The current blockchain requires higher stability and efficiency.However,leaderBFT consensus and leaderlessBFT consensus have three problems:dominant replica failure,transaction interruption,and high communication over...The current blockchain requires higher stability and efficiency.However,leaderBFT consensus and leaderlessBFT consensus have three problems:dominant replica failure,transaction interruption,and high communication overhead and latency.And regardless of leaderBFT consensus or leaderlessBFT consensus,there isn’t a very good solution.It’s urgent to leverage the advantages of both consensus types to enhance blockchain performance.To solve the problems,this paper proposes the ATBFT consensus protocol.ATBFT elects the dominant replica through reputation value to ensure higher reliability.In addition,ATBFT has an automatic switching mechanism between leaderBFT consensus and leaderlessBFT consensus.The protocol can automatically elect the consensus type according to the current network conditions,effectively utilizing the idle time of the view change to generate more blocks.Furthermore,it can guarantee the execution of the entire consensus process to ensure that the tx^(2)transactions are uninterrupted.Finally,ATBFT decomposes the blocks:the consensus is performed only through the block header,and the commitment and execution phase of a tx is performed through a linearly propagated block body.According to experimental evaluation,ATBFT has higher usability and practicality.展开更多
Storm-enhanced density(SED)and the tongue of ionization(TOI)are key ionospheric storm-time structures whose rapid evolution and fine-scale variability remain challenging to capture with conventional empirical high-lat...Storm-enhanced density(SED)and the tongue of ionization(TOI)are key ionospheric storm-time structures whose rapid evolution and fine-scale variability remain challenging to capture with conventional empirical high-latitude drivers.In this study,we examine the May 10–11,2024,superstorm using the Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Electrodynamics General Circulation Model(TIEGCM)with observation-constrained high-latitude forcing.Auroral precipitation parameters(energy flux and mean energy)are assimilated from a Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP)Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager(SSUSI)using a multi-resolution Gaussian process(Lattice Kriging)approach,whereas high-latitude convection potentials are derived by assimilating Super Dual Auroral Radar Network(SuperDARN)observations with the Thomas and Shepherd(2018)model(TS18).For comparison,an additional simulation is performed using empirical models for both convection and auroral forcing.The results show that during the main phase of the May 10 storm,the data-driven simulation provides a more realistic depiction of the SED source region than does the empirical model run by capturing its rapid intensification more clearly and reproducing its spatial location and structural features with higher fidelity.These improvements lead to a more accurate representation of its poleward extension into the polar cap that develops into the TOI.Above the ionospheric F2 peak over the SED source region,SuperDARN-constrained potentials generate stronger and more localized E×B drifts that dominate plasma uplift and drive its transport into the polar cap,although neutral winds and downward ambipolar diffusion partially offset these effects.Below the F2 peak,neutral winds and photochemical processes play a major role in shaping the spatial extent and intensity of the SED and TOI.These results highlight the role of observation-constrained high-latitude drivers in representing ionosphere–thermosphere responses during extreme storms and suggest their relevance for improving physical interpretation and model performance.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB2700100)the Major Science and Technology Innovation of Shandong Province(2021CXGC010108).
文摘The current blockchain requires higher stability and efficiency.However,leaderBFT consensus and leaderlessBFT consensus have three problems:dominant replica failure,transaction interruption,and high communication overhead and latency.And regardless of leaderBFT consensus or leaderlessBFT consensus,there isn’t a very good solution.It’s urgent to leverage the advantages of both consensus types to enhance blockchain performance.To solve the problems,this paper proposes the ATBFT consensus protocol.ATBFT elects the dominant replica through reputation value to ensure higher reliability.In addition,ATBFT has an automatic switching mechanism between leaderBFT consensus and leaderlessBFT consensus.The protocol can automatically elect the consensus type according to the current network conditions,effectively utilizing the idle time of the view change to generate more blocks.Furthermore,it can guarantee the execution of the entire consensus process to ensure that the tx^(2)transactions are uninterrupted.Finally,ATBFT decomposes the blocks:the consensus is performed only through the block header,and the commitment and execution phase of a tx is performed through a linearly propagated block body.According to experimental evaluation,ATBFT has higher usability and practicality.
基金The Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.ZR2022JQ18)supported this worksupported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNFSC)Youth Program(Grant No.42304168)+1 种基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF0504400)the NNSFC(Grant Nos.42188101 and 42174210)。
文摘Storm-enhanced density(SED)and the tongue of ionization(TOI)are key ionospheric storm-time structures whose rapid evolution and fine-scale variability remain challenging to capture with conventional empirical high-latitude drivers.In this study,we examine the May 10–11,2024,superstorm using the Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Electrodynamics General Circulation Model(TIEGCM)with observation-constrained high-latitude forcing.Auroral precipitation parameters(energy flux and mean energy)are assimilated from a Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP)Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager(SSUSI)using a multi-resolution Gaussian process(Lattice Kriging)approach,whereas high-latitude convection potentials are derived by assimilating Super Dual Auroral Radar Network(SuperDARN)observations with the Thomas and Shepherd(2018)model(TS18).For comparison,an additional simulation is performed using empirical models for both convection and auroral forcing.The results show that during the main phase of the May 10 storm,the data-driven simulation provides a more realistic depiction of the SED source region than does the empirical model run by capturing its rapid intensification more clearly and reproducing its spatial location and structural features with higher fidelity.These improvements lead to a more accurate representation of its poleward extension into the polar cap that develops into the TOI.Above the ionospheric F2 peak over the SED source region,SuperDARN-constrained potentials generate stronger and more localized E×B drifts that dominate plasma uplift and drive its transport into the polar cap,although neutral winds and downward ambipolar diffusion partially offset these effects.Below the F2 peak,neutral winds and photochemical processes play a major role in shaping the spatial extent and intensity of the SED and TOI.These results highlight the role of observation-constrained high-latitude drivers in representing ionosphere–thermosphere responses during extreme storms and suggest their relevance for improving physical interpretation and model performance.
