目的探索在“可验证自学”继续医学教育模式下,三级与二级医院的超声医师继续医学教育学习内容的差异。方法纳入2022年6月至2023年6月北京协和医院40名超声医师,以及北京市第六医院9名超声医师,分别代表三级医院及二级医院超声学科,开...目的探索在“可验证自学”继续医学教育模式下,三级与二级医院的超声医师继续医学教育学习内容的差异。方法纳入2022年6月至2023年6月北京协和医院40名超声医师,以及北京市第六医院9名超声医师,分别代表三级医院及二级医院超声学科,开展“可验证自学”继续医学教育课题研究。由课题组评估师对纳入医师的学习计划制定是否符合要求进行评估,并依据上报的学习内容和学分认证要求授予相应学分。比较不同医院间目标学分及实际获得学分,并分析不同医院之间学习计划构成及实际学习内容构成。结果两医院超声医师实际获得学分均可达到≥15学分的标准。北京协和医院与北京市第六医院超声医师的目标学分之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),北京协和医院超声医师的实际获得学分明显高于北京市第六医院[(18.8±4.6)vs(15.3±0.5),P<0.001]。北京协和医院超声医师的实际获得学分主要来源为科研相关学习内容,占比58.43%,包括“发表文章”(45.77%)和“科研项目及课题”(12.66%),而北京市第六医院科研相关目标及实际获得学分占比均为0。北京市第六医院超声医师的实际获得学分来源主要为各种形式的线上及线下自主学习。“病例回顾学习”为两医院超声医师的重要目标学分来源,但实际获得学分均明显低于目标学分(北京协和医院为0.64 vs 2.24,北京市第六医院为0 vs 3.72)。结论三级与二级医院的超声医师学分均可达标,但三级与二级医院医师在学习计划制定、学习内容构成方面均具有显著差异,提示继续医学教育模式的更新应充分考虑不同级别医院继续医学教育的需求及实际可完成情况。另外,建议在本学分授予方案的基础上,适当降低学习内容“病例回顾分析”的学分授予难度。展开更多
To investigate the effect of irrigation regime,soil clay content and their combination on growth,yield,and water productivity of rice,a shelter experiment was conduct using Randomized Complete Block Design(RCBD)with a...To investigate the effect of irrigation regime,soil clay content and their combination on growth,yield,and water productivity of rice,a shelter experiment was conduct using Randomized Complete Block Design(RCBD)with a factorial arrangement of treatments with four replications.Irrigation regime was the main treatment investigated,set in three levels as R(30 mm-100%)(100%of saturation and 30 mm flooded),R(30 mm-90%)(90%of saturation and 30 mm flooded)and R(30 mm-70%)(70%saturation and 30 mm flooded),respectively.The sub-treatment was soil type,set in three levels as 40%,50%and 60%clay content,respectively.Results showed that irrigation regime and soil clay content had significant effects on growth,yield and water productivity of rice.However,their combination showed no significant impact on panicles number,root biomass,harvest index and irrigation water productivity.Higher soil clay content results in increase in growth,yield,and water productivity of rice.The total water consumption during R(30 mm-100%)was higher than that during R(30 mm-90%)and R(30 mm-70%)because the latter two saturation levels led to the cracking of soil and decrease of total number of irrigations.Cracks were consistently getting more serious with the reduction in soil water content and the increase in soil clay content.Cracks in soil will preferentially become the major routes of water losses,thus water percolation during R(30 mm-70%)was higher than that during R(30 mm-90%)and R(30 mm-100%)after each irrigation event.The total water use under R(30 mm-70%)exceeded the water consumption under R(30 mm-90%)due to the great amount of soil cracking as well as the excessive volume of standing water depth.Considering water consumption and grain yield,the following conclusion can be reached:(i)The reduction in water consumption was greater than the reduction in grain yield in the case of drying soil 10%below saturation before reflooding.(ii)The reduction in water consumption was less than the reduction in grain yield in the case of drying soil 30%below saturation before reflooding;(iii)The increase in water use was greater than the increase in grain yield in the case of maintaining soil moisture at 100%of saturation before reflooding.Therefore,the water use efficiency was recorded in the order of R(30 mm-90%)>R(30 mm-100%)>R(30 mm-70%).展开更多
