Laser-directed energy deposition(L-DED)is an advanced additive manufacturing technology primarily adopted in metal three-dimensional printing systems.The L-DED process is characterized by various defects,thus necessit...Laser-directed energy deposition(L-DED)is an advanced additive manufacturing technology primarily adopted in metal three-dimensional printing systems.The L-DED process is characterized by various defects,thus necessitating the extensive use of in-situ monitoring to enable real-time adjustments of process parameters by detecting molten-pool features.To address the challenge of accurately extracting the molten-pool morphology from an undetached spatter,an innovative monitoring method based on the U-Net(U-shaped network)is proposed herein.A lightweight architecture accelerates the processing speed,whereas an enhanced loss function incorporating weight maps augments the segmentation precision.The model performance is evaluated by comparing its segmentation accuracy and processing speed with those of the conventional U-Net,using the mean intersection over union(MIoU)as the segmentation metric.The improved model demonstrates superior segmentation accuracy at the interface between the molten pool and spatter,with a peak MIoU of 0.9798 achieved on the test set.Furthermore,this model processes each image in an extremely short time of 17.9 ms.Using this segmentation algorithm,the error in extracting the molten-pool width from single-track experiments is within 0.1 mm.The proposed method for monitoring the molten-pool morphology is suitable for deployment in online monitoring systems,thus providing a foundation for subsequent process-parameter regulation.展开更多
Immunotherapy offers significant potential but is often hampered by the immunosuppressive environment in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC).To address this,we propose an enhanced immunotherapeutic strategy that revita...Immunotherapy offers significant potential but is often hampered by the immunosuppressive environment in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC).To address this,we propose an enhanced immunotherapeutic strategy that revitalizes the tumor immune microenvironment(TIME)in OSCC by integrating upconversion-based photodynamic therapy(PDT)with chemotherapy.Using a red blood cell membraneinspired biomimetic nanoplatform,our approach concurrently delivers chlorin e6@upconversion nanoparticles(Ce6@UCNP)and doxorubicin(DOX).By leveraging fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET)for 980 nm to 660 nm upconversion excitation,we address challenges such as limited tissue penetration and tissue damage,as well as nanoplatform issues including immunogenicity and targeting inaccuracy Our integrated approach enhances PDT and chemotherapy with the goal of transforming immunologically“cold”tumors into“hot”ones through a cascaded therapy,thereby revitalizing the tumor immune microenvironment in OSCC.展开更多
Long-term excessive nitrogen(N)application neither increases nor enhances grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE)of maize,yet the mechanisms involving root morphological and physiological characteristics remain unclear....Long-term excessive nitrogen(N)application neither increases nor enhances grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE)of maize,yet the mechanisms involving root morphological and physiological characteristics remain unclear.This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying stagnant grain yield under excessive N application by examining root morphological and physiological characteristics.A 10-year N fertilizer trial was conducted in Jilin Province,Northeast China,cultivating maize at three N fertilizer levels(zero N,N0;recommended N,N2;and high N level,N4)from 2019 to 2021.Two widely cultivated maize genotypes,‘Xianyu 335’(XY335)and‘Zhengdan 958’(ZD958),were evaluated.Grain yield,N content,root morphology,and physiological characteristics were analyzed to assess the relationships between N uptake,N utilization,plant growth,and root systems under different N treatments.Compared to N0,root biomass,post-silking N uptake,and grain yield improved significantly with increased N input,while no significant differences emerged between recommended N and high N.High N application enhanced root length and root surface area but decreased root activity(measured by TTC(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride)method),nitrate reductase activity,and root activity absorbing area across genotypes.Root length and root to shoot ratio negatively affected N uptake(by-1.2 and-24.6%),while root surface area,root activity,nitrate reductase activity,and root activity absorbing area contributed positively.The interaction between cultivar and N application significantly influenced NUE.XY335 achieved the highest NUE(11.6%)and N recovery efficiency(18.4%)through superior root surface area(23.6%),root activity(12.5%),nitrate reductase activity(8.3%),and root activity absorbing area(6.9%)compared to other treatments.Recommended N application enhanced Post N uptake,NUE,and grain yield through improved root characteristics,while high N application failed to increase or decreased NUE by reducing these parameters.This study demonstrates that root surface area,root activity,nitrate reductase activity,and root activity absorbing area limit NUE increase under high N application.展开更多
In the aerospace industry,integrated aluminium alloy plates and stiffened panels with high accuracy and performance attract significant interest.To manufacture these panels as integrity with high accuracy,multiple pro...In the aerospace industry,integrated aluminium alloy plates and stiffened panels with high accuracy and performance attract significant interest.To manufacture these panels as integrity with high accuracy,multiple processes need to be utilised,such as machining,welding and forming.During the whole manufacturing chain,residual stresses can be generated and redistributed in the components among different processes.The residual stress would significantly affect the shapes and properties of the final products.Currently,these great effects are not well considered in the design and manufacturing processes.This paper aims to draw a general understanding of the residual stress generated in the pre-manufacturing processes and its effects on subsequent manufacturing processes.The mechanisms and distributions of residual stresses generated in typical premanufacturing processes of structural panels,including machining,welding and additive manufacturing(AM),are firstly summarised.The detailed effects of generated residual stresses on distortion and application properties in subsequent manufacturing processes are then concluded.In addition,current methods developed for the investigation of residual stress effect in multi-processes manufacturing are critically reviewed,including experimental,analytical,finite element(FE)and machine learning methods.Furthermore,the future development trend of methods for residual stress consideration and control in the design of manufacturing processes is summarised,providing comprehensive guidance to achieve the high accurate manufacturing of aluminium alloy structural components.展开更多
