Nonhuman primates are increasingly being used as animal models in neuroscience research.However,efficient neuronal tracing techniques for labeling motor neurons and primary sensory afferents in the monkey spinal cord ...Nonhuman primates are increasingly being used as animal models in neuroscience research.However,efficient neuronal tracing techniques for labeling motor neurons and primary sensory afferents in the monkey spinal cord are lacking.Here,by injecting the cholera toxin B subunit into the sciatic nerve of a rhesus monkey,we successfully labeled the motor neurons and primary sensory afferents in the lumbar and sacralspinal cord.Labeled alpha motor neurons were located in lamina IX of the L6–S1 segments,which innervate both flexors and extensors.The labeled primary sensory afferents were mainly myelinated Aβfibers that terminated mostly in laminae I and II of the L4–L7 segments.Together with the labeled proprioceptive afferents,the primary sensory afferents formed excitatory synapses with multiple types of spinal neurons.In summary,our methods successfully traced neuronal connections in the monkey spinal cord and can be used in spinal cord studies when nonhuman primates are used.展开更多
Spinal cord injury(SCI)leads to permanent deficits in neural function without effective therapies,which places a substantial burden on families and society.Astrocytes,the major glia supporting the normal function of n...Spinal cord injury(SCI)leads to permanent deficits in neural function without effective therapies,which places a substantial burden on families and society.Astrocytes,the major glia supporting the normal function of neurons in the spinal cord,become active and form glial scars after SCI,which has long been regarded as a barrier for axon regeneration.However,recent progress has indicated the beneficial role of astrocytes in spinal repair.During the past three decades,astrocyte transplantation for SCI treatment has gained increasing attention.In this review,we first summarize the progress of using rodent astrocytes as the primary step for spinal repair.Rodent astrocytes can survive well,migrate extensively,and mature in spinal injury;they can also inhibit host reactive glial scar formation,stimulate host axon regeneration,and promote motor,sensory,respiratory,and autonomic functional recovery.Then,we review the progress in spinal repair by using human astrocytes of various origins,including the fetal brain,fetal spinal cord,and pluripotent stem cells.Finally,we introduce some key questions that merit further research in the future,including rapid generation of large amounts of human astrocytes with high purity,identification of the right origins of astrocytes to maximize neural function improvement while minimizing side effects,testing human astrocyte transplantation in chronic SCI,and verification of the long-term efficacy and safety in large animal models.展开更多
Intelligent decision-making(IDM)is a cornerstone of artificial intelligence(AI)designed to automate or augment decision processes.Modern IDM paradigms integrate advanced frameworks to enable intelligent agents to make...Intelligent decision-making(IDM)is a cornerstone of artificial intelligence(AI)designed to automate or augment decision processes.Modern IDM paradigms integrate advanced frameworks to enable intelligent agents to make effective and adaptive choices and decompose complex tasks into manageable steps,such as AI agents and high-level reinforcement learning.Recent advances in multimodal foundation-based approaches unify diverse input modalities—such as vision,language,and sensory data—into a cohesive decision-making process.Foundation models(FMs)have become pivotal in science and industry,transforming decision-making and research capabilities.Their large-scale,multimodal data-processing abilities foster adaptability and interdisciplinary breakthroughs across fields such as healthcare,life sciences,and education.This survey examines IDM’s evolution,advanced paradigms with FMs and their transformative impact on decision-making across diverse scientific and industrial domains,highlighting the challenges and opportunities in building efficient,adaptive,and ethical decision systems.展开更多
The success of Chang’e-61,2 is a milestone of lunar exploration by China,being the first successful attempt in human history to collect samples from the far side of the Moon.To ensure collection efficiency and succes...The success of Chang’e-61,2 is a milestone of lunar exploration by China,being the first successful attempt in human history to collect samples from the far side of the Moon.To ensure collection efficiency and success of the mission,operators on the Earth needed to cooperate with the sample collection equipment on the Moon and finish the sample collection in less than a day.Embodied cognitive intelligence(ECI),which dynamically combines the advantage of human cognition with embodied intelligence,fitted this mission well.Experts on the Earth accumulated experience and knowledge to guide the design of the Chang’e probe and also conducted extensive simulation experiments for various challenges arising on the Moon.We used these accumulated data and experience along with knowledge to construct a cognitive map and then use the real-time data of Chang’e-6 in an embodied way by intelligently interacting with the environment.By using ECI,we successfully collected samples on the far side of the Moon in a fast,accurate,and robust way.展开更多
Spinal cord injury(SCI)is a severely disabling neurological condition that results in impaired mobility,sensory disruption,and autonomic dysfunction.Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells(NSPCs)is considered ...Spinal cord injury(SCI)is a severely disabling neurological condition that results in impaired mobility,sensory disruption,and autonomic dysfunction.Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells(NSPCs)is considered a promising candidate for promoting functional recovery,and most research has focused on the early stages of SCI.However,most SCI patients are in the chronic phase,and clinical trials for patients with chronic SCI will be able to detect additional potential treatment effects.Therefore,this review focuses on the study of advances in the transplantation of NSPCs obtained or derived from different sources for chronic SCI.We first summarize the progress in the use of rodent NSPC transplantation for chronic SCI.Rodent NSPCs can survive,differentiate,and support histological regeneration at the site of injury but only with cellular combination therapy can they induce functional motor recovery.Next,we review research advances in human NSPC transplantation alone or in combination therapies for chronic SCI,demonstrating a high potential therapeutic effect.Finally,we discuss clinical trials of human NSPC transplantation for chronic SCI,focusing on safety and feasibility as the main clinical outcome measures.The long-term follow-up data also show optimistic clinical therapeutic efficacy.展开更多
