Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have g...Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have garnered considerable attention due to their softness,conformability,and biocompatibility.However,several challenges remain,including imperfect skin-device interfaces,limited breathability,and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability.On-skin epidermal electronics,distinguished by their excellent conformability,breathability,and mechanoelectrical robustness,offer a promising solution for high-fidelity,long-term health monitoring.These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body,leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare.This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics,with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science,structural design,desired properties,and practical applications.We explore various materials,considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics.We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring,including adhesiveness,breathability,and mechanoelectrical stability.Additionally,we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals.Finally,we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects,offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.展开更多
Tilted metasurface nanostructures,with excellent physical properties and enormous application potential,pose an urgent need for manufacturing methods.Here,electric-field-driven generative-nanoimprinting technique is p...Tilted metasurface nanostructures,with excellent physical properties and enormous application potential,pose an urgent need for manufacturing methods.Here,electric-field-driven generative-nanoimprinting technique is proposed.The electric field applied between the template and the substrate drives the contact,tilting,filling,and holding processes.By accurately controlling the introduced included angle between the flexible template and the substrate,tilted nanostructures with a controllable angle are imprinted onto the substrate,although they are vertical on the template.By flexibly adjusting the electric field intensity and the included angle,large-area uniform-tilted,gradient-tilted,and high-angle-tilted nanostructures are fabricated.In contrast to traditional replication,the morphology of the nanoimprinting structure is extended to customized control.This work provides a cost-effective,efficient,and versatile technology for the fabrication of various large-area tilted metasurface structures.As an illustration,a tilted nanograting with a high coupling efficiency is fabricated and integrated into augmented reality displays,demonstrating superior imaging quality.展开更多
Gecko-inspired van der Waals force-based adhesion technology demonstrates significant potential for robotic operations.While superior adhesion is achieved under parallel contact during testing,engineering operations o...Gecko-inspired van der Waals force-based adhesion technology demonstrates significant potential for robotic operations.While superior adhesion is achieved under parallel contact during testing,engineering operations often involve non-parallel contact,weakening adhesion,and compromising task stability and efficiency.Stable attachment under such non-parallel contacts remains challenging.Inspired by the soft muscle and rigid bone in the gecko’s sole,this study proposes a self-adaptive core-shell dry adhesive by embedding a thin,rigid piece into a soft,thick elastomer comprising a top adhesion tip with a mushroom-like geometry for interfacial adhesion based on the van der Waals force and a bottom core-shell configuration for interface stress regulation.Unlike traditional core-shell structures with a fixed“dead core,”the proposed“live core”rotates within the soft shell,mimicking skeletal joints.This enables stress equalization at the interface and facilitates adaptive contact to macroscopic interfacial angle errors.This innovative core-shell configuration demonstrates an adhesion strength 100 times higher than conventional homogeneous structures under non-parallel contact and offers anti-overturning ability by mitigating torsional effects.The proposed strategy can advance the development of gecko-inspired adhesion-based devices and systems.展开更多
Interstitial fluid(ISF)flow through vascular adventitia has been discovered recently.However,its kinetic pattern was unclear.We used histological and topographical identification to observe ISF flow along venous vesse...Interstitial fluid(ISF)flow through vascular adventitia has been discovered recently.However,its kinetic pattern was unclear.We used histological and topographical identification to observe ISF flow along venous vessels in rabbits.By magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)in live subjects,the inherent pathways of ISF flow from the ankle dermis through the legs,abdomen,and thorax were enhanced by paramagnetic contrast.By fluorescence stereomicroscopy and layer-by-layer dissection after the rabbits were sacrificed,the perivascular and adventitial connective tissues(PACTs)along the saphenous veins and inferior vena cava were found to be stained by sodium fluorescein from the ankle dermis,which coincided with the findings by MRI.The direction of ISF transport in a venous PACT pathway was the same as that of venous blood flow.By confocal microscopy and histological analysis,the stained PACT pathways were verified to be the fibrous connective tissues,consisting of longitudinally assembled fibers.Real-time observations by fluorescence stereomicroscopy revealed at least two types of spaces for ISF flow:one along adventitial fibers and another one between the vascular adventitia and its covering fascia.Using nanoparticles and surfactants,a PACT pathway was found to be accessible by a nanoparticle of<100 nm and contained two parts:a transport channel and an absorptive part.The calculated velocity of continuous ISF flow along fibers of the PACT pathway was 3.6-15.6 mm/s.These data revealed that a PACT pathway was a"slit-shaped"porous biomaterial,comprising a longitudinal transport channel and an absorptive part for imbibition.The use of surfactants suggested that interfacial tension might play an essential role in layers of continuous ISF flow along vascular vessels.A hypothetical"gel pump"is proposed based on interfacial tension and interactions to regulate ISF flow.These experimental findings may inspire future studies to explore the physiological and pathophysiological functions of vascular ISF or interfacial fluid flow among interstitial connective tissues throughout the body.展开更多