In rainfed areas of northwestern China,maize production is constrained mainly by low temperature during early growth and water limitation during the entire growth period.Plastic film mulching is commonly used to incre...In rainfed areas of northwestern China,maize production is constrained mainly by low temperature during early growth and water limitation during the entire growth period.Plastic film mulching is commonly used to increase maize yield in this area,because it increases topsoil temperature and moisture content as well as water use efficiency.However,the physiological and anatomical bases of maize yield improvement with plastic film mulching are not well understood.The effects of plastic film mulching and planting density on maize yield,photosynthetic characteristics,respiration,leaf anatomy,and root growth were studied in a two-year field experiment conducted on the Loess Plateau of China in 2017 and 2018.The experiment used a split-split plot design with two mulching treatments(plastic film mulching and no mulching),two planting densities(7.5×104 and10.5×104 plants ha-1),and two maize cultivars,Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335.Compared with no mulching,plastic film mulching increased maize yields by 31.1%–46.4%in 2017 and3.6%–34.7%in 2018.Compared with low planting density,high planting density significantly increased and slightly reduced yields of both cultivars in the dry year 2017 and the rainy year 2018,respectively.Plastic film mulching increased photosynthesis and respiration as well as leaf stomatal density and aperture.Photosynthetic rate,dark respiration,and stomatal conductance and aperture were lower at high planting than at low planting density.Maize yield was positively correlated with photosynthesis,dark respiration,and stomatal aperture.Mulching increased root dry weight and length in the 0–20 cm soil layer and root activity at maturity.Overall,the changes in root growth and leaf anatomy resulted in increased photosynthesis and dark respiration,and the increased photosynthesis contributed to the increase in grain yield and biomass production under plastic film mulching conditions.Our results increase understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which plastic film mulching increases maize yield in water-and temperature-limited areas.展开更多
Lightweight curved profiles are widely utilised in the transportation industry considering the increasing need for improving aerodynamic efficiency,aesthetics and cutting emissions.In this paper,curved AZ31 Mg alloy p...Lightweight curved profiles are widely utilised in the transportation industry considering the increasing need for improving aerodynamic efficiency,aesthetics and cutting emissions.In this paper,curved AZ31 Mg alloy profiles were manufactured in one operation by a novel process,differential velocity sideways extrusion(DVSE),in which two opposed rams were used.Effects of extrusion temperature and velocity(strain rate)on curvature,microstructure,and mechanical properties of the formed profiles were examined.Profile curvature was found to be more readily controlled by the velocity ratio of the bottom ram v2to the top ram v1,whereas extrusion temperature(T=250,300,350℃)and extrusion velocity(v_(1)=0.1,1 mm/s)slightly affect curvature for a given velocity ratio.A homogeneous microstructure with equiaxed grains(~4.5μm)resulted from dynamic recrystallisation(DRX),was observed after DVSE(v_(2)/v_(1)=1/2)at 300℃and v_(1)=0.1 mm/s,where the initial billet had an average grain size of~25 um.Increasing extrusion temperature leads to grain growth(~5μm)at 350℃and v_(1)=0.1 mm/s.DRX is incomplete at the relatively low temperature of 250℃(v_(1)=0.1 mm/s),and higher strain rate with v1=1mm/s(T=300℃),resulting in inhomogeneous bi-modal necklace pattern grains ranging in size around 1-25μm for the former and 2-20μm for the latter.Grain refinement is attributed to DRX during the severe plastic deformation(SPD)arising in DVSE,and initiates at the prior boundaries of coarse grains in a necklace-like manner.Compared with the billet,micro-hardness and ultimate tensile strength of the profiles have been enhanced,which is compatible with grain refinement.Also,an obvious increase in tensile ductility was found.However,yield strength slightly decreases except for the complete DRXed case(300℃,v_(1)=0.1 mm/s),where a slightly higher value was found,indicating strengthening by grain refinement is greater than softening caused by texture modification.The initial billet had a strong basal texture wherein the{0002}basal plane is oriented parallel to the extrusion direction(’hard’orientation),while DVSE results in the profiles having weak basal textures and the{0002}basal plane oriented~5-10°to the extrusion direction(i.e.towards the orientation for easier slip).This significantly modified texture contributes to the softening of the profiles in the extrusion direction,in which tensile tests were performed,and the related elongation improvement.展开更多
Polygala tenuifolia,commonly known as Yuanzhi(YZ)in Chinese,has been shown to possess antiinsomnia properties.However,the material basis and the mechanism underlying its sedative-hypnotic effects remain unclear.Herein...Polygala tenuifolia,commonly known as Yuanzhi(YZ)in Chinese,has been shown to possess antiinsomnia properties.However,the material basis and the mechanism underlying its sedative-hypnotic effects remain unclear.Herein,we investigated the active components and neurochemical mechanism of YZ extracts using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)-based pharmacometabolomics and mass spectrometry imaging(MSI)-based spatial resolved metabolomics.According to the results,17 prototypes out of 101 ingredients in the YZ extract were detected in both the plasma and brain,which might be the major components contributing to the sedative-hypnotic effects.Network pharmacology analysis revealed that these prototypes may exert their effects through neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,serotonergic synapse,dopaminergic synapse,and dopaminergic synapse,among other pathways.LC-MS/MS-based targeted metabolomics and Western blot(WB)revealed that tryptophan-serotonin-melatonin(Trp-5-HT-Mel)and tyrosine-norepinephrine-adrenaline(Tyr-Ne-Ad)are the key regulated pathways.Dopa decarboxylase(DDC)upregulation and phenylethanolamine Nmethyltransferase(PNMT)downregulation further confirmed these pathways.Furthermore,MSI-based spatially resolved metabolomics revealed notable alterations in 5-HT in the pineal gland(PG),and Ad in the brainstem,including the middle brain(MB),pons(PN),and hypothalamus(HY).In summary,this study illustrates the efficacy of an integrated multidimensional metabolomics approach in unraveling the sedative-hypnotic effects and neurochemical mechanisms of a Chinese herbal medicine,YZ.展开更多
