Objective:Varied acupoint selections represent a potential cause of the uncertainty surrounding the efficacy of acupuncture for knee osteoarthritis(OA).Skin temperature,a guiding factor for acupoint selection,may help...Objective:Varied acupoint selections represent a potential cause of the uncertainty surrounding the efficacy of acupuncture for knee osteoarthritis(OA).Skin temperature,a guiding factor for acupoint selection,may help to address this issue.This study explored thermal sensitization of acupoints used for the treatment of knee OA.Methods:This cross-sectional case-control study enrolled cases aged 45–75 years with symptomatic knee OA and age-and gender-matched non-knee OA controls in a 1:1 ratio.All participants underwent infrared thermographic imaging.The primary outcome was the relative skin temperature of acupoint(STA),and the secondary outcome was the absolute STA of 11 acupoints.The Z test was used to compare the relative and absolute STAs between the groups.Principal component analysis was used to extract the common factors(CFs,acupoint cluster)in the STAs.A general linear model was used to identify factors affecting the STA in the knee OA cases.For the group comparisons of relative STA,P<0.0045(adjusted for 11 acupoints through Bonferroni correction)was considered to indicate statistical significance.For other analyses,P<0.05 was used as the threshold for statistical significance.Results:The analysis included 308 participants,consisting of 151 cases(mean age:[64.58±6.67]years;male:25.83%;mean body mass index:[25.70±3.16]kg/m~2)and 157 controls(mean age:[63.37±5.96]years;male:26.11%;mean body mass index:[24.47±2.84]kg/m~2).The relative STAs of ST34(P=0.0001),EX-LE2(P<0.0001),EX-LE5(P=0.0006),SP10(P<0.0001),BL40(P=0.0012)and GB39(P=0.0037)were higher in the knee OA group.No difference was found in the STAs of ST35,ST36,SP9,GB33 and GB34.Four CFs were identified for relative STA in both groups.The acupoints within each CF were consistent between the groups.The mean values of the relative STAs across each CF were higher in the knee OA group.In the knee OA cases,no factors were observed to affect the relative STA,while age and gender were found to affect the absolute STA.Conclusion:Among patients with knee OA,thermal sensitization occurs in the acupoints of the lower extremity,exhibiting localized and regional thermal consistencies.The thermally sensitized acupoints that we identified in this study,ST34,SP10,EX-LE2,EX-LE5,GB39 and BL40,may be good choices for the acupuncture treatment of knee OA.展开更多
Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases.As a key feature of microstructure,the morphology of the coherent particles...Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases.As a key feature of microstructure,the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys.This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation.We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape,independent of its initial confi guration.The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases,with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being,respectively,consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC)method.The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby’s inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable.It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.展开更多
As the Burgers vector of a secondary dislocation may not conform to the translation vectors in the periodic pattern in a high-resolution transmission electron microscope(HRTEM) image, a Burgers circuit directly constr...As the Burgers vector of a secondary dislocation may not conform to the translation vectors in the periodic pattern in a high-resolution transmission electron microscope(HRTEM) image, a Burgers circuit directly constructed according to an HRTEM image may render a wrong Burgers vector. The HRTEM images of the habit plane(HP) of δ precipitate in an Inconel 718 alloy were re-examined by using different Burgers circuits, as an example. Evidence is found for predicted secondary dislocation associated with a down step. The Burgers vector of the dislocation is 1/6[112]/1/3[001]δ, determined with the Burgers circuit built on the reference of the displacement shift completely lattice(DSCL). It is consistent with both the calculated and the measured result of the major defects in the habit plane. Different Burgers vectors due to different Burgers circuits were explained quantitatively. The present study has a general implication for the determination of the Burgers vectors of secondary interfacial dislocations in other systems.展开更多
Self-accommodation microstructure,a typical crystallographic texture developed from phase transformation,is often observed in various alloys.In this work,a molecular dynamics simulation was conducted to reveal the fin...Self-accommodation microstructure,a typical crystallographic texture developed from phase transformation,is often observed in various alloys.In this work,a molecular dynamics simulation was conducted to reveal the fine details of self-accommodation microstructure evolution during the phase transformation from austenite to ferrite in pure iron.The growth and shrinkage of ferrite grains with different orientation relationships(ORs)are interpreted based on the analysis combining the elastic interaction energy and the interfacial energy.It was found that the strain energy determines the priority of potential ORs,while the interfacial energy selects the specific preferred ORs to form.The present atomistic process and energetic interpretation of the self-accommodation microstructure provide helpful insight into phase transformation textures observed in various alloys.展开更多