BACKGROUND： lnterleukin-2 （IL-2） may influence the growth and survival of nerve cells following spinal cord injury and resuscitate the proliferation and maturation of oligodendrocytes. OBJECTIVE： To observe the ef...BACKGROUND： lnterleukin-2 （IL-2） may influence the growth and survival of nerve cells following spinal cord injury and resuscitate the proliferation and maturation of oligodendrocytes. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of IL-2 on neuronal apoptosis of neurogliocytes at different times following acute spinal cord injury in rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized grouping trial based on cellular morphology was performed at the Institute of Traumatic Orthopedics of Shandong Province between October 2004 and January 2006. MATERIALS： A total of 72 adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats were included in this study and were divided into a control group and an IL-2 group. The Bcl-2 monoclonal antibody and TUNEL kit were purchased from Wunan Boster Biological Technology Corporation. METHODS： Spinal cord injury was induced in all the rats by dropping a weight from a height of 25 cm onto the exposed spinal cord at vertebral levels T7-11, thus producing a mild lesion. Immediately following the modeling, the rats were injected with daily IL-2 （10 uL） intramuscularly （the IL-2 group）. Other rats received an injection of physiological saline 0.5 mL/d （the control group）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the Bcl-protein and positive cell expression. The TUNEL method was used to count the number of apoptotic cells. RESULTS： The expression level of Bcl-2 proteins increased significantly in spinal cord tissues during the first day after acute spinal cord injury, reaching a peak on days 3 and days 8 in the control and IL-2 groups, respectively. They were more prevalent in neurogliocytes than in neurocytes, and then began to decrease on day 14. From then until day 21, less expression was detected （P 〈 0.05）. In the control group, many apoptotic cells existed after 24 hours, and most of them were gliocytes; apoptotic cells reached a peak after 3-8 days. They then decreased gradually until day 21, when a small number of cells were still available. In the IL-2 group, the number of positive cells was significantly lower than in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： The expression of Bcl-2 and the number of apoptotic cells in neurogliocytes undergo similar changes with time after acute spinal cord injury. IL-2 may upregulate the expression of Bcl-2 proteins and decrease cell apoptosis in spinal cord tissue.展开更多
With advantages of strong drive capability,nested-loop secondary linear machine(NLS-LM)has great potentiality in linear metro.For its secondary structure with multiple loops,it is difficult to calculate the electromag...With advantages of strong drive capability,nested-loop secondary linear machine(NLS-LM)has great potentiality in linear metro.For its secondary structure with multiple loops,it is difficult to calculate the electromagnetic thrust of NLS-LM reasonably.Hence,in this paper,one thrust calculation method is proposed considering variable loop inductance and transient loop current.Firstly,to establish the secondary winding function,the modeling domain is confined to a limited range,and the equivalent loop span is employed by analyzing the coupling relationship between primary and secondary.Then,in order to obtain the secondary flux density,the transient secondary current is solved based on the loop impedance and induced voltage.Finally,the electromagnetic thrust can be calculated reasonably by the given primary current sheet and the calculated secondary flux density.Comprehensive simulations and experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
Surface nanopatterning of semiconductor optoelectronic devices is a powerful way to improve their quality and performance.However,photoelectric devices’inherent stress sensitivity and inevitable warpage pose a huge c...Surface nanopatterning of semiconductor optoelectronic devices is a powerful way to improve their quality and performance.However,photoelectric devices’inherent stress sensitivity and inevitable warpage pose a huge challenge on fabricating nanostructures large-scale.Electric-driven flexible-roller nanoimprint lithography for nanopatterning the optoelectronic wafer is proposed in this study.The flexible nanoimprint template twining around a roller is continuously released and recovered,controlled by the roller’s simple motion.The electric field applied to the template and substrate provides the driving force.The contact line of the template and the substrate gradually moves with the roller to enable scanning and adapting to the entire warped substrate,under the electric field.In addition,the driving force generated from electric field is applied to the surface of substrate,so that the substrate is free from external pressure.Furthermore,liquid resist completely fills in microcavities on the template by powerful electric field force,to ensure the fidelity of the nanostructures.The proposed nanoimprint technology is validated on the prototype.Finally,nano-grating structures are fabricated on a gallium nitride light-emitting diode chip adopting the solution,achieving polarization of the light source.展开更多
Organic-rich shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin in China are mainly derived from aquatic organisms with type II kerogen.A reverse maturity trend,derived from the commonly used biomarker mat...Organic-rich shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin in China are mainly derived from aquatic organisms with type II kerogen.A reverse maturity trend,derived from the commonly used biomarker maturity parameter Ts/(Ts+Tm)occurs in the depth profiles of the Chang 7_(3) submember and the Chang 8 member.In contrast,maturity proxies derived from aromatic compounds show a normal sequence for more deeply buried Chang 8 samples exhibiting higher maturity levels,as expected.To explain the abnormal phenomenon,multiple controlling factors—including the paleoredox condition,water salinity,the clay mineral content and composition,biodegradation,the primary migration fractionation effect,and organofacies—are considered.It was found that organofacies BC(HIo=400-250)appear in the Chang 8 samples,while organofacies B(HIo=400-650)appear in the Chang 7_(3) submember.The results suggest that variation in organofacies has a significant impact on Ts/(Ts+Tm)values,even for samples with the same kerogen type and similar source input,and is primarily responsible for the reverse maturity trend in the depth profiles.展开更多
The functionalization of living cells,both internally and externally,transforming them into microma-chines with specified functions,holds significant po-tential in fields such as biosensing,biocomputing,and intelligen...The functionalization of living cells,both internally and externally,transforming them into microma-chines with specified functions,holds significant po-tential in fields such as biosensing,biocomputing,and intelligent theranostics.However,due to the complexity and dynamic nature of living cells,it remains challenging to allocate exogenous function-al materials to specific locations within the cell or on its surface and maintain their positions stable for a reasonable period.Here,we devise a DNA-pro-grammed cargo distributing system(DCD),capable of distributing functional modules to the cell mem-brane or within the cell as needed.This system includes an amphiphilic DNA structure for determin-ing the destination of the cargo and a DNA connector carried on it for recognizing the DNA-encoded cargo.We test three different morphologies of amphiphilic DNA structures and find that their efficiencies in cell surface retention and cell internalization significantly varied,enabling the distribution of nanoparticle cargos on the cell membrane and within the cell in distinct proportions.Their positions can remain sta-ble for at least 6 h.Moreover,this allocation method shows specificity,which minimizes the deployment of mismatched cargo.This method provides new tools for the modular construction of cellular micro-machines.展开更多