Continuous CNT fibers have been directly fabricated in a speed of 50 m/h-400 m/h,based on an improved chemical vapor deposition method.As-prepared fibers are further post-treated by acid.According to the SEM images an...Continuous CNT fibers have been directly fabricated in a speed of 50 m/h-400 m/h,based on an improved chemical vapor deposition method.As-prepared fibers are further post-treated by acid.According to the SEM images and Raman spectra,the acid treatment results in the compaction and surface modification of the CNTs in fibers,which are beneficial for the electron and load transfer.Compared to the HNO3 treatment,HClSO_3 or H_2SO_4 treatment is more effective for the improvement of the fibers＇ properties.After HCISO_3 treatment for 2 h,the fibers＇ strength and electrical conductivity reach up to-2 GPa and-4.3 MS/m,which are promoted by-200%and almost one order of magnitude than those without acid treatment,respectively.The load-bearing status of the CNT fibers are analyzed based on the downshifts of the G＇ band and the strain transfer factor of the fibers under tension.The results reveal that acid treatment could greatly enhance the load transfer and inter-bundle strength.With the HCISO3 treatment,the strain transfer factor is enhanced from-3.9%to-53.6%.展开更多
Plants produce a range of carbohydrates to meet their growth and developmental needs. Protein reversible phosphorylation plays key roles in coordinating multiple metabolic pathways and integrating diverse internal and...Plants produce a range of carbohydrates to meet their growth and developmental needs. Protein reversible phosphorylation plays key roles in coordinating multiple metabolic pathways and integrating diverse internal and external cues. Understanding such regulatory metabolism will provide novel resources for breeding and crop management by modulating metabolic pathways for control of growth and stress response. In this review, we summarize the complex, multifaceted functions of protein phosphorylation and their connections to plant metabolism. We focus particularly on carbohydrate metabolic pathways that are controlled by key kinases and discuss how they are linked to downstream changes in physiology, important agronomic traits and crop quality.展开更多
In this work, we have presented a freestanding and flexible CNT-based film with sheet resistance of 60 ？/ and transmittance of 82% treated by nitric acid and chloroauric acid in sequence. Based on modified CNT film a...In this work, we have presented a freestanding and flexible CNT-based film with sheet resistance of 60 ？/ and transmittance of 82% treated by nitric acid and chloroauric acid in sequence. Based on modified CNT film as a transparent electrode, we have demonstrated an ultrathin, flexible organic solar cell（OSC） fabricated on 2.5-μm PET substrate. The efficiency of OSC, combined with a composite film of poly（3-hexylthiophene）（P3HT） and phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester（PCBM） as an active layer and with a thin layer of methanol soluble biuret inserted between the photoactive layer and the cathode, can be up to 2.74% which is approximate to that of the reference solar cell fabricated with ITO-coated glass（2.93%）. Incorporating the as-fabricated ITO-free OSC with pre-stretched elastomer, 50% compressive deformation can apply to the solar cells. The results show that the as-prepared CNT-based hybrid film with outstanding electrical and optical properties could serve as a promising transparent electrode for low cost, flexible and stretchable OSCs, which will broaden the applications of OSC and generate more solar power than it now does.展开更多
Brassinosteroids(BRs)play a crucial role in regulating multiple biological processes in plants,particularly those related to crop productivity and stress tolerance.During their functioning,BRs engage in extensive and ...Brassinosteroids(BRs)play a crucial role in regulating multiple biological processes in plants,particularly those related to crop productivity and stress tolerance.During their functioning,BRs engage in extensive and intricate interactions with other phytohormones,including auxin,cytokinins,gibberellins,abscisic acid,ethylene,jasmonates,salicylic acid,and strigolactones.These interactions facilitate the integration of internal and external signals,ultimately shaping the physiological status of the plant.In this review,we introduce BR metabolism and signaling and discuss their role in modulating agronomic traits that directly contribute to grain yield in rice(Oryza sativa),the model plant for crops.We also summarize recent advances in the crosstalk between BRs and other phytohormones in regulating agronomic traits in crops.Furthermore,we highlight significant research that provides insights into developing high-yielding and stressresistant crop varieties from the perspective of hormone crosstalk.Understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms through which BRs and other phytohormones collaboratively control agronomic traits offers new approaches for crop improvement.展开更多