The marginal water productivity(MWP)model for the real irrigation water use performance and productivity assessment,applies to the regional scale was established in this study.The temporal-spatial patterns and attribu...The marginal water productivity(MWP)model for the real irrigation water use performance and productivity assessment,applies to the regional scale was established in this study.The temporal-spatial patterns and attribution analyses of the indicator were conducted using spatial autocorrelation and path analysis methods.The results showed that with an average annual increase of 3.4%,the national MWP was estimated to be 0.542 kg/m,between 1998 and 2010.The spatial autocorrelation analysis results showed the global Moran’s I inspection values(Z)were higher than the confidence level,and the provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions(PAMs)with similar MWP values showed significant aggregation.Regions with a high value are centered in the middle and lower streams of the Yellow River,and those regions with a lower MWP were distributed in northeastern China and south of the Yangtze River.The precipitation and temperature are the major meteorological factors that determined the indicator,while extending the fertilizer and agricultural machinery input is the effective approach for improving the regional MWP.The major grain producing areas of North and Northeast China should take measures to raise their MWP,ensure food security and the sustainable use of water resources.展开更多
At present,water and fertilizer use efficiency is low in many cultivation areas in southern China.Studies show that the buried straw layer can effectively conserve water and fertilizer.To investigate the optimal irrig...At present,water and fertilizer use efficiency is low in many cultivation areas in southern China.Studies show that the buried straw layer can effectively conserve water and fertilizer.To investigate the optimal irrigation upper limit above the straw barrier and its effect on soil moisture and nitrogen distribution,an indoor soil column experiment was conducted.Six treatments were designed consisting of two levels of straw layer i.e.,(with and without buried straw layer at 25 cm depth),and three irrigation water upper limits i.e.,(saturated moisture content(s),field water holding capacity(f),and 80%of field water holding capacity(0.8f)as the upper limit of irrigation).The result revealed that the buried straw layer can inhibit water infiltration and significantly increase the water storage capacity and water storage efficiency of 0-25 cm soil depth.Under the condition of no evaporation,when the upper limit of irrigation water does not exceed the field water holding capacity,the storage efficiency of 0-25 cm soil water reaches 89%-91%after 6 d.Moreover,a buried straw layer can inhibit the deep percolation of nitrate nitrogen and increase the amount of nitrate-nitrogen in 0-25 cm soil.The 80%field water holding capacity irrigation upper limit combined with straw interlayer treatment had a higher nitrate-nitrogen content in the 0-25 cm soil layer than other treatments.Therefore,80%of field water holding capacity as the upper limit of irrigation combined with buried straw layer is the optimal strategy to conserve soil water and nitrogen in the upper soil profile.展开更多
文摘目的探索在“可验证自学”继续医学教育模式下,三级与二级医院的超声医师继续医学教育学习内容的差异。方法纳入2022年6月至2023年6月北京协和医院40名超声医师,以及北京市第六医院9名超声医师,分别代表三级医院及二级医院超声学科,开展“可验证自学”继续医学教育课题研究。由课题组评估师对纳入医师的学习计划制定是否符合要求进行评估,并依据上报的学习内容和学分认证要求授予相应学分。比较不同医院间目标学分及实际获得学分,并分析不同医院之间学习计划构成及实际学习内容构成。结果两医院超声医师实际获得学分均可达到≥15学分的标准。北京协和医院与北京市第六医院超声医师的目标学分之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),北京协和医院超声医师的实际获得学分明显高于北京市第六医院[(18.8±4.6)vs(15.3±0.5),P<0.001]。北京协和医院超声医师的实际获得学分主要来源为科研相关学习内容,占比58.43%,包括“发表文章”(45.77%)和“科研项目及课题”(12.66%),而北京市第六医院科研相关目标及实际获得学分占比均为0。北京市第六医院超声医师的实际获得学分来源主要为各种形式的线上及线下自主学习。“病例回顾学习”为两医院超声医师的重要目标学分来源,但实际获得学分均明显低于目标学分(北京协和医院为0.64 vs 2.24,北京市第六医院为0 vs 3.72)。结论三级与二级医院的超声医师学分均可达标,但三级与二级医院医师在学习计划制定、学习内容构成方面均具有显著差异,提示继续医学教育模式的更新应充分考虑不同级别医院继续医学教育的需求及实际可完成情况。另外,建议在本学分授予方案的基础上,适当降低学习内容“病例回顾分析”的学分授予难度。
基金This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51079042 and 51309080)Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Province.