Bone tumors(BTs)-including osteosarcoma,Ewing sarcoma,and chondrosarcoma-are rare but biologically complex malignancies characterized by pronounced heterogeneity in anatomical location,histological subtype,and molecul...Bone tumors(BTs)-including osteosarcoma,Ewing sarcoma,and chondrosarcoma-are rare but biologically complex malignancies characterized by pronounced heterogeneity in anatomical location,histological subtype,and molecular alterations.Recent advances in artificial intelligence(AI),particularly deep learning,have enabled the integration of diverse clinical data modalities to support diagnosis,treatment planning,and prognostication in bone oncology.This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of AI-driven multimodal fusion strategies that incorporate radiological imaging,digital pathology,multi-omics profiling,and electronic health records.We conducted a structured review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2015 and early 2025,focusing on the development,validation,and clinical applicability of AI models for BT diagnosis,subtyping,treatment response prediction,and recurrence monitoring.Although multimodal models have demonstrated advantages over unimodal approaches,especially in handling missing data and improving generalizability,most remain constrained by single-center study designs,small sample sizes,and limited prospective or external validation.Persistent technical and translational challenges include semantic misalignment across modalities,incomplete datasets,limited model interpretability,and regulatory and infrastructural barriers to clinical integration.To address these limitations,we highlight emerging directions such as contrastive representation learning,generative data augmentation,transformer-based fusion architectures,and privacy-preserving federated learning.We also discuss the evolving role of foundation models and workflow-integrated AI agents in enhancing scalability and clinical usability.In summary,multimodal AI represents a promising paradigm for advancing precision care in BTs.Realizing its full clinical potential will require methodologically rigorous,biologically informed,and system-level approaches that bridge algorithmic innovation with real-world healthcare delivery.展开更多
A subcutaneous transport pathway in humans has been previously visualised by injection of a paramagnetic tracer into the specific region of skin.In the current study,we further investigated the behaviours of imaging t...A subcutaneous transport pathway in humans has been previously visualised by injection of a paramagnetic tracer into the specific region of skin.In the current study,we further investigated the behaviours of imaging tracers in the transport pathways using imaging techniques.Three types of imaging tracers,including Gd-DTPA,iodised oil,and fluorescein sodium,were hypodermically injected into different acupuncture points of healthy volunteers to visualise the transport pathways by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),X-ray,CT,and a digital fluorescein camera.Several longitudinal transport pathways in the arms and feet,which represent venous vessels and subcutaneous transport pathways(STPs) without well-defined boundaries,were visualised by MRI.Among the visualised veins,the partial walls of a few veins were enhanced by Gd-DTPA.The fluorescent images further indicated that STPs likely represent boundless pathways.The findings in this study suggested that specific anatomical structures within the subcutaneous tissues or the partial walls of certain veins werenot vascular conduits but rather represented unique transport pathways in humans that warrant extensive future studies.展开更多
The integrated perception capable of detecting and monitoring varieties of activities is one of the ultimate purposes of wearable electronics and intelligent robots.Limited by the space occupation,it lacks practical f...The integrated perception capable of detecting and monitoring varieties of activities is one of the ultimate purposes of wearable electronics and intelligent robots.Limited by the space occupation,it lacks practical feasibility to stack multiple types of single sensors on each other.Herein,a high-sensitivity dual-function capacitive sensor with proximity sensing and pressure sensing is proposed.The fringing electric field can be confined in the proximity-sensitive area by fibrous loop-patterned electrode,leading to more stolen charges when object approaching and thus a high proximity sensitivity.The high-permittivity doped structured dielectric layer reduces the compressive stiffness and enhances the rate of compression-caused increase in the equivalent relative permittivity of the dielectric layer,resulting in a larger increase in capacitance and thus a high pressure sensitivity.The electrodes and dielectric layer together compose the capacitor and act as the sensor without taking up additional space.The decoupling of proximity-sensing and pressure-sensing modes can be achieved by decrease or increase in capacitance.Combined with array distribution and sequential scanning,the sensors can be used for detection of motion trajectory,contour recognition,pressure distribution.展开更多
The exption of Chinese natural language processing(NLP)has stimulated research in the broader NLP domain.However,existing large language models have limitations in comprehending and reasoning in Chinese.This paper add...The exption of Chinese natural language processing(NLP)has stimulated research in the broader NLP domain.However,existing large language models have limitations in comprehending and reasoning in Chinese.This paper addresses these limitations by enhancing Chinese language models comprehension and reasoning capabilities while minimizing resource requirements.We propose LLaMA-LoRA,a neural prompt engineering framework that builds upon the LLaMA-13B model and incorporates the Low-Rank Adaptation(LoRA)of Large Language Models technique for refinement.Chain-of-Thought(CoT)are crucial for generating intermediate reasoning chains in language models,but their effectiveness can be limited by isolated language patterns.Erroneous reasoning resulting from conventional prompts negatively impacts model performance.Automatic prompts are introduced to encourage reasoning chain generation and accurate answer inference.Training the model with an extensive corpus of Chinese CoT data enhances its comprehension and reasoning abilities.The LLaMA-LoRA model demonstrates exceptional performance across numerous Chinese language tasks,surpassing benchmark performance achieved by related language models such as GPT-3.5,Chat-GLM,and OpenAssistant,delivering accurate,comprehensive,and professional answers.The availability of our open-source model code facilitates further research in the field of Chinese text logical reasoning thinking chains.展开更多
Flexible electronics play a key role in the development of human society and our daily activities.Currently they are expected to revolutionize personal health management.However,it remains challenging to fabricate sma...Flexible electronics play a key role in the development of human society and our daily activities.Currently they are expected to revolutionize personal health management.However,it remains challenging to fabricate smart sensors with high robustness,reliability,and visible readout.Herein,high-performance electrochromic(EC),electro-fluorochromic(EFC),and double-network ionogels with excellent transmissivity,high mechanical robustness,and ultrastable reversibility are prepared by combination of thienoviologen-containing ionic liquids with poly(ethyl acrylate)elastomer.The ionogels exhibit good mechanical properties(1000%stretchability and 3.2 kJ m^(−2) fracture energy).The ionogel-based EC devices have a significantly simplified device fabrication process as well as superior cycling stability in which 88%of the contract ratio is maintained at 88%at 500 cycles,even after being stored for 2 years under ambient atmosphere(relative humidity:30%∼40%,25°C).The conductivity of ionogels showed a fast and reproducible response to strain,and the conductivity decreased with increased strain.By virtue of the EC and EFC properties of the thienoviologen component,the EC and EFC efficiency decreased with the increased strain loaded on the ionogels,and almost no EC or EFC phenomena were observed when the strain was above 300%.This feasible strategy provides an opportunity for the development of visible strain sensors to monitor the body’s movements through color and fluorescence emission.展开更多
Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors play an important role to ensure the safety and friendliness during the human-robot interaction process.Microengineering the active layer has been shown to improve performanc...Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors play an important role to ensure the safety and friendliness during the human-robot interaction process.Microengineering the active layer has been shown to improve performance of pressure sensors.However,the current structural strategy almost relying on axial compression deformation suffers structural stifening,and together with the limited area growth efficiency of conformal interface,essentially limiting the maximum sensitivity.Here,inspired by the interface contact behavior of gecko's feet,we design a slant hierarchical microstructure to act as an electrode contacting with an ionic gel layer,fundamentally eliminating the pressure resistance and maximizing functional interface expansion to achieving ultrasensitive sensitivity.Such a structuring strategy dramatically improves the relative capacitance change both in the low-and high-pressure region,thereby boosting the sensitivity up to 36000kPa^(-1) and effective measurement range up to 30okPa.To verify the advantages of high sensitivity,the sensor is integrated with a soft magnetic robot to demonstrate a biomimetic Venus flytrap.The ability to perceive weak stimuli allows the sensor to be used as a sensory and feedback window,realizing the capture of small live insects and the transportation of fragile objects.展开更多
Recombinant keratins possess strong hemostatic and wound healing properties but suffer from poor water solubility that restricts their bioactivities in biomedical applications.Herein,we report the rational design and ...Recombinant keratins possess strong hemostatic and wound healing properties but suffer from poor water solubility that restricts their bioactivities in biomedical applications.Herein,we report the rational design and synthesis of water-soluble keratins using a simple methodology named the QTY code.In vitro biophysical analyses and molecular dynamic simulation demonstrated a 200-fold increase in the water solubility of QTY variant keratins without apparent structural changes compared to native proteins.Homotypic self-assembly was observed for the first time in recombinant keratins in an aqueous environment,without urea and after QTY modification.Cell and animal experiments showed the in situ gel-forming capability of QTY variant keratins with superior hemostatic and wound healing activities at the wound sites compared to native recombinant keratins.Our work not only presented a simple and feasible pathway to produce large amounts of water-soluble keratins using QTY modification but also validated the enhanced self-assembly,hemostasis,and wound healing properties of these novel keratin species that may open up new venues for biomedical applications.展开更多
Improving droplet velocity as much as possible is considered as the key to improving both printing speed and printing distance of the piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printing technology.There are 3 tough and contr...Improving droplet velocity as much as possible is considered as the key to improving both printing speed and printing distance of the piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printing technology.There are 3 tough and contradictory issues that need to be addressed simultaneously,namely,the actuation pressure of the piezoelectric printhead,satellite droplets,and the air resistance,which seems almost impossible to achieve with classical methods.Herein,a novel solution is introduced.By modulating the positive crosstalk effect inside and outside the printhead,self-tuning can be achieved,including self-reinforcing of the actuation pressure,self-restraining of satellite droplets,and self-weakening of the air resistance,thereby greatly improving droplet velocity.Based on these mechanisms,waveform design methods for different inks and printheads are investigated.The results demonstrate that monodisperse droplet jetting with a maximum velocity of 27.53 m/s can be achieved,reaching 3 to 5 times that of the classical method(5 to 8 m/s).Correspondingly,the printing speed and distance can be simultaneously increased by almost 10 times,demonstrating an ability of direct printing on irregular surface.Meanwhile,the compatibility of ink materials is expanded,as the Ohnesorge number and the viscosity of printable inks for the printhead used are increased from 0.36–0.72 to 0.03–1.18 and from 10–12 cp to 1–40.3 cp,respectively,even breaking the traditional limitations of the piezoelectric printing technology(Ohnesorge number of 0.1 to 1;viscosity of 1 to 25 cp).All the above provide a new perspective for improving droplet velocity and may even offer a game-changing choice for expanding the boundaries of the piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printing technology.展开更多
Plants are sessile organisms that evolve with a flexible signal transduction system in order to rapidly respond to environmental changes.Drought,a common abiotic stress,affects multiple plant developmental processes e...Plants are sessile organisms that evolve with a flexible signal transduction system in order to rapidly respond to environmental changes.Drought,a common abiotic stress,affects multiple plant developmental processes especially growth.In response to drought stress,an intricate hierarchical regulatory network is established in plant to survive from the extreme environment.The transcriptional regulation carried out by transcription factors(TFs)is the most important step for the establishment of the network.In this review,we summarized almost all the TFs that have been reported to participate in drought tolerance(DT)in plant.Totally 466 TFs from 86 plant species that mostly belong to 11 families are collected here.This demonstrates that TFs in these 11 families are the main transcriptional regulators of plant DT.The regulatory network is built by direct protein-protein interaction or mutual regulation of TFs.TFs receive upstream signals possibly via post-transcriptional regulation and output signals to downstream targets via direct binding to their promoters to regulate gene expression.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52025055,52375576,52350349)Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2022GXLH-01-12)+2 种基金Joint Fund of Ministry of Education for Equipment Pre-research(No.8091B03012304)Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(No.2022004607001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.xtr072024031).