Trastuzumab emtansine(T-DM1)has been approved for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.However,the efficacy of T-DM1 for patients after failure of pyrotinib and/or trastuzumab plus pertuzumab has not been clea...Trastuzumab emtansine(T-DM1)has been approved for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.However,the efficacy of T-DM1 for patients after failure of pyrotinib and/or trastuzumab plus pertuzumab has not been clear.Additionally,no biomarker has been reported to predict the effect of T-DM1.In this multicenter phase Ⅱ trial(NCT06125834),36 participants with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer were enrolled to receive T-DM1 therapy on a 21-day cycle until progression or unacceptable toxicity.The primary endpoint was the objective response rate(ORR).The secondary endpoints included the disease control rate(DCR),clinical benefit rate(CBR),progression-free survival(PFS),and toxicity.The primary endpoint was an ORR of 47.2%(17/36,95%CI 30.4–64.5).The treatment exhibited a manageable toxicity profile.The DCR was 66.7%(24/36,95%CI 49.0–81.4),and the CBR was 50.0%(18/36,95%CI 32.9–67.1).The median PFS was 6.6(95%CI 5.2-NA)months.Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that the low cell cycle activity of cancer cells,activated macrophages and CD8+T cells was associated with the good efficacy of T-DM1,which was validated in a neoadjuvant cohort.This study suggests that T-DM1 is effective with a measurable safety profile in patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer after failure of pyrotinib and/or trastuzumab plus pertuzumab.Our preliminary findings suggest potential biomarkers that may help predict T-DM1 efficacy,generating hypotheses for novel therapeutic targets that may address T-DM1 resistance.展开更多
Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait in rice,directly influencing grain yield and adaptability to specific planting regions and seasons.Florigens,including FLOWERING LOCUST(FT)proteins Hd3a(OsFTL2)and RFT1(OsF...Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait in rice,directly influencing grain yield and adaptability to specific planting regions and seasons.Florigens,including FLOWERING LOCUST(FT)proteins Hd3a(OsFTL2)and RFT1(OsFTL3),play central roles in transmitting flowering signals through rice's photoperiod regulatory network.While Hd3a and RFT1have been extensively studied,the functions and interactions of other FT-like proteins remain unclear,limiting advancements in breeding strategies for early-maturing rice varieties.Here,we demonstrate that the florigen-like protein OsFTL1 forms a florigen activation complex(FAC)and promotes flowering under both short-day and long-day conditions.OsFTL1 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm,with predominant expression in the shoot base,facilitating its mobilization to the shoot apical meristem(SAM)to initiate flowering.Overexpression of OsFTL1(OsFTL1-OE)in leaves or shoot bases significantly accelerates flowering and alters plant architecture.In the nucleus,OsFTL1interacts with GF14c and OsFD1 to form an FAC,activating OsMADS14 and OsMADS15 expression to drive flowering.Markedly,OsFTL1-OE plants deficient in Hd3a and RFT1 exhibited earlier flowering compared with wild-type plants,indicating that OsFTL1 can independently promote flowering.Furthermore,haplotype analysis identified OsFTL1-Hap3,a beneficial variant associated with early flowering and comparable grain yields.These findings revealed that OsFTL1 can substitute for Hd3a and RFT1 in FAC formation,promoting flowering across photoperiods,and highlighting its potential application in breeding early-maturing,high-yield rice varieties suitable for diverse environments.展开更多
High-light(HL)stress is a major environmental factor that limits crop productivity.Maize(Zea mays)and rice(Oryza sativa),two key global crops,can both grow under HL intensities but differ in photosynthetic metabolism;...High-light(HL)stress is a major environmental factor that limits crop productivity.Maize(Zea mays)and rice(Oryza sativa),two key global crops,can both grow under HL intensities but differ in photosynthetic metabolism;maize is a C4 species,whereas rice is a C3 species.However,the molecular mechanisms un-derlying their responses to HL stress remain poorly understood.To systematically dissect how HL affects maize and rice growth,we conducted time-resolved multi-omics analyses,examining the transcriptome,translatome,proteome,and metabolome in response to HL treatment.Integration of this multiomics approach with physiological analyses revealed that rice exhibits a more rapid response to HL stress than maize,with significant alterations in photosynthetic electron transport,energy dissipation,reactive oxygen species(ROS)accumulation,and primary metabolism.In contrast,the higher tolerance of maize to HL stress is primarily attributed to increased cyclic electron flow(CEF)and non-photochemical quench-ing(NPQ),elevated sugar and aromatic amino acid accumulation,and enhanced antioxidant activity during 4 h of HL exposure.Transgenic experiments further validated key regulators of HL tolerance;for instance,knockout of OsbZIP18 enhanced HL tolerance in rice,whereas overexpression of ZmPsbS in maize signif-icantly boosted photosynthesis and energy-dependent quenching(qE)after 4 h of HL treatment,underscoring its role in protecting C4 crops from HL-induced photodamage.Taken together,these findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of HL stress tolerance in C4 versus C3 species and highlight a set of candidate genes for engineering improved HL tolerance in crops.展开更多
This paper presents a study on the use of best management practices(BMPs)for controlling nonpoint pollution in the Xikeng Reservoir watershed located in Shenzhen,China.A BMP treatment train design,including a pond,a w...This paper presents a study on the use of best management practices(BMPs)for controlling nonpoint pollution in the Xikeng Reservoir watershed located in Shenzhen,China.A BMP treatment train design,including a pond,a wetland,and a buffer strip placed in series was implemented at the reservoir location.A separate grass swale was also constructed at the site.Low impact development(LID)BMPs,namely a planter box and bioboxes,were used at the parking lot of the reservoir’s Administration Building.Samples were collected during storm events and were analyzed for total suspended solids(TSS),biochemical oxygen demand(BOD5),ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N),and total phosphorus(TP).The removal efficiencies of both BMP systems were evaluated using the Efficiency Ratio(ER)method based on the event mean concentration(EMC)data.In summary,the pond/wetland treatment train removed 70%–90%of TSS,20%–50%of BOD5,and 30%–70%of TP and NH3-N.The swale removed 50%–90%of TSS,30%–55%of BOD5,–10%–35%of NH3-N,and 25%–70%of TP.For the planter box and biobox,the ranges of removal rates were 70%–90%,20%–50%,and 30%–70%for TSS,BOD5,and ammonia and phosphorus,respectively.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52305440,52204263)Natural Science Foundation of Changsha City(Grant Nos.kq2208272,kq2208274)+1 种基金Tribology Science Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment(Grant SKLTKF22B09)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3706902).
