biomanufacturing technologies.展开更多
Photothermal therapy is a safe and effective tumour treatment strategy due to its excellent spatiotemporal controllability.However,interferon gamma in the tumour microenvironment is upregulated after photothermal ther...Photothermal therapy is a safe and effective tumour treatment strategy due to its excellent spatiotemporal controllability.However,interferon gamma in the tumour microenvironment is upregulated after photothermal therapy,which enhances the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1)in tumour cells.This further promotes immunosuppression and tumour metastasis,resulting in a poor prognosis in cancer therapy.Traditional nanodrugs often face challenges in penetrating the dense extracellular matrix of solid tumours,whereas certain probiotics possess the ability to specifically colonise the core regions of tumours.In this research,we used Escherichia coli Nissle 1917(ECN)as a chassis cell and self-assembly polydopamine(PDA)on the ECN surface.The black PDA@ECN(notes as PE)actively colonises at the tumour site and produces a photothermal effect under 808 nm laser irradiation to kill tumour cells.To overcome the high expression of PD-L1 induced after photothermal therapy,metformin(MET)was also encapsulated in PE to form PDA@MET@ECN(notes as PME).In vivo experiments demonstrated that PME effectively inhibited the PD-L1 expression and growth of CT26 tumour cells.Overall,PME reverses the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment and enhances the effect of photothermal/immune therapy in tumour treatment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52476053,No.22409209)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.3242017)。
文摘All-solid-state lithium metal batteries represent leading candidates for the next generation of highenergy-density rechargeable batteries.However,the coupled mechanisms governing dendrite growth and crack propagation within solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)remain inadequately understood.To address this knowledge gap,we propose an electrochemical-mechanical coupled phase-field model designed to simulate the complex processes of lithium deposition and crack propagation in SSEs.This framework systematically examines the influence of initial defect characteristics—including morphology,dimensions,and fracture toughness—on dendrite penetration dynamics.Furthermore,it identifies potential initiation pathways for detrimental lithium deposition within the electrolyte bulk.The model also quantifies the critical role of electrolyte elastic modulus and grain boundary orientation in modulating deposition behavior.Notably,simulation results demonstrate concordance with existing experimental observations,thereby establishing a fundamental theoretical framework for understanding failure mechanisms.This work provides crucial mechanistic insights and predictive capabilities to guide the rational design of failure-resistant SSEs for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.
文摘[目的]考察重组人Ig E Fc的抗过敏反应作用。[方法]建立阴离子交换和疏水层析为主的分离纯化工艺,从CHO细胞培养的上清中获得重组人Ig E Fc样品;利用流式细胞法测定重组人Ig E Fc与表达人FcεRIα的CHO3D10细胞的亲和力;利用表达人FcεRIαEG-RBL2H3的细胞评价重组人Ig E Fc对细胞活化的抑制;在猴体上考察重组人Ig E Fc阻止被动皮肤过敏反应的作用。[结果]制备的重组人Ig E Fc的纯度达到98%;重组人Ig E Fc与CHO3D10细胞的亲和常数为1.40×109(mmol/L)-1是人Ig E的5倍;重组人Ig E Fc的剂量为NP-Ig E的5或6倍时可完全抑制体外细胞活化和体内过敏反应。[结论]重组人Ig E Fc可以抑制Ig E介导的过敏反应,具有新型抗过敏药物开发的前景。
文摘While photoreduction of CO_(2) to CH 4 is an effective means of producing value-added fuels,common pho-tocatalysts have poor activity and low selectivity in photocatalytic CO_(2)-reduction processes.Even though creating defects is an effective photocatalyst fabrication route to improve photocatalytic activity,there are some challenges with the facile photocatalyst synthesis method.In this work,an O element is in-troduced into a graphitic carbon nitride(CN)skeleton through a precursory ultraviolet light irradiation pretreatment to increase the visible light absorption and enhance the carrier density of this modified non-metal CN photocatalyst;the charge transfer dynamics thereof are also studied through electrochem-ical tests,photoluminescence spectroscopy,and nanosecond transient absorption.We verify that the op-timized sample exhibits lower charge recombination and a suppressed 84 ns electron-trapping lifetime,compared to the 103 ns electron-trapping lifetime of the CN counterpart,and thereby contributes to ro-bust detrapping and a fast transfer of active electrons.Through density functional theory calculations,we find that the improved light absorption and increased electron density are ascribed to O-element doping,which enhances the CO_(2) adsorption energy and improves the CO_(2)-to-CH 4 photoreduction activity;it be-comes 17 times higher than that of the bare CN,and the selectivity is 3.8 times higher than that of CN.Moreover,the optimized sample demonstrates excellent cyclic stability in a 24-hour cycle test.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21771107,21902077)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20190381,BK20201287)。