文摘Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have garnered considerable attention due to their softness,conformability,and biocompatibility.However,several challenges remain,including imperfect skin-device interfaces,limited breathability,and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability.On-skin epidermal electronics,distinguished by their excellent conformability,breathability,and mechanoelectrical robustness,offer a promising solution for high-fidelity,long-term health monitoring.These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body,leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare.This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics,with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science,structural design,desired properties,and practical applications.We explore various materials,considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics.We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring,including adhesiveness,breathability,and mechanoelectrical stability.Additionally,we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals.Finally,we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects,offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52025055 and 52275571)Basic Research Operation Fund of China(No.xzy012024024).
文摘Tilted metasurface nanostructures,with excellent physical properties and enormous application potential,pose an urgent need for manufacturing methods.Here,electric-field-driven generative-nanoimprinting technique is proposed.The electric field applied between the template and the substrate drives the contact,tilting,filling,and holding processes.By accurately controlling the introduced included angle between the flexible template and the substrate,tilted nanostructures with a controllable angle are imprinted onto the substrate,although they are vertical on the template.By flexibly adjusting the electric field intensity and the included angle,large-area uniform-tilted,gradient-tilted,and high-angle-tilted nanostructures are fabricated.In contrast to traditional replication,the morphology of the nanoimprinting structure is extended to customized control.This work provides a cost-effective,efficient,and versatile technology for the fabrication of various large-area tilted metasurface structures.As an illustration,a tilted nanograting with a high coupling efficiency is fabricated and integrated into augmented reality displays,demonstrating superior imaging quality.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(52025055,52175546,and 52405624)the Shaanxi University Youth Innovation Team.
文摘Gecko-inspired van der Waals force-based adhesion technology demonstrates significant potential for robotic operations.While superior adhesion is achieved under parallel contact during testing,engineering operations often involve non-parallel contact,weakening adhesion,and compromising task stability and efficiency.Stable attachment under such non-parallel contacts remains challenging.Inspired by the soft muscle and rigid bone in the gecko’s sole,this study proposes a self-adaptive core-shell dry adhesive by embedding a thin,rigid piece into a soft,thick elastomer comprising a top adhesion tip with a mushroom-like geometry for interfacial adhesion based on the van der Waals force and a bottom core-shell configuration for interface stress regulation.Unlike traditional core-shell structures with a fixed“dead core,”the proposed“live core”rotates within the soft shell,mimicking skeletal joints.This enables stress equalization at the interface and facilitates adaptive contact to macroscopic interfacial angle errors.This innovative core-shell configuration demonstrates an adhesion strength 100 times higher than conventional homogeneous structures under non-parallel contact and offers anti-overturning ability by mitigating torsional effects.The proposed strategy can advance the development of gecko-inspired adhesion-based devices and systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82050004 and 81141118)the Beijing Hospital Clinical Research 121 Project(No.121-2016002)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2015CB554507)Ms.Siu TUEN,Lucy Chan LAU,Mr.Waichun TIN,and Weiwu HU for their financial support。
文摘Interstitial fluid(ISF)flow through vascular adventitia has been discovered recently.However,its kinetic pattern was unclear.We used histological and topographical identification to observe ISF flow along venous vessels in rabbits.By magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)in live subjects,the inherent pathways of ISF flow from the ankle dermis through the legs,abdomen,and thorax were enhanced by paramagnetic contrast.By fluorescence stereomicroscopy and layer-by-layer dissection after the rabbits were sacrificed,the perivascular and adventitial connective tissues(PACTs)along the saphenous veins and inferior vena cava were found to be stained by sodium fluorescein from the ankle dermis,which coincided with the findings by MRI.The direction of ISF transport in a venous PACT pathway was the same as that of venous blood flow.By confocal microscopy and histological analysis,the stained PACT pathways were verified to be the fibrous connective tissues,consisting of longitudinally assembled fibers.Real-time observations by fluorescence stereomicroscopy revealed at least two types of spaces for ISF flow:one along adventitial fibers and another one between the vascular adventitia and its covering fascia.Using nanoparticles and surfactants,a PACT pathway was found to be accessible by a nanoparticle of<100 nm and contained two parts:a transport channel and an absorptive part.The calculated velocity of continuous ISF flow along fibers of the PACT pathway was 3.6-15.6 mm/s.These data revealed that a PACT pathway was a"slit-shaped"porous biomaterial,comprising a longitudinal transport channel and an absorptive part for imbibition.The use of surfactants suggested that interfacial tension might play an essential role in layers of continuous ISF flow along vascular vessels.A hypothetical"gel pump"is proposed based on interfacial tension and interactions to regulate ISF flow.These experimental findings may inspire future studies to explore the physiological and pathophysiological functions of vascular ISF or interfacial fluid flow among interstitial connective tissues throughout the body.