Social networks often serve as a critical medium for information dissemination, diffusion of epidemics, and spread of behavior, by shared activities or similarities be- tween individuals. Recently, we have witnessed a...Social networks often serve as a critical medium for information dissemination, diffusion of epidemics, and spread of behavior, by shared activities or similarities be- tween individuals. Recently, we have witnessed an explosion of interest in studying social influence and spread dynamics in social networks. To date, relatively little material has been provided on a comprehensive review in this field. This brief survey addresses this issue. We present the current significant empirical studies on real social systems, including network construction methods, measures of network, and newly em- pirical results. We then provide a concise description of some related social models from both macro- and micro-level per- spectives. Due to the difficulties in combining real data and simulation data for verifying and validating real social sys- tems, we further emphasize the current research results of computational experiments. We hope this paper can provide researchers significant insights into better understanding the characteristics of personal influence and spread patterns in large-scale social systems.展开更多
Whispering gallery mode(WGM)microcavities provide increasing opportunities for precision measurement due to their ultrahigh sensitivity,compact size,and fast response.However,the conventional WGM sensors rely on monit...Whispering gallery mode(WGM)microcavities provide increasing opportunities for precision measurement due to their ultrahigh sensitivity,compact size,and fast response.However,the conventional WGM sensors rely on monitoring the changes of a single mode,and the abundant sensing information in WGM transmission spectra has not been fully utilized.Here,empowered by machine learning(ML),we propose and demonstrate an ergodic spectra sensing method in an optofluidic microcavity for high-precision pressure measurement.The developed ML method realizes the analysis of the full features of optical spectra.The prediction accuracy of 99.97%is obtained with the average error as low as 0.32 kPa in the pressure range of 100 kPa via the training and testing stages.We further achieve the real-time readout of arbitrary unknown pressure within the range of measurement,and a prediction accuracy of 99.51%is obtained.Moreover,we demonstrate that the ergodic spectra sensing accuracy is∼11.5%higher than that of simply extracting resonating modes’wavelength.With the high sensitivity and prediction accuracy,this work opens up a new avenue for integrated intelligent optical sensing.展开更多
1 Introduction Companies that supply online services such as Twitter,Weibo,and Taobao are known as platform companies(Gorwa,2019).Many top companies offer their services through platforms and use Internet technology t...1 Introduction Companies that supply online services such as Twitter,Weibo,and Taobao are known as platform companies(Gorwa,2019).Many top companies offer their services through platforms and use Internet technology to facilitate economic transactions,transmit information,connect people,and make predictions(Fenwick et al.,2019).Such platforms cover all areas of society,including politics(Gillespie,2017),labor relations,cultural production(Scholz,2016;van Doorn,2017),and consumption(Nieborg and Poell,2018).The rapid development of Internet technology has increased the influence of network platforms.Such platforms have changed the rules of global business operations and influenced the global political landscape.Following some high-profile negative events,calls for strengthening the regulation of online platforms and holding them accountable have been growing(Suzor,2019).展开更多
INTRODUCTION.Natural disasters,including floods,storms,and tsunamis,pose a great threat to human societies.A recent study highlighted this concern,revealing that billions of people globally were exposed to flood hazar...INTRODUCTION.Natural disasters,including floods,storms,and tsunamis,pose a great threat to human societies.A recent study highlighted this concern,revealing that billions of people globally were exposed to flood hazards.1 In 2023,Super Typhoon Doksuri caused devasting floods in Beijing and Hebei areas,resulting in massive casualties and huge economic losses.Therefore,there is a need for a precise understanding of disaster processes,reliable forecasting of disaster effects,and timely warning of risks to prevent and mitigate major disasters.2 Numerical modeling stands as the predominant approach to meet these demands.However,the predictive accuracy of such numerical models could be degraded because of various factors:oversimplification of real processes,computational errors,fluctuations of complex environments(e.g.,terrains,precipitations,buildings,and plants),and the influence of human activities(e.g.,evacuation and rescue)during disasters.展开更多
基金supported by a grant from Ministry of Science and Technology China,No.2022ZD0204704(to WW)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82301572(to XZ)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2023M731202(to XZ)。
文摘Nonhuman primates are increasingly being used as animal models in neuroscience research.However,efficient neuronal tracing techniques for labeling motor neurons and primary sensory afferents in the monkey spinal cord are lacking.Here,by injecting the cholera toxin B subunit into the sciatic nerve of a rhesus monkey,we successfully labeled the motor neurons and primary sensory afferents in the lumbar and sacralspinal cord.Labeled alpha motor neurons were located in lamina IX of the L6–S1 segments,which innervate both flexors and extensors.The labeled primary sensory afferents were mainly myelinated Aβfibers that terminated mostly in laminae I and II of the L4–L7 segments.Together with the labeled proprioceptive afferents,the primary sensory afferents formed excitatory synapses with multiple types of spinal neurons.In summary,our methods successfully traced neuronal connections in the monkey spinal cord and can be used in spinal cord studies when nonhuman primates are used.