文摘Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)have been considered as one of the most promising alternatives to lithiumion batteries(LIBs)in view of their competitive energy density with significantly reduced product cost.Moreover,alloy-type materials are expected as a high-performance anode of PIBs thanks to their intrinsic chemical stability as well as high theoretical specific capacity.Unfortunately,the serious incompatibility between alloy-type active materials and electrolytes,especially for the formation of unstable solidelectrolyte interfacial(SEI)films,often leads to insufficient cycle life.Herein,the formation mechanism of SEI films in the K-storage systems based on carbon sphere confined Sb anode(Sb@CS)were investigated in commercially available electrolytes.Physical characterizations and theoretical calculation revealed that the solvents in the dilute electrolyte of 0.8 M KPF_(6)/EC+DEC were excessively decomposed on the interface to generate unstable SEI and thus result in inferior K-storage stability.On the contrary,a salt-concentrated electrolyte(3 M KFSI/DME)can generate inorganic-dominated stable SEI due to the preferential decomposition of anions.As a result,the prepared Sb@CS in the matched 3 M KFSI/DME electrolyte delivered a high reversible capacity of 467.8 m A h g^(-1)after 100 cycles at 100 m A g^(-1),with a slow capacity decay of 0.19%per cycle from the 10th to the 100th cycle.These findings are of great significance for revealing the interfacial reaction between electrodes and electrolytes as well as improving the stability of Sb-based anode materials for PIBs.
文摘The Baculovirus Expression Vector System(BEVS)is highly valued in vaccine development,protein engineering,and drug metabolism research due to its biosafety,operational convenience,rapid scalability,and capacity for selfassembling virus-like particles.However,increasing cell density at the time of inoculation severely compromises the production capacity of BEVS,resulting in the“cell density effect”.This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of the cell density effect through time-series analysis of transcriptomes and proteomes,with the goal of overcoming or alleviating the decline in productivity caused by increased cell density.The dynamic analysis of the omics of High Five cells under different CCI(cell density at infection)conditions showed that the impact of the“cell density effect”increased over time,particularly affecting genetic information processing,error repair,protein expression regulation,and material energy metabolism.Omics analysis of the growth stage of High Five cells showed that after 36 h of culture(cell density of about 1×106 cells/mL),the expression of ribosome-related proteins decreased,resulting in a rapid decrease in protein synthesis capacity,which was a key indicator of cell aging.Senescence verification experiments showed that cells began to show obvious early aging characteristics after 36 h,resulting in a decrease in the host cell’s ability to resist stress.Overexpression and siRNA inhibition studies showed that the ndufa12 gene was a potential regulatory target for restricting the“cell density effect”.Our results suggested that stress-induced premature senescence in High Five cell cultures,resulting in reduced energy metabolism and protein synthesis capabilities,was a critical factor contributing to cell density effects,and ultimately affecting virus production.In conclusion,this study provided new insights into managing virus production limitations due to cell density effects and offered innovative strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of cellular aging in biomanufacturing technologies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFA0908900)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.22ZR1416000)the Open Funding Project of State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism(No.MMLKF24-01).
文摘Photothermal therapy is a safe and effective tumour treatment strategy due to its excellent spatiotemporal controllability.However,interferon gamma in the tumour microenvironment is upregulated after photothermal therapy,which enhances the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1)in tumour cells.This further promotes immunosuppression and tumour metastasis,resulting in a poor prognosis in cancer therapy.Traditional nanodrugs often face challenges in penetrating the dense extracellular matrix of solid tumours,whereas certain probiotics possess the ability to specifically colonise the core regions of tumours.In this research,we used Escherichia coli Nissle 1917(ECN)as a chassis cell and self-assembly polydopamine(PDA)on the ECN surface.The black PDA@ECN(notes as PE)actively colonises at the tumour site and produces a photothermal effect under 808 nm laser irradiation to kill tumour cells.To overcome the high expression of PD-L1 induced after photothermal therapy,metformin(MET)was also encapsulated in PE to form PDA@MET@ECN(notes as PME).In vivo experiments demonstrated that PME effectively inhibited the PD-L1 expression and growth of CT26 tumour cells.Overall,PME reverses the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment and enhances the effect of photothermal/immune therapy in tumour treatment.