文摘Laser-directed energy deposition(L-DED)is an advanced additive manufacturing technology primarily adopted in metal three-dimensional printing systems.The L-DED process is characterized by various defects,thus necessitating the extensive use of in-situ monitoring to enable real-time adjustments of process parameters by detecting molten-pool features.To address the challenge of accurately extracting the molten-pool morphology from an undetached spatter,an innovative monitoring method based on the U-Net(U-shaped network)is proposed herein.A lightweight architecture accelerates the processing speed,whereas an enhanced loss function incorporating weight maps augments the segmentation precision.The model performance is evaluated by comparing its segmentation accuracy and processing speed with those of the conventional U-Net,using the mean intersection over union(MIoU)as the segmentation metric.The improved model demonstrates superior segmentation accuracy at the interface between the molten pool and spatter,with a peak MIoU of 0.9798 achieved on the test set.Furthermore,this model processes each image in an extremely short time of 17.9 ms.Using this segmentation algorithm,the error in extracting the molten-pool width from single-track experiments is within 0.1 mm.The proposed method for monitoring the molten-pool morphology is suitable for deployment in online monitoring systems,thus providing a foundation for subsequent process-parameter regulation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81802709)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Nos.ZR2023MH230,ZR2023MH096)+1 种基金the Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Funded SchemePlan of Young Scholars of Shandong University。
文摘Immunotherapy offers significant potential but is often hampered by the immunosuppressive environment in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC).To address this,we propose an enhanced immunotherapeutic strategy that revitalizes the tumor immune microenvironment(TIME)in OSCC by integrating upconversion-based photodynamic therapy(PDT)with chemotherapy.Using a red blood cell membraneinspired biomimetic nanoplatform,our approach concurrently delivers chlorin e6@upconversion nanoparticles(Ce6@UCNP)and doxorubicin(DOX).By leveraging fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET)for 980 nm to 660 nm upconversion excitation,we address challenges such as limited tissue penetration and tissue damage,as well as nanoplatform issues including immunogenicity and targeting inaccuracy Our integrated approach enhances PDT and chemotherapy with the goal of transforming immunologically“cold”tumors into“hot”ones through a cascaded therapy,thereby revitalizing the tumor immune microenvironment in OSCC.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2301702)the earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971852).
文摘Long-term excessive nitrogen(N)application neither increases nor enhances grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE)of maize,yet the mechanisms involving root morphological and physiological characteristics remain unclear.This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying stagnant grain yield under excessive N application by examining root morphological and physiological characteristics.A 10-year N fertilizer trial was conducted in Jilin Province,Northeast China,cultivating maize at three N fertilizer levels(zero N,N0;recommended N,N2;and high N level,N4)from 2019 to 2021.Two widely cultivated maize genotypes,‘Xianyu 335’(XY335)and‘Zhengdan 958’(ZD958),were evaluated.Grain yield,N content,root morphology,and physiological characteristics were analyzed to assess the relationships between N uptake,N utilization,plant growth,and root systems under different N treatments.Compared to N0,root biomass,post-silking N uptake,and grain yield improved significantly with increased N input,while no significant differences emerged between recommended N and high N.High N application enhanced root length and root surface area but decreased root activity(measured by TTC(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride)method),nitrate reductase activity,and root activity absorbing area across genotypes.Root length and root to shoot ratio negatively affected N uptake(by-1.2 and-24.6%),while root surface area,root activity,nitrate reductase activity,and root activity absorbing area contributed positively.The interaction between cultivar and N application significantly influenced NUE.XY335 achieved the highest NUE(11.6%)and N recovery efficiency(18.4%)through superior root surface area(23.6%),root activity(12.5%),nitrate reductase activity(8.3%),and root activity absorbing area(6.9%)compared to other treatments.Recommended N application enhanced Post N uptake,NUE,and grain yield through improved root characteristics,while high N application failed to increase or decreased NUE by reducing these parameters.This study demonstrates that root surface area,root activity,nitrate reductase activity,and root activity absorbing area limit NUE increase under high N application.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52005020)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2019A1515110851).