文摘Spinal cord injury(SCI)leads to permanent deficits in neural function without effective therapies,which places a substantial burden on families and society.Astrocytes,the major glia supporting the normal function of neurons in the spinal cord,become active and form glial scars after SCI,which has long been regarded as a barrier for axon regeneration.However,recent progress has indicated the beneficial role of astrocytes in spinal repair.During the past three decades,astrocyte transplantation for SCI treatment has gained increasing attention.In this review,we first summarize the progress of using rodent astrocytes as the primary step for spinal repair.Rodent astrocytes can survive well,migrate extensively,and mature in spinal injury;they can also inhibit host reactive glial scar formation,stimulate host axon regeneration,and promote motor,sensory,respiratory,and autonomic functional recovery.Then,we review the progress in spinal repair by using human astrocytes of various origins,including the fetal brain,fetal spinal cord,and pluripotent stem cells.Finally,we introduce some key questions that merit further research in the future,including rapid generation of large amounts of human astrocytes with high purity,identification of the right origins of astrocytes to maximize neural function improvement while minimizing side effects,testing human astrocyte transplantation in chronic SCI,and verification of the long-term efficacy and safety in large animal models.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant nos.62372470,72225011,62402414,U23B2059,62173034,32222070,62402017,72421002,62206303,62476264,62406312,62102266,52173241,and U23A20468the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1900604)+8 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science(XDB0680301)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2023112)the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research funding(2022-PUMCH-A-014),the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4244098)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023RC3009)the Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan Province(202202AE090034)the MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Greater Bay Area(GEMLab-2023001)the Science and Technology Innovation Key R&D Program of Chongqing(CSTB2024TIAD-STX0024)the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20240385)the River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province(2019ZT08X603).
文摘Intelligent decision-making(IDM)is a cornerstone of artificial intelligence(AI)designed to automate or augment decision processes.Modern IDM paradigms integrate advanced frameworks to enable intelligent agents to make effective and adaptive choices and decompose complex tasks into manageable steps,such as AI agents and high-level reinforcement learning.Recent advances in multimodal foundation-based approaches unify diverse input modalities—such as vision,language,and sensory data—into a cohesive decision-making process.Foundation models(FMs)have become pivotal in science and industry,transforming decision-making and research capabilities.Their large-scale,multimodal data-processing abilities foster adaptability and interdisciplinary breakthroughs across fields such as healthcare,life sciences,and education.This survey examines IDM’s evolution,advanced paradigms with FMs and their transformative impact on decision-making across diverse scientific and industrial domains,highlighting the challenges and opportunities in building efficient,adaptive,and ethical decision systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.62476021,72225011,72434005,62373034,and 62072026).
