Aluminum(Al) particles are good fuel additives to improve the energy output performances of explosives. Under detonation environment, reaction delay of Al particles plays a key role in the energy release efficiency. U...Aluminum(Al) particles are good fuel additives to improve the energy output performances of explosives. Under detonation environment, reaction delay of Al particles plays a key role in the energy release efficiency. Up to date, reaction delay of Al particles is still limited by the efficiency of mass and heat transfer from oxidizers to Al particles. To address this issue, a homogeneous fuel-oxidizer assembly has recently become a promising strategy. In this work, oxidizer-activated Al fuel particles(ALG) were prepared with glycidyl azide polymer(GAP) as the oxidizer. The ALG was in uniform spherical shape and core-shell structure with shell layer of around 5 nm which was observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The localized nanoscale mid-IR measurement detected the uniform distribution of characteristic absorption bond of GAP in the shell layer which confirmed the homogenous fuel-oxidizer structure of ALG. A thermal gravimetric analysis of ALG at ultrafast heating rate of 1000℃/min under argon atmosphere was conducted. The decomposition of GAP finished much earlier than that of GAP at heating rate of 10℃/min. Under ultrafast high laser fluence, the reaction response of ALG was characterized and compared with that of micro-sized Al(μAl). With the increase of laser energy, the propagation distance of the shock wave increased. However, the velocity histories were nearly the same when energies were lower than 299 mJ or higher than 706 mJ. The propagation distance of the shock wave for ALG was 0.5 mm larger than that for μAl at 2.1 μs. The underwater explosion showed the peak pressure and the shock wave energy of the ALG-based explosive were both higher than those of the μAl-based explosive at 2.5 m. This study shows the feasibility to improve the energy release of Al-based explosives via using the oxidizer-activated Al fuel particles with energetic polymer as the oxidizer.展开更多
Non-equilibrium radiation measurements behind strong shock wave for simulated Martian atmosphere are presented in this paper. The shock wave is established in a hydrogen oxygen combustion driven shock tube. Time- reso...Non-equilibrium radiation measurements behind strong shock wave for simulated Martian atmosphere are presented in this paper. The shock wave is established in a hydrogen oxygen combustion driven shock tube. Time- resolved spectra of the Av = 0 sequence of the B^2∑^＋ → X^2∑^＋ electronic transition of CN have been observed through optical emission spectroscopy （OES）. A new method, which is based on fitting high resolution spectrum for rotational and vibrational temperatures measurement, is proposed to diag- nose temperature distribution behind the shock wave. It is estimated that the current scheme has the maximum deviation less than 8% （lσ） for vibrational temperature measurement through detailed analysis of the influence of the uncertainties of spectroscopic constants and spectral resolution. Radiation structure of the shock layer, including induction, relaxation and equilibrium process, and corresponding rotational and vibrational temperatures are obtained through time gating OES diagnostics with sub-microsecond temporal resolution. The present extensive results will strongly benefit the reaction rate estimation and computational fluid dynamics （CFD） code validation in high enthalpy Mars reentry chemistry.展开更多
One of the key factors for solving the problems of re-entry communication interruption is electromagnetic（EM） wave transmission characteristics in a plasma.Theoretical and experimental studies were carried out on sp...One of the key factors for solving the problems of re-entry communication interruption is electromagnetic（EM） wave transmission characteristics in a plasma.Theoretical and experimental studies were carried out on specific transmission characteristics for different plasma sheath characteristic under thin sheath condition in re-entry state.The paper presents systematic studies on the variations of wave attenuation characteristics versus plasma sheath thickness L,collision frequency ν,electron density n e and wave working frequency f in a φ 800 mm high temperature shock tube.In experiments,L is set to 4 cm and 38 cm.ν is 2 GHz and 15 GHz.n e is from 1×10 10 cm（-3） to 1×10 13 cm（-3）,and f is set to 2,5,10,14.6 GHz,respectively.Meanwhile,Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin（WKB） and finite-difference time-domain（FDTD） methods are adopted to carry out theoretical simulation for comparison with experimental results.It is found that when L is much larger than EM wavelength λ（thick sheath） and ν is large,the theoretical result is in good agreement with experimental one,when sheath thickness L is much larger than λ,while ν is relatively small,two theoretical results are obviously different from the experimental ones.It means that the existing theoretical model can not fully describe the contribution of ν.Furthermore,when L and λ are of the same order of magnitude（thin sheath）,the experimental result is much smaller than the theoretical values,which indicates that the current model can not properly describe the thin sheath effect on EM attenuation characteristics.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11832006,U1530262,21975024).