文摘BACKGROUND： lnterleukin-2 （IL-2） may influence the growth and survival of nerve cells following spinal cord injury and resuscitate the proliferation and maturation of oligodendrocytes. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of IL-2 on neuronal apoptosis of neurogliocytes at different times following acute spinal cord injury in rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized grouping trial based on cellular morphology was performed at the Institute of Traumatic Orthopedics of Shandong Province between October 2004 and January 2006. MATERIALS： A total of 72 adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats were included in this study and were divided into a control group and an IL-2 group. The Bcl-2 monoclonal antibody and TUNEL kit were purchased from Wunan Boster Biological Technology Corporation. METHODS： Spinal cord injury was induced in all the rats by dropping a weight from a height of 25 cm onto the exposed spinal cord at vertebral levels T7-11, thus producing a mild lesion. Immediately following the modeling, the rats were injected with daily IL-2 （10 uL） intramuscularly （the IL-2 group）. Other rats received an injection of physiological saline 0.5 mL/d （the control group）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the Bcl-protein and positive cell expression. The TUNEL method was used to count the number of apoptotic cells. RESULTS： The expression level of Bcl-2 proteins increased significantly in spinal cord tissues during the first day after acute spinal cord injury, reaching a peak on days 3 and days 8 in the control and IL-2 groups, respectively. They were more prevalent in neurogliocytes than in neurocytes, and then began to decrease on day 14. From then until day 21, less expression was detected （P 〈 0.05）. In the control group, many apoptotic cells existed after 24 hours, and most of them were gliocytes; apoptotic cells reached a peak after 3-8 days. They then decreased gradually until day 21, when a small number of cells were still available. In the IL-2 group, the number of positive cells was significantly lower than in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： The expression of Bcl-2 and the number of apoptotic cells in neurogliocytes undergo similar changes with time after acute spinal cord injury. IL-2 may upregulate the expression of Bcl-2 proteins and decrease cell apoptosis in spinal cord tissue.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 52277050the Shenzhen International Collaboration under Grant GJHZ20210705142539007。
文摘With advantages of strong drive capability,nested-loop secondary linear machine(NLS-LM)has great potentiality in linear metro.For its secondary structure with multiple loops,it is difficult to calculate the electromagnetic thrust of NLS-LM reasonably.Hence,in this paper,one thrust calculation method is proposed considering variable loop inductance and transient loop current.Firstly,to establish the secondary winding function,the modeling domain is confined to a limited range,and the equivalent loop span is employed by analyzing the coupling relationship between primary and secondary.Then,in order to obtain the secondary flux density,the transient secondary current is solved based on the loop impedance and induced voltage.Finally,the electromagnetic thrust can be calculated reasonably by the given primary current sheet and the calculated secondary flux density.Comprehensive simulations and experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52025055 and 5227050783)。
文摘Surface nanopatterning of semiconductor optoelectronic devices is a powerful way to improve their quality and performance.However,photoelectric devices’inherent stress sensitivity and inevitable warpage pose a huge challenge on fabricating nanostructures large-scale.Electric-driven flexible-roller nanoimprint lithography for nanopatterning the optoelectronic wafer is proposed in this study.The flexible nanoimprint template twining around a roller is continuously released and recovered,controlled by the roller’s simple motion.The electric field applied to the template and substrate provides the driving force.The contact line of the template and the substrate gradually moves with the roller to enable scanning and adapting to the entire warped substrate,under the electric field.In addition,the driving force generated from electric field is applied to the surface of substrate,so that the substrate is free from external pressure.Furthermore,liquid resist completely fills in microcavities on the template by powerful electric field force,to ensure the fidelity of the nanostructures.The proposed nanoimprint technology is validated on the prototype.Finally,nano-grating structures are fabricated on a gallium nitride light-emitting diode chip adopting the solution,achieving polarization of the light source.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant.No 41873049 and 42062011)the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Yulin University,China(Grant No.2024GK12 and 2023GK62)+1 种基金the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities,China(Grant.No 23JP200)the technical service project(Grant.No H2024060142).
文摘Organic-rich shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin in China are mainly derived from aquatic organisms with type II kerogen.A reverse maturity trend,derived from the commonly used biomarker maturity parameter Ts/(Ts+Tm)occurs in the depth profiles of the Chang 7_(3) submember and the Chang 8 member.In contrast,maturity proxies derived from aromatic compounds show a normal sequence for more deeply buried Chang 8 samples exhibiting higher maturity levels,as expected.To explain the abnormal phenomenon,multiple controlling factors—including the paleoredox condition,water salinity,the clay mineral content and composition,biodegradation,the primary migration fractionation effect,and organofacies—are considered.It was found that organofacies BC(HIo=400-250)appear in the Chang 8 samples,while organofacies B(HIo=400-650)appear in the Chang 7_(3) submember.The results suggest that variation in organofacies has a significant impact on Ts/(Ts+Tm)values,even for samples with the same kerogen type and similar source input,and is primarily responsible for the reverse maturity trend in the depth profiles.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(grant no.2020YFA0908900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22105124,22325406,21934007,21991134,T2188102)+1 种基金2022 Shanghai“Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan”Fundamental Research Project(grant no.22JC1401203)the New Cornerstone Science Foundation,and the Open Research Fund of the National Facility for Translational Medicine(Shanghai,grant no.TMSK-2021-412).
文摘The functionalization of living cells,both internally and externally,transforming them into microma-chines with specified functions,holds significant po-tential in fields such as biosensing,biocomputing,and intelligent theranostics.However,due to the complexity and dynamic nature of living cells,it remains challenging to allocate exogenous function-al materials to specific locations within the cell or on its surface and maintain their positions stable for a reasonable period.Here,we devise a DNA-pro-grammed cargo distributing system(DCD),capable of distributing functional modules to the cell mem-brane or within the cell as needed.This system includes an amphiphilic DNA structure for determin-ing the destination of the cargo and a DNA connector carried on it for recognizing the DNA-encoded cargo.We test three different morphologies of amphiphilic DNA structures and find that their efficiencies in cell surface retention and cell internalization significantly varied,enabling the distribution of nanoparticle cargos on the cell membrane and within the cell in distinct proportions.Their positions can remain sta-ble for at least 6 h.Moreover,this allocation method shows specificity,which minimizes the deployment of mismatched cargo.This method provides new tools for the modular construction of cellular micro-machines.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.:82172524]the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province[Grant No.:2025AFB240].