A calculation method based on a combination of Dg parallelism rule, good matching site（GMS） analysis, CSL/DSCL（coincidence site lattice/displacement shift complete lattice） and the O-lattice theory has been applie...A calculation method based on a combination of Dg parallelism rule, good matching site（GMS） analysis, CSL/DSCL（coincidence site lattice/displacement shift complete lattice） and the O-lattice theory has been applied to interpret the observation of the habit plane（HP） of the d precipitates and the linear defects in the HP in an Inconel 718 superalloy. The small scattering in the HP orientation around an ideal rational plane is interpreted by the existence of a mixture of two types of steps with different heights and inclinations. These steps play a significant role to enhance the degree of matching in the HP. They are associated with secondary dislocations, with Burgers vectors of 1/6 （1 1 2）y/1/3（0 0 1）, and with a direction parallel to a near-invariant line along （110）y. The spacing of the secondary dislocations projected on the terrace plane is around 6.3 nm. The calculated dislocation structure is in good agreement with the observation.展开更多
α/β(hcp/bcc)interfaces are of great importance in the microstructure development and the mechanical properties of titanium and zirconium alloys.This work contributes to the study of interface energetics and interfac...α/β(hcp/bcc)interfaces are of great importance in the microstructure development and the mechanical properties of titanium and zirconium alloys.This work contributes to the study of interface energetics and interfacial structures of the precipitate in the hcp/bcc system based on a simulation study using molecular statics(MS)and molecular dynamics(MD).The input orientation relationship(OR)was calculated based on the O-line criterion.Based on the energy of the interfaces containing the invariant line(IL),two preferred facets were determined by the Wulff construction,which explained the observed orientations of the habit plane(HP)and the side facet(SF).The deviation of the observed precipitate morphology from the equilibrium shape was discussed in terms of interface kinetics.The structures of the interfaces surrounding a three-dimensional(3 D)precipitate,including the preferred facets and the end face,were obtained at the atomic level.The simulated dislocation structures and atomic structures in these interfaces are in good agreement with those of the experimental observations for Ti-Cr alloys.A method was suggested for modifying the O-cell structure with the guidance of the relaxed structure,yielding consistency between the calculated dislocation structure based on the generalized O-element approach and the simulation results.展开更多
Performance is a major concern of the large-scale application of distributed ledger systems(DLSs).Compared with chain-based DLSs,directed acyclic graph(DAG)-based DLSs are promising to enhance transaction parallel pro...Performance is a major concern of the large-scale application of distributed ledger systems(DLSs).Compared with chain-based DLSs,directed acyclic graph(DAG)-based DLSs are promising to enhance transaction parallel processing capabilities greatly and have gained increasing interest.However,due to the complex technology stack,current metrics,such as transactions per second(TPS)and latency,are insufficient for a deep understanding of DAG-based DLS performance.To address this problem,based on a comprehensive analysis of the transaction lifecycle process,we propose a state model and a set of performance indicators by identifying the key operations in the workflow.Then we develop an automated testing tool and conduct experiments on two representative open-source systems,IOTA and Conflux,considering their open-source nature,extensive documentation,and representativeness.The experiments profile the DAG-based DLS performance with respect to the system architecture,DAG topology,runtime behavior,and DAG processing mechanisms.The state model,indicators,and key experiment findings are valuable for future DLS design,deployment,and performance optimization.展开更多
Faceted interfaces are a typical key feature of the morphology of many microstructures generated from solid-state phase transformations.Interpretation,prediction and simulation of this faceted morphology remain a chal...Faceted interfaces are a typical key feature of the morphology of many microstructures generated from solid-state phase transformations.Interpretation,prediction and simulation of this faceted morphology remain a challenge,especially for systems where irrational orientation relationships(ORs)between two phases and irrational interface orientations(IOs)are preferred.In terms of structural singularities,this work suggests an integrated framework,which possibly encompasses all candidates of faceted interfaces.The structural singularities are identified from a matching pattern,a dislocation structure and/or a ledge structure.The resultant singular interfaces have discrete IOs,described with low-index g’s(rational orientations)and/orΔg’s(either rational or irrational orientations).Various existing models are grouped according to their determined results regarding the OR and IO,and the links between the models are clarified in the integrated framework.Elimination of defect types as far as possible in a dominant singular interface often exerts a central restriction on the OR.An irrational IO is usually due to the elimination of dislocations in one direction,i.e.,an O-line interface.Analytical methods using both three-dimensional and two-dimensional models for quantitative determinations of O-line interfaces are reviewed,and a detailed example showing the calculation for an irrational interface is given.The association between structural singularities and local energy minima is verified by atomistic calculations of interfacial energies in fcc/bcc alloys where it is found that the calculated equilibrium cross-sections are in a good agreement with observations from selected alloys.展开更多