文摘To investigate the effect of irrigation regime,soil clay content and their combination on growth,yield,and water productivity of rice,a shelter experiment was conduct using Randomized Complete Block Design(RCBD)with a factorial arrangement of treatments with four replications.Irrigation regime was the main treatment investigated,set in three levels as R(30 mm-100%)(100%of saturation and 30 mm flooded),R(30 mm-90%)(90%of saturation and 30 mm flooded)and R(30 mm-70%)(70%saturation and 30 mm flooded),respectively.The sub-treatment was soil type,set in three levels as 40%,50%and 60%clay content,respectively.Results showed that irrigation regime and soil clay content had significant effects on growth,yield and water productivity of rice.However,their combination showed no significant impact on panicles number,root biomass,harvest index and irrigation water productivity.Higher soil clay content results in increase in growth,yield,and water productivity of rice.The total water consumption during R(30 mm-100%)was higher than that during R(30 mm-90%)and R(30 mm-70%)because the latter two saturation levels led to the cracking of soil and decrease of total number of irrigations.Cracks were consistently getting more serious with the reduction in soil water content and the increase in soil clay content.Cracks in soil will preferentially become the major routes of water losses,thus water percolation during R(30 mm-70%)was higher than that during R(30 mm-90%)and R(30 mm-100%)after each irrigation event.The total water use under R(30 mm-70%)exceeded the water consumption under R(30 mm-90%)due to the great amount of soil cracking as well as the excessive volume of standing water depth.Considering water consumption and grain yield,the following conclusion can be reached:(i)The reduction in water consumption was greater than the reduction in grain yield in the case of drying soil 10%below saturation before reflooding.(ii)The reduction in water consumption was less than the reduction in grain yield in the case of drying soil 30%below saturation before reflooding;(iii)The increase in water use was greater than the increase in grain yield in the case of maintaining soil moisture at 100%of saturation before reflooding.Therefore,the water use efficiency was recorded in the order of R(30 mm-90%)>R(30 mm-100%)>R(30 mm-70%).
基金This work is jointly funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0201507)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51609065)+2 种基金the social science fund of Jiangsu Province(17GLC013)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(Grant No.2018T110436,2017M611681)the Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Province.
文摘The marginal water productivity(MWP)model for the real irrigation water use performance and productivity assessment,applies to the regional scale was established in this study.The temporal-spatial patterns and attribution analyses of the indicator were conducted using spatial autocorrelation and path analysis methods.The results showed that with an average annual increase of 3.4%,the national MWP was estimated to be 0.542 kg/m,between 1998 and 2010.The spatial autocorrelation analysis results showed the global Moran’s I inspection values(Z)were higher than the confidence level,and the provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions(PAMs)with similar MWP values showed significant aggregation.Regions with a high value are centered in the middle and lower streams of the Yellow River,and those regions with a lower MWP were distributed in northeastern China and south of the Yangtze River.The precipitation and temperature are the major meteorological factors that determined the indicator,while extending the fertilizer and agricultural machinery input is the effective approach for improving the regional MWP.The major grain producing areas of North and Northeast China should take measures to raise their MWP,ensure food security and the sustainable use of water resources.
基金financially supported by Jiangsu Water Science and Technology Program(Grant No.2018046 and 2019045).
文摘At present,water and fertilizer use efficiency is low in many cultivation areas in southern China.Studies show that the buried straw layer can effectively conserve water and fertilizer.To investigate the optimal irrigation upper limit above the straw barrier and its effect on soil moisture and nitrogen distribution,an indoor soil column experiment was conducted.Six treatments were designed consisting of two levels of straw layer i.e.,(with and without buried straw layer at 25 cm depth),and three irrigation water upper limits i.e.,(saturated moisture content(s),field water holding capacity(f),and 80%of field water holding capacity(0.8f)as the upper limit of irrigation).The result revealed that the buried straw layer can inhibit water infiltration and significantly increase the water storage capacity and water storage efficiency of 0-25 cm soil depth.Under the condition of no evaporation,when the upper limit of irrigation water does not exceed the field water holding capacity,the storage efficiency of 0-25 cm soil water reaches 89%-91%after 6 d.Moreover,a buried straw layer can inhibit the deep percolation of nitrate nitrogen and increase the amount of nitrate-nitrogen in 0-25 cm soil.The 80%field water holding capacity irrigation upper limit combined with straw interlayer treatment had a higher nitrate-nitrogen content in the 0-25 cm soil layer than other treatments.Therefore,80%of field water holding capacity as the upper limit of irrigation combined with buried straw layer is the optimal strategy to conserve soil water and nitrogen in the upper soil profile.