文摘Bone tumors(BTs)-including osteosarcoma,Ewing sarcoma,and chondrosarcoma-are rare but biologically complex malignancies characterized by pronounced heterogeneity in anatomical location,histological subtype,and molecular alterations.Recent advances in artificial intelligence(AI),particularly deep learning,have enabled the integration of diverse clinical data modalities to support diagnosis,treatment planning,and prognostication in bone oncology.This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of AI-driven multimodal fusion strategies that incorporate radiological imaging,digital pathology,multi-omics profiling,and electronic health records.We conducted a structured review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2015 and early 2025,focusing on the development,validation,and clinical applicability of AI models for BT diagnosis,subtyping,treatment response prediction,and recurrence monitoring.Although multimodal models have demonstrated advantages over unimodal approaches,especially in handling missing data and improving generalizability,most remain constrained by single-center study designs,small sample sizes,and limited prospective or external validation.Persistent technical and translational challenges include semantic misalignment across modalities,incomplete datasets,limited model interpretability,and regulatory and infrastructural barriers to clinical integration.To address these limitations,we highlight emerging directions such as contrastive representation learning,generative data augmentation,transformer-based fusion architectures,and privacy-preserving federated learning.We also discuss the evolving role of foundation models and workflow-integrated AI agents in enhancing scalability and clinical usability.In summary,multimodal AI represents a promising paradigm for advancing precision care in BTs.Realizing its full clinical potential will require methodologically rigorous,biologically informed,and system-level approaches that bridge algorithmic innovation with real-world healthcare delivery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81141118)the National Basic Research Programme of China(2012CB518506,2010CB530507)
文摘A subcutaneous transport pathway in humans has been previously visualised by injection of a paramagnetic tracer into the specific region of skin.In the current study,we further investigated the behaviours of imaging tracers in the transport pathways using imaging techniques.Three types of imaging tracers,including Gd-DTPA,iodised oil,and fluorescein sodium,were hypodermically injected into different acupuncture points of healthy volunteers to visualise the transport pathways by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),X-ray,CT,and a digital fluorescein camera.Several longitudinal transport pathways in the arms and feet,which represent venous vessels and subcutaneous transport pathways(STPs) without well-defined boundaries,were visualised by MRI.Among the visualised veins,the partial walls of a few veins were enhanced by Gd-DTPA.The fluorescent images further indicated that STPs likely represent boundless pathways.The findings in this study suggested that specific anatomical structures within the subcutaneous tissues or the partial walls of certain veins werenot vascular conduits but rather represented unique transport pathways in humans that warrant extensive future studies.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB2011500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52025055 and 51905415)+4 种基金Institutional Foundation of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University,the China Gas Turbine Establishment of Aero Engine Corporation of China(No.GJCZ-2019-0039)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(No.BX20180251)Young Talent Fund of University Association for Science and Technology in Shaanxi,China(No.20200404)Basic Research Program of Natural Science of Shaanxi Province of China(Nos.2019JLM-5 and 2021JLM-42)Shaanxi University Youth Innovation Team.
文摘The integrated perception capable of detecting and monitoring varieties of activities is one of the ultimate purposes of wearable electronics and intelligent robots.Limited by the space occupation,it lacks practical feasibility to stack multiple types of single sensors on each other.Herein,a high-sensitivity dual-function capacitive sensor with proximity sensing and pressure sensing is proposed.The fringing electric field can be confined in the proximity-sensitive area by fibrous loop-patterned electrode,leading to more stolen charges when object approaching and thus a high proximity sensitivity.The high-permittivity doped structured dielectric layer reduces the compressive stiffness and enhances the rate of compression-caused increase in the equivalent relative permittivity of the dielectric layer,resulting in a larger increase in capacitance and thus a high pressure sensitivity.The electrodes and dielectric layer together compose the capacitor and act as the sensor without taking up additional space.The decoupling of proximity-sensing and pressure-sensing modes can be achieved by decrease or increase in capacitance.Combined with array distribution and sequential scanning,the sensors can be used for detection of motion trajectory,contour recognition,pressure distribution.
基金supported by the the Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province(Grant no.2023YFS0424)the"Open bidding for selecting the best candidates"Science and Technology Project of Chengdu(Grant no.2023-JB00-00020-GX)the National Natural Science Foundation(Grant nos.61902324,11426179,and 61872298).
文摘The exption of Chinese natural language processing(NLP)has stimulated research in the broader NLP domain.However,existing large language models have limitations in comprehending and reasoning in Chinese.This paper addresses these limitations by enhancing Chinese language models comprehension and reasoning capabilities while minimizing resource requirements.We propose LLaMA-LoRA,a neural prompt engineering framework that builds upon the LLaMA-13B model and incorporates the Low-Rank Adaptation(LoRA)of Large Language Models technique for refinement.Chain-of-Thought(CoT)are crucial for generating intermediate reasoning chains in language models,but their effectiveness can be limited by isolated language patterns.Erroneous reasoning resulting from conventional prompts negatively impacts model performance.Automatic prompts are introduced to encourage reasoning chain generation and accurate answer inference.Training the model with an extensive corpus of Chinese CoT data enhances its comprehension and reasoning abilities.The LLaMA-LoRA model demonstrates exceptional performance across numerous Chinese language tasks,surpassing benchmark performance achieved by related language models such as GPT-3.5,Chat-GLM,and OpenAssistant,delivering accurate,comprehensive,and professional answers.The availability of our open-source model code facilitates further research in the field of Chinese text logical reasoning thinking chains.
基金research was made possible as a result of generous grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2021YFB3200700)the Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22175138,21875180,and 52203240)+4 种基金the Independent Innovation Capability Improvement Project of Xi’an Jiaotong University(grant no.PY3A066)the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(grant no.BX2021231)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant no.sxjh032021099)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant no.2021M692545)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(grant no.2021JQ-043).