Patients with lung cancer may experience various symptoms as the disease progresses,which may reduce the benefits of cancer treatment,reduce treatment compliance,delay cancer treatment,reduce the quality of life(QoL),...Patients with lung cancer may experience various symptoms as the disease progresses,which may reduce the benefits of cancer treatment,reduce treatment compliance,delay cancer treatment,reduce the quality of life(QoL),and impact survival.This review discusses comprehensive symptom assessment and management,which are crucial for high-quality lung cancer treatment.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is important in relieving cancer-related symptoms in patients with lung cancer.Including patient-reported outcomes(PROs)in clinical trials and practice can provide a better assessment of symptom burden and the effectiveness of symptom management.Patient-centered care with TCM in lung cancer patients may include six steps:Symptom screening,etiology investigation,comprehensive assessment,integrative management,reassessment,and regular symptom follow-up monitoring.PRO measures can be used to evaluate symptom intensity,the degree to which symptoms interfere with activities of daily living,and the QoL.Clearly defined and reliable PRO measures can enhance patient satisfaction and improve symptom control.Quantitative PRO measures developed from the TCM perspective should be considered one of the important outcome measurements in TCM care.A multidisciplinary collaborative symptom management model,including TCM and conventional therapy,will be the future goal for treating patients with lung cancer.展开更多
The computational complexity of privacy information retrieval protocols is often linearly related to database size.When the database size is large,the efficiency of privacy information retrieval protocols is relativel...The computational complexity of privacy information retrieval protocols is often linearly related to database size.When the database size is large,the efficiency of privacy information retrieval protocols is relatively low.This paper designs an effective privacy information retrieval model based on hybrid fully homomorphic encryption.The assignment method is cleverly used to replace a large number of homomorphic encryption operations.At the same time,the multiplicative homomorphic encryption scheme is first used to deal with the large-scale serialization in the search,and then the fully homomorphic encryption scheme is used to deal with the remaining simple operations.The depth of operations supported by the fully homomorphic scheme no longer depends on the size of the database,but only needs to support the single homomorphic encryption scheme to decrypt the circuit depth.Based on this hybrid homomorphic encryption retrieval model,the efficiency of homomorphic privacy information retrieval model can be greatly improved.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82104693 and 81825024)。
文摘Objective:Varied acupoint selections represent a potential cause of the uncertainty surrounding the efficacy of acupuncture for knee osteoarthritis(OA).Skin temperature,a guiding factor for acupoint selection,may help to address this issue.This study explored thermal sensitization of acupoints used for the treatment of knee OA.Methods:This cross-sectional case-control study enrolled cases aged 45–75 years with symptomatic knee OA and age-and gender-matched non-knee OA controls in a 1:1 ratio.All participants underwent infrared thermographic imaging.The primary outcome was the relative skin temperature of acupoint(STA),and the secondary outcome was the absolute STA of 11 acupoints.The Z test was used to compare the relative and absolute STAs between the groups.Principal component analysis was used to extract the common factors(CFs,acupoint cluster)in the STAs.A general linear model was used to identify factors affecting the STA in the knee OA cases.For the group comparisons of relative STA,P<0.0045(adjusted for 11 acupoints through Bonferroni correction)was considered to indicate statistical significance.For other analyses,P<0.05 was used as the threshold for statistical significance.Results:The analysis included 308 participants,consisting of 151 cases(mean age:[64.58±6.67]years;male:25.83%;mean body mass index:[25.70±3.16]kg/m~2)and 157 controls(mean age:[63.37±5.96]years;male:26.11%;mean body mass index:[24.47±2.84]kg/m~2).The relative STAs of ST34(P=0.0001),EX-LE2(P<0.0001),EX-LE5(P=0.0006),SP10(P<0.0001),BL40(P=0.0012)and GB39(P=0.0037)were higher in the knee OA group.No difference was found in the STAs of ST35,ST36,SP9,GB33 and GB34.Four CFs were identified for relative STA in both groups.The acupoints within each CF were consistent between the groups.The mean values of the relative STAs across each CF were higher in the knee OA group.In the knee OA cases,no factors were observed to affect the relative STA,while age and gender were found to affect the absolute STA.Conclusion:Among patients with knee OA,thermal sensitization occurs in the acupoints of the lower extremity,exhibiting localized and regional thermal consistencies.The thermally sensitized acupoints that we identified in this study,ST34,SP10,EX-LE2,EX-LE5,GB39 and BL40,may be good choices for the acupuncture treatment of knee OA.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51471097 and 51671111)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFB0701304)