文摘The success of Chang’e-61,2 is a milestone of lunar exploration by China,being the first successful attempt in human history to collect samples from the far side of the Moon.To ensure collection efficiency and success of the mission,operators on the Earth needed to cooperate with the sample collection equipment on the Moon and finish the sample collection in less than a day.Embodied cognitive intelligence(ECI),which dynamically combines the advantage of human cognition with embodied intelligence,fitted this mission well.Experts on the Earth accumulated experience and knowledge to guide the design of the Chang’e probe and also conducted extensive simulation experiments for various challenges arising on the Moon.We used these accumulated data and experience along with knowledge to construct a cognitive map and then use the real-time data of Chang’e-6 in an embodied way by intelligently interacting with the environment.By using ECI,we successfully collected samples on the far side of the Moon in a fast,accurate,and robust way.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2023YFC3605100the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:82472621,82171422,and 82301572+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,Grant/Award Number:2023M731202The APC was funded by Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
文摘Spinal cord injury(SCI)is a severely disabling neurological condition that results in impaired mobility,sensory disruption,and autonomic dysfunction.Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells(NSPCs)is considered a promising candidate for promoting functional recovery,and most research has focused on the early stages of SCI.However,most SCI patients are in the chronic phase,and clinical trials for patients with chronic SCI will be able to detect additional potential treatment effects.Therefore,this review focuses on the study of advances in the transplantation of NSPCs obtained or derived from different sources for chronic SCI.We first summarize the progress in the use of rodent NSPC transplantation for chronic SCI.Rodent NSPCs can survive,differentiate,and support histological regeneration at the site of injury but only with cellular combination therapy can they induce functional motor recovery.Next,we review research advances in human NSPC transplantation alone or in combination therapies for chronic SCI,demonstrating a high potential therapeutic effect.Finally,we discuss clinical trials of human NSPC transplantation for chronic SCI,focusing on safety and feasibility as the main clinical outcome measures.The long-term follow-up data also show optimistic clinical therapeutic efficacy.
文摘Social networks often serve as a critical medium for information dissemination, diffusion of epidemics, and spread of behavior, by shared activities or similarities be- tween individuals. Recently, we have witnessed an explosion of interest in studying social influence and spread dynamics in social networks. To date, relatively little material has been provided on a comprehensive review in this field. This brief survey addresses this issue. We present the current significant empirical studies on real social systems, including network construction methods, measures of network, and newly em- pirical results. We then provide a concise description of some related social models from both macro- and micro-level per- spectives. Due to the difficulties in combining real data and simulation data for verifying and validating real social sys- tems, we further emphasize the current research results of computational experiments. We hope this paper can provide researchers significant insights into better understanding the characteristics of personal influence and spread patterns in large-scale social systems.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(11974058,62005231,62131002)A3 Foresight Program of NSFC(62061146002)+3 种基金Beijing Nova Program from Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z201100006820125)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(Z210004)State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications,BUPT,China(IPOC2021ZT01)BUPT Excellent Ph.D.Students Foundation(CX2022114).
文摘Whispering gallery mode(WGM)microcavities provide increasing opportunities for precision measurement due to their ultrahigh sensitivity,compact size,and fast response.However,the conventional WGM sensors rely on monitoring the changes of a single mode,and the abundant sensing information in WGM transmission spectra has not been fully utilized.Here,empowered by machine learning(ML),we propose and demonstrate an ergodic spectra sensing method in an optofluidic microcavity for high-precision pressure measurement.The developed ML method realizes the analysis of the full features of optical spectra.The prediction accuracy of 99.97%is obtained with the average error as low as 0.32 kPa in the pressure range of 100 kPa via the training and testing stages.We further achieve the real-time readout of arbitrary unknown pressure within the range of measurement,and a prediction accuracy of 99.51%is obtained.Moreover,we demonstrate that the ergodic spectra sensing accuracy is∼11.5%higher than that of simply extracting resonating modes’wavelength.With the high sensitivity and prediction accuracy,this work opens up a new avenue for integrated intelligent optical sensing.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2020AAA0108401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.72225011 and 71621002)MOE Social Science Laboratory of Digital Economic Forecasts and Policy Simulation at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘1 Introduction Companies that supply online services such as Twitter,Weibo,and Taobao are known as platform companies(Gorwa,2019).Many top companies offer their services through platforms and use Internet technology to facilitate economic transactions,transmit information,connect people,and make predictions(Fenwick et al.,2019).Such platforms cover all areas of society,including politics(Gillespie,2017),labor relations,cultural production(Scholz,2016;van Doorn,2017),and consumption(Nieborg and Poell,2018).The rapid development of Internet technology has increased the influence of network platforms.Such platforms have changed the rules of global business operations and influenced the global political landscape.Following some high-profile negative events,calls for strengthening the regulation of online platforms and holding them accountable have been growing(Suzor,2019).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.42306217,62202477,72225011,and 42276205)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2023JJ10053)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC3101500).
文摘INTRODUCTION.Natural disasters,including floods,storms,and tsunamis,pose a great threat to human societies.A recent study highlighted this concern,revealing that billions of people globally were exposed to flood hazards.1 In 2023,Super Typhoon Doksuri caused devasting floods in Beijing and Hebei areas,resulting in massive casualties and huge economic losses.Therefore,there is a need for a precise understanding of disaster processes,reliable forecasting of disaster effects,and timely warning of risks to prevent and mitigate major disasters.2 Numerical modeling stands as the predominant approach to meet these demands.However,the predictive accuracy of such numerical models could be degraded because of various factors:oversimplification of real processes,computational errors,fluctuations of complex environments(e.g.,terrains,precipitations,buildings,and plants),and the influence of human activities(e.g.,evacuation and rescue)during disasters.