文摘In the aerospace industry,integrated aluminium alloy plates and stiffened panels with high accuracy and performance attract significant interest.To manufacture these panels as integrity with high accuracy,multiple processes need to be utilised,such as machining,welding and forming.During the whole manufacturing chain,residual stresses can be generated and redistributed in the components among different processes.The residual stress would significantly affect the shapes and properties of the final products.Currently,these great effects are not well considered in the design and manufacturing processes.This paper aims to draw a general understanding of the residual stress generated in the pre-manufacturing processes and its effects on subsequent manufacturing processes.The mechanisms and distributions of residual stresses generated in typical premanufacturing processes of structural panels,including machining,welding and additive manufacturing(AM),are firstly summarised.The detailed effects of generated residual stresses on distortion and application properties in subsequent manufacturing processes are then concluded.In addition,current methods developed for the investigation of residual stress effect in multi-processes manufacturing are critically reviewed,including experimental,analytical,finite element(FE)and machine learning methods.Furthermore,the future development trend of methods for residual stress consideration and control in the design of manufacturing processes is summarised,providing comprehensive guidance to achieve the high accurate manufacturing of aluminium alloy structural components.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300102)supported by the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Elite Youth Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘In rainfed areas of northwestern China,maize production is constrained mainly by low temperature during early growth and water limitation during the entire growth period.Plastic film mulching is commonly used to increase maize yield in this area,because it increases topsoil temperature and moisture content as well as water use efficiency.However,the physiological and anatomical bases of maize yield improvement with plastic film mulching are not well understood.The effects of plastic film mulching and planting density on maize yield,photosynthetic characteristics,respiration,leaf anatomy,and root growth were studied in a two-year field experiment conducted on the Loess Plateau of China in 2017 and 2018.The experiment used a split-split plot design with two mulching treatments(plastic film mulching and no mulching),two planting densities(7.5×104 and10.5×104 plants ha-1),and two maize cultivars,Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335.Compared with no mulching,plastic film mulching increased maize yields by 31.1%–46.4%in 2017 and3.6%–34.7%in 2018.Compared with low planting density,high planting density significantly increased and slightly reduced yields of both cultivars in the dry year 2017 and the rainy year 2018,respectively.Plastic film mulching increased photosynthesis and respiration as well as leaf stomatal density and aperture.Photosynthetic rate,dark respiration,and stomatal conductance and aperture were lower at high planting than at low planting density.Maize yield was positively correlated with photosynthesis,dark respiration,and stomatal aperture.Mulching increased root dry weight and length in the 0–20 cm soil layer and root activity at maturity.Overall,the changes in root growth and leaf anatomy resulted in increased photosynthesis and dark respiration,and the increased photosynthesis contributed to the increase in grain yield and biomass production under plastic film mulching conditions.Our results increase understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which plastic film mulching increases maize yield in water-and temperature-limited areas.
基金financial support provided by the UK EPSRC(EP/S019111/1 and EP/R001715/1)。
文摘Lightweight curved profiles are widely utilised in the transportation industry considering the increasing need for improving aerodynamic efficiency,aesthetics and cutting emissions.In this paper,curved AZ31 Mg alloy profiles were manufactured in one operation by a novel process,differential velocity sideways extrusion(DVSE),in which two opposed rams were used.Effects of extrusion temperature and velocity(strain rate)on curvature,microstructure,and mechanical properties of the formed profiles were examined.Profile curvature was found to be more readily controlled by the velocity ratio of the bottom ram v2to the top ram v1,whereas extrusion temperature(T=250,300,350℃)and extrusion velocity(v_(1)=0.1,1 mm/s)slightly affect curvature for a given velocity ratio.A homogeneous microstructure with equiaxed grains(~4.5μm)resulted from dynamic recrystallisation(DRX),was observed after DVSE(v_(2)/v_(1)=1/2)at 300℃and v_(1)=0.1 mm/s,where the initial billet had an average grain size of~25 um.Increasing extrusion temperature leads to grain growth(~5μm)at 350℃and v_(1)=0.1 mm/s.DRX is incomplete at the relatively low temperature of 250℃(v_(1)=0.1 mm/s),and higher strain rate with v1=1mm/s(T=300℃),resulting in inhomogeneous bi-modal necklace pattern grains ranging in size around 1-25μm for the former and 2-20μm for the latter.Grain refinement is attributed to DRX during the severe plastic deformation(SPD)arising in DVSE,and initiates at the prior boundaries of coarse grains in a necklace-like manner.Compared with the billet,micro-hardness and ultimate tensile strength of the profiles have been enhanced,which is compatible with grain refinement.Also,an obvious increase in tensile ductility was found.However,yield strength slightly decreases except for the complete DRXed case(300℃,v_(1)=0.1 mm/s),where a slightly higher value was found,indicating strengthening by grain refinement is greater than softening caused by texture modification.The initial billet had a strong basal texture wherein the{0002}basal plane is oriented parallel to the extrusion direction(’hard’orientation),while DVSE results in the profiles having weak basal textures and the{0002}basal plane oriented~5-10°to the extrusion direction(i.e.towards the orientation for easier slip).This significantly modified texture contributes to the softening of the profiles in the extrusion direction,in which tensile tests were performed,and the related elongation improvement.
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No:2022YFC3401003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No:21927808)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No:22104160)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No:2017YFC1704006)the Innovation Team of Ethnomedicine of National Ethnic Affairs Commission,China.We thank all the research staff who contributed to the study.