文摘Flexible electronics play a key role in the development of human society and our daily activities.Currently they are expected to revolutionize personal health management.However,it remains challenging to fabricate smart sensors with high robustness,reliability,and visible readout.Herein,high-performance electrochromic(EC),electro-fluorochromic(EFC),and double-network ionogels with excellent transmissivity,high mechanical robustness,and ultrastable reversibility are prepared by combination of thienoviologen-containing ionic liquids with poly(ethyl acrylate)elastomer.The ionogels exhibit good mechanical properties(1000%stretchability and 3.2 kJ m^(−2) fracture energy).The ionogel-based EC devices have a significantly simplified device fabrication process as well as superior cycling stability in which 88%of the contract ratio is maintained at 88%at 500 cycles,even after being stored for 2 years under ambient atmosphere(relative humidity:30%∼40%,25°C).The conductivity of ionogels showed a fast and reproducible response to strain,and the conductivity decreased with increased strain.By virtue of the EC and EFC properties of the thienoviologen component,the EC and EFC efficiency decreased with the increased strain loaded on the ionogels,and almost no EC or EFC phenomena were observed when the strain was above 300%.This feasible strategy provides an opportunity for the development of visible strain sensors to monitor the body’s movements through color and fluorescence emission.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Programof China(Grant No.2021YFB2011500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52025055 and 51905415)+4 种基金Natural ScienceFoundationofShaanxiProvince,China(2019JLM-5)Institutional Foundation of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University,China Gas Turbine Establishment of Aero Engine Corporation of China(GJCZ-2019-0039)National Postdoctoral Program for InnovativeTalents(No.BX20180251)hina Postdoctoral ScienceFoundation(No.2019M653588)YoungTalent Fund of UniversityAssociationfor ScienceandTechnology in Shaanxi,China(20200404).
文摘Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors play an important role to ensure the safety and friendliness during the human-robot interaction process.Microengineering the active layer has been shown to improve performance of pressure sensors.However,the current structural strategy almost relying on axial compression deformation suffers structural stifening,and together with the limited area growth efficiency of conformal interface,essentially limiting the maximum sensitivity.Here,inspired by the interface contact behavior of gecko's feet,we design a slant hierarchical microstructure to act as an electrode contacting with an ionic gel layer,fundamentally eliminating the pressure resistance and maximizing functional interface expansion to achieving ultrasensitive sensitivity.Such a structuring strategy dramatically improves the relative capacitance change both in the low-and high-pressure region,thereby boosting the sensitivity up to 36000kPa^(-1) and effective measurement range up to 30okPa.To verify the advantages of high sensitivity,the sensor is integrated with a soft magnetic robot to demonstrate a biomimetic Venus flytrap.The ability to perceive weak stimuli allows the sensor to be used as a sensory and feedback window,realizing the capture of small live insects and the transportation of fragile objects.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:11972099,82202340Venture&Innovation Support Program for Chongqing Overseas Returnees,Grant/Award Number:cx2020079Scientific and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Numbers:2023CDJXY-050,2023CDJXY-051。
文摘Recombinant keratins possess strong hemostatic and wound healing properties but suffer from poor water solubility that restricts their bioactivities in biomedical applications.Herein,we report the rational design and synthesis of water-soluble keratins using a simple methodology named the QTY code.In vitro biophysical analyses and molecular dynamic simulation demonstrated a 200-fold increase in the water solubility of QTY variant keratins without apparent structural changes compared to native proteins.Homotypic self-assembly was observed for the first time in recombinant keratins in an aqueous environment,without urea and after QTY modification.Cell and animal experiments showed the in situ gel-forming capability of QTY variant keratins with superior hemostatic and wound healing activities at the wound sites compared to native recombinant keratins.Our work not only presented a simple and feasible pathway to produce large amounts of water-soluble keratins using QTY modification but also validated the enhanced self-assembly,hemostasis,and wound healing properties of these novel keratin species that may open up new venues for biomedical applications.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFB1102900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52025055 and 12232013).
文摘Improving droplet velocity as much as possible is considered as the key to improving both printing speed and printing distance of the piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printing technology.There are 3 tough and contradictory issues that need to be addressed simultaneously,namely,the actuation pressure of the piezoelectric printhead,satellite droplets,and the air resistance,which seems almost impossible to achieve with classical methods.Herein,a novel solution is introduced.By modulating the positive crosstalk effect inside and outside the printhead,self-tuning can be achieved,including self-reinforcing of the actuation pressure,self-restraining of satellite droplets,and self-weakening of the air resistance,thereby greatly improving droplet velocity.Based on these mechanisms,waveform design methods for different inks and printheads are investigated.The results demonstrate that monodisperse droplet jetting with a maximum velocity of 27.53 m/s can be achieved,reaching 3 to 5 times that of the classical method(5 to 8 m/s).Correspondingly,the printing speed and distance can be simultaneously increased by almost 10 times,demonstrating an ability of direct printing on irregular surface.Meanwhile,the compatibility of ink materials is expanded,as the Ohnesorge number and the viscosity of printable inks for the printhead used are increased from 0.36–0.72 to 0.03–1.18 and from 10–12 cp to 1–40.3 cp,respectively,even breaking the traditional limitations of the piezoelectric printing technology(Ohnesorge number of 0.1 to 1;viscosity of 1 to 25 cp).All the above provide a new perspective for improving droplet velocity and may even offer a game-changing choice for expanding the boundaries of the piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printing technology.
基金supported by Research Initiation Fund for High-level Talents of China Three Gorges University.
文摘Plants are sessile organisms that evolve with a flexible signal transduction system in order to rapidly respond to environmental changes.Drought,a common abiotic stress,affects multiple plant developmental processes especially growth.In response to drought stress,an intricate hierarchical regulatory network is established in plant to survive from the extreme environment.The transcriptional regulation carried out by transcription factors(TFs)is the most important step for the establishment of the network.In this review,we summarized almost all the TFs that have been reported to participate in drought tolerance(DT)in plant.Totally 466 TFs from 86 plant species that mostly belong to 11 families are collected here.This demonstrates that TFs in these 11 families are the main transcriptional regulators of plant DT.The regulatory network is built by direct protein-protein interaction or mutual regulation of TFs.TFs receive upstream signals possibly via post-transcriptional regulation and output signals to downstream targets via direct binding to their promoters to regulate gene expression.