文摘Aluminum(Al) particles are good fuel additives to improve the energy output performances of explosives. Under detonation environment, reaction delay of Al particles plays a key role in the energy release efficiency. Up to date, reaction delay of Al particles is still limited by the efficiency of mass and heat transfer from oxidizers to Al particles. To address this issue, a homogeneous fuel-oxidizer assembly has recently become a promising strategy. In this work, oxidizer-activated Al fuel particles(ALG) were prepared with glycidyl azide polymer(GAP) as the oxidizer. The ALG was in uniform spherical shape and core-shell structure with shell layer of around 5 nm which was observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The localized nanoscale mid-IR measurement detected the uniform distribution of characteristic absorption bond of GAP in the shell layer which confirmed the homogenous fuel-oxidizer structure of ALG. A thermal gravimetric analysis of ALG at ultrafast heating rate of 1000℃/min under argon atmosphere was conducted. The decomposition of GAP finished much earlier than that of GAP at heating rate of 10℃/min. Under ultrafast high laser fluence, the reaction response of ALG was characterized and compared with that of micro-sized Al(μAl). With the increase of laser energy, the propagation distance of the shock wave increased. However, the velocity histories were nearly the same when energies were lower than 299 mJ or higher than 706 mJ. The propagation distance of the shock wave for ALG was 0.5 mm larger than that for μAl at 2.1 μs. The underwater explosion showed the peak pressure and the shock wave energy of the ALG-based explosive were both higher than those of the μAl-based explosive at 2.5 m. This study shows the feasibility to improve the energy release of Al-based explosives via using the oxidizer-activated Al fuel particles with energetic polymer as the oxidizer.
文摘Non-equilibrium radiation measurements behind strong shock wave for simulated Martian atmosphere are presented in this paper. The shock wave is established in a hydrogen oxygen combustion driven shock tube. Time- resolved spectra of the Av = 0 sequence of the B^2∑^＋ → X^2∑^＋ electronic transition of CN have been observed through optical emission spectroscopy （OES）. A new method, which is based on fitting high resolution spectrum for rotational and vibrational temperatures measurement, is proposed to diag- nose temperature distribution behind the shock wave. It is estimated that the current scheme has the maximum deviation less than 8% （lσ） for vibrational temperature measurement through detailed analysis of the influence of the uncertainties of spectroscopic constants and spectral resolution. Radiation structure of the shock layer, including induction, relaxation and equilibrium process, and corresponding rotational and vibrational temperatures are obtained through time gating OES diagnostics with sub-microsecond temporal resolution. The present extensive results will strongly benefit the reaction rate estimation and computational fluid dynamics （CFD） code validation in high enthalpy Mars reentry chemistry.
文摘One of the key factors for solving the problems of re-entry communication interruption is electromagnetic（EM） wave transmission characteristics in a plasma.Theoretical and experimental studies were carried out on specific transmission characteristics for different plasma sheath characteristic under thin sheath condition in re-entry state.The paper presents systematic studies on the variations of wave attenuation characteristics versus plasma sheath thickness L,collision frequency ν,electron density n e and wave working frequency f in a φ 800 mm high temperature shock tube.In experiments,L is set to 4 cm and 38 cm.ν is 2 GHz and 15 GHz.n e is from 1×10 10 cm（-3） to 1×10 13 cm（-3）,and f is set to 2,5,10,14.6 GHz,respectively.Meanwhile,Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin（WKB） and finite-difference time-domain（FDTD） methods are adopted to carry out theoretical simulation for comparison with experimental results.It is found that when L is much larger than EM wavelength λ（thick sheath） and ν is large,the theoretical result is in good agreement with experimental one,when sheath thickness L is much larger than λ,while ν is relatively small,two theoretical results are obviously different from the experimental ones.It means that the existing theoretical model can not fully describe the contribution of ν.Furthermore,when L and λ are of the same order of magnitude（thin sheath）,the experimental result is much smaller than the theoretical values,which indicates that the current model can not properly describe the thin sheath effect on EM attenuation characteristics.