文摘Polygala tenuifolia,commonly known as Yuanzhi(YZ)in Chinese,has been shown to possess antiinsomnia properties.However,the material basis and the mechanism underlying its sedative-hypnotic effects remain unclear.Herein,we investigated the active components and neurochemical mechanism of YZ extracts using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)-based pharmacometabolomics and mass spectrometry imaging(MSI)-based spatial resolved metabolomics.According to the results,17 prototypes out of 101 ingredients in the YZ extract were detected in both the plasma and brain,which might be the major components contributing to the sedative-hypnotic effects.Network pharmacology analysis revealed that these prototypes may exert their effects through neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,serotonergic synapse,dopaminergic synapse,and dopaminergic synapse,among other pathways.LC-MS/MS-based targeted metabolomics and Western blot(WB)revealed that tryptophan-serotonin-melatonin(Trp-5-HT-Mel)and tyrosine-norepinephrine-adrenaline(Tyr-Ne-Ad)are the key regulated pathways.Dopa decarboxylase(DDC)upregulation and phenylethanolamine Nmethyltransferase(PNMT)downregulation further confirmed these pathways.Furthermore,MSI-based spatially resolved metabolomics revealed notable alterations in 5-HT in the pineal gland(PG),and Ad in the brainstem,including the middle brain(MB),pons(PN),and hypothalamus(HY).In summary,this study illustrates the efficacy of an integrated multidimensional metabolomics approach in unraveling the sedative-hypnotic effects and neurochemical mechanisms of a Chinese herbal medicine,YZ.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB932302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11634014,51172271,51372269,and 51472264)the“Strategic Priority Research Program”of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA09040202)
文摘Continuous CNT fibers have been directly fabricated in a speed of 50 m/h-400 m/h,based on an improved chemical vapor deposition method.As-prepared fibers are further post-treated by acid.According to the SEM images and Raman spectra,the acid treatment results in the compaction and surface modification of the CNTs in fibers,which are beneficial for the electron and load transfer.Compared to the HNO3 treatment,HClSO_3 or H_2SO_4 treatment is more effective for the improvement of the fibers＇ properties.After HCISO_3 treatment for 2 h,the fibers＇ strength and electrical conductivity reach up to-2 GPa and-4.3 MS/m,which are promoted by-200%and almost one order of magnitude than those without acid treatment,respectively.The load-bearing status of the CNT fibers are analyzed based on the downshifts of the G＇ band and the strain transfer factor of the fibers under tension.The results reveal that acid treatment could greatly enhance the load transfer and inter-bundle strength.With the HCISO3 treatment,the strain transfer factor is enhanced from-3.9%to-53.6%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32170409, 32370430)National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFE0109500)。
文摘Plants produce a range of carbohydrates to meet their growth and developmental needs. Protein reversible phosphorylation plays key roles in coordinating multiple metabolic pathways and integrating diverse internal and external cues. Understanding such regulatory metabolism will provide novel resources for breeding and crop management by modulating metabolic pathways for control of growth and stress response. In this review, we summarize the complex, multifaceted functions of protein phosphorylation and their connections to plant metabolism. We focus particularly on carbohydrate metabolic pathways that are controlled by key kinases and discuss how they are linked to downstream changes in physiology, important agronomic traits and crop quality.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB932302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11634014,51172271,51372269,and 51472264)the“Strategic Priority Research Program”of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA09040202)
文摘In this work, we have presented a freestanding and flexible CNT-based film with sheet resistance of 60 ？/ and transmittance of 82% treated by nitric acid and chloroauric acid in sequence. Based on modified CNT film as a transparent electrode, we have demonstrated an ultrathin, flexible organic solar cell（OSC） fabricated on 2.5-μm PET substrate. The efficiency of OSC, combined with a composite film of poly（3-hexylthiophene）（P3HT） and phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester（PCBM） as an active layer and with a thin layer of methanol soluble biuret inserted between the photoactive layer and the cathode, can be up to 2.74% which is approximate to that of the reference solar cell fabricated with ITO-coated glass（2.93%）. Incorporating the as-fabricated ITO-free OSC with pre-stretched elastomer, 50% compressive deformation can apply to the solar cells. The results show that the as-prepared CNT-based hybrid film with outstanding electrical and optical properties could serve as a promising transparent electrode for low cost, flexible and stretchable OSCs, which will broaden the applications of OSC and generate more solar power than it now does.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201704,32425042,32272141,U21A20208)Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Brassinosteroids(BRs)play a crucial role in regulating multiple biological processes in plants,particularly those related to crop productivity and stress tolerance.During their functioning,BRs engage in extensive and intricate interactions with other phytohormones,including auxin,cytokinins,gibberellins,abscisic acid,ethylene,jasmonates,salicylic acid,and strigolactones.These interactions facilitate the integration of internal and external signals,ultimately shaping the physiological status of the plant.In this review,we introduce BR metabolism and signaling and discuss their role in modulating agronomic traits that directly contribute to grain yield in rice(Oryza sativa),the model plant for crops.We also summarize recent advances in the crosstalk between BRs and other phytohormones in regulating agronomic traits in crops.Furthermore,we highlight significant research that provides insights into developing high-yielding and stressresistant crop varieties from the perspective of hormone crosstalk.Understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms through which BRs and other phytohormones collaboratively control agronomic traits offers new approaches for crop improvement.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81771953,82172683,and 82303710)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230017)+8 种基金Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science,Technology and Education(Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline,ZDXK202222)Jiangsu Province Excellent Postdoctoral Program(2023ZB006)a project funded by Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Department(BE2022807)the JieBangGuaShuai Project for High-Level Hospital Construction of Jiangsu Province Hospital(CZ1420240211)Wujieping Medical Foundation(320.6750.2023-18-1 and 320.6750.2022-19-90)a project funded by Jiangsu Postgraduate Practice and Innovation Plan(JX10214028)Beijing Science and Technology Innovation Medical Development Foundation(KC2021-ZZ-0010-3)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(SJCX24_0791)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Trastuzumab emtansine(T-DM1)has been approved for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.However,the efficacy of T-DM1 for patients after failure of pyrotinib and/or trastuzumab plus pertuzumab has not been clear.Additionally,no biomarker has been reported to predict the effect of T-DM1.In this multicenter phase Ⅱ trial(NCT06125834),36 participants with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer were enrolled to receive T-DM1 therapy on a 21-day cycle until progression or unacceptable toxicity.The primary endpoint was the objective response rate(ORR).The secondary endpoints included the disease control rate(DCR),clinical benefit rate(CBR),progression-free survival(PFS),and toxicity.The primary endpoint was an ORR of 47.2%(17/36,95%CI 30.4–64.5).The treatment exhibited a manageable toxicity profile.The DCR was 66.7%(24/36,95%CI 49.0–81.4),and the CBR was 50.0%(18/36,95%CI 32.9–67.1).The median PFS was 6.6(95%CI 5.2-NA)months.Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that the low cell cycle activity of cancer cells,activated macrophages and CD8+T cells was associated with the good efficacy of T-DM1,which was validated in a neoadjuvant cohort.This study suggests that T-DM1 is effective with a measurable safety profile in patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer after failure of pyrotinib and/or trastuzumab plus pertuzumab.Our preliminary findings suggest potential biomarkers that may help predict T-DM1 efficacy,generating hypotheses for novel therapeutic targets that may address T-DM1 resistance.
基金supported by grants from the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(32330079)the STI 2030-Major Projects(2023ZD0407203)+2 种基金the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,the Nanfan Special Project of CAAS(YBXM02)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M743846)the Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(32401746)。
文摘Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait in rice,directly influencing grain yield and adaptability to specific planting regions and seasons.Florigens,including FLOWERING LOCUST(FT)proteins Hd3a(OsFTL2)and RFT1(OsFTL3),play central roles in transmitting flowering signals through rice's photoperiod regulatory network.While Hd3a and RFT1have been extensively studied,the functions and interactions of other FT-like proteins remain unclear,limiting advancements in breeding strategies for early-maturing rice varieties.Here,we demonstrate that the florigen-like protein OsFTL1 forms a florigen activation complex(FAC)and promotes flowering under both short-day and long-day conditions.OsFTL1 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm,with predominant expression in the shoot base,facilitating its mobilization to the shoot apical meristem(SAM)to initiate flowering.Overexpression of OsFTL1(OsFTL1-OE)in leaves or shoot bases significantly accelerates flowering and alters plant architecture.In the nucleus,OsFTL1interacts with GF14c and OsFD1 to form an FAC,activating OsMADS14 and OsMADS15 expression to drive flowering.Markedly,OsFTL1-OE plants deficient in Hd3a and RFT1 exhibited earlier flowering compared with wild-type plants,indicating that OsFTL1 can independently promote flowering.Furthermore,haplotype analysis identified OsFTL1-Hap3,a beneficial variant associated with early flowering and comparable grain yields.These findings revealed that OsFTL1 can substitute for Hd3a and RFT1 in FAC formation,promoting flowering across photoperiods,and highlighting its potential application in breeding early-maturing,high-yield rice varieties suitable for diverse environments.
基金supported by grants from the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32330079)Nanfan Special Project,CAAS(YBXM2321)+3 种基金the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372027,32472040,and 32170409)the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciencesthe National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFE0109500)the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD04072).
文摘High-light(HL)stress is a major environmental factor that limits crop productivity.Maize(Zea mays)and rice(Oryza sativa),two key global crops,can both grow under HL intensities but differ in photosynthetic metabolism;maize is a C4 species,whereas rice is a C3 species.However,the molecular mechanisms un-derlying their responses to HL stress remain poorly understood.To systematically dissect how HL affects maize and rice growth,we conducted time-resolved multi-omics analyses,examining the transcriptome,translatome,proteome,and metabolome in response to HL treatment.Integration of this multiomics approach with physiological analyses revealed that rice exhibits a more rapid response to HL stress than maize,with significant alterations in photosynthetic electron transport,energy dissipation,reactive oxygen species(ROS)accumulation,and primary metabolism.In contrast,the higher tolerance of maize to HL stress is primarily attributed to increased cyclic electron flow(CEF)and non-photochemical quench-ing(NPQ),elevated sugar and aromatic amino acid accumulation,and enhanced antioxidant activity during 4 h of HL exposure.Transgenic experiments further validated key regulators of HL tolerance;for instance,knockout of OsbZIP18 enhanced HL tolerance in rice,whereas overexpression of ZmPsbS in maize signif-icantly boosted photosynthesis and energy-dependent quenching(qE)after 4 h of HL treatment,underscoring its role in protecting C4 crops from HL-induced photodamage.Taken together,these findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of HL stress tolerance in C4 versus C3 species and highlight a set of candidate genes for engineering improved HL tolerance in crops.
基金the US Environmental Protection Agency,National Risk Management Research Laboratory,and Urban Watershed Management Branch(H00562)。
文摘This paper presents a study on the use of best management practices(BMPs)for controlling nonpoint pollution in the Xikeng Reservoir watershed located in Shenzhen,China.A BMP treatment train design,including a pond,a wetland,and a buffer strip placed in series was implemented at the reservoir location.A separate grass swale was also constructed at the site.Low impact development(LID)BMPs,namely a planter box and bioboxes,were used at the parking lot of the reservoir’s Administration Building.Samples were collected during storm events and were analyzed for total suspended solids(TSS),biochemical oxygen demand(BOD5),ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N),and total phosphorus(TP).The removal efficiencies of both BMP systems were evaluated using the Efficiency Ratio(ER)method based on the event mean concentration(EMC)data.In summary,the pond/wetland treatment train removed 70%–90%of TSS,20%–50%of BOD5,and 30%–70%of TP and NH3-N.The swale removed 50%–90%of TSS,30%–55%of BOD5,–10%–35%of NH3-N,and 25%–70%of TP.For the planter box and biobox,the ranges of removal rates were 70%–90%,20%–50%,and 30%–70%for TSS,BOD5,and ammonia and phosphorus,respectively.