文摘Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases.As a key feature of microstructure,the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys.This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation.We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape,independent of its initial confi guration.The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases,with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being,respectively,consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC)method.The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby’s inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable.It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51671111 and No.51871131)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFB0701304)
文摘As the Burgers vector of a secondary dislocation may not conform to the translation vectors in the periodic pattern in a high-resolution transmission electron microscope(HRTEM) image, a Burgers circuit directly constructed according to an HRTEM image may render a wrong Burgers vector. The HRTEM images of the habit plane(HP) of δ precipitate in an Inconel 718 alloy were re-examined by using different Burgers circuits, as an example. Evidence is found for predicted secondary dislocation associated with a down step. The Burgers vector of the dislocation is 1/6[112]/1/3[001]δ, determined with the Burgers circuit built on the reference of the displacement shift completely lattice(DSCL). It is consistent with both the calculated and the measured result of the major defects in the habit plane. Different Burgers vectors due to different Burgers circuits were explained quantitatively. The present study has a general implication for the determination of the Burgers vectors of secondary interfacial dislocations in other systems.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51471097 and 51671111)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFB0701304)
文摘Self-accommodation microstructure,a typical crystallographic texture developed from phase transformation,is often observed in various alloys.In this work,a molecular dynamics simulation was conducted to reveal the fine details of self-accommodation microstructure evolution during the phase transformation from austenite to ferrite in pure iron.The growth and shrinkage of ferrite grains with different orientation relationships(ORs)are interpreted based on the analysis combining the elastic interaction energy and the interfacial energy.It was found that the strain energy determines the priority of potential ORs,while the interfacial energy selects the specific preferred ORs to form.The present atomistic process and energetic interpretation of the self-accommodation microstructure provide helpful insight into phase transformation textures observed in various alloys.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51671111)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFB0701304)
文摘A calculation method based on a combination of Dg parallelism rule, good matching site（GMS） analysis, CSL/DSCL（coincidence site lattice/displacement shift complete lattice） and the O-lattice theory has been applied to interpret the observation of the habit plane（HP） of the d precipitates and the linear defects in the HP in an Inconel 718 superalloy. The small scattering in the HP orientation around an ideal rational plane is interpreted by the existence of a mixture of two types of steps with different heights and inclinations. These steps play a significant role to enhance the degree of matching in the HP. They are associated with secondary dislocations, with Burgers vectors of 1/6 （1 1 2）y/1/3（0 0 1）, and with a direction parallel to a near-invariant line along （110）y. The spacing of the secondary dislocations projected on the terrace plane is around 6.3 nm. The calculated dislocation structure is in good agreement with the observation.
基金Supports from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFB0701304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51871131)。
文摘α/β(hcp/bcc)interfaces are of great importance in the microstructure development and the mechanical properties of titanium and zirconium alloys.This work contributes to the study of interface energetics and interfacial structures of the precipitate in the hcp/bcc system based on a simulation study using molecular statics(MS)and molecular dynamics(MD).The input orientation relationship(OR)was calculated based on the O-line criterion.Based on the energy of the interfaces containing the invariant line(IL),two preferred facets were determined by the Wulff construction,which explained the observed orientations of the habit plane(HP)and the side facet(SF).The deviation of the observed precipitate morphology from the equilibrium shape was discussed in terms of interface kinetics.The structures of the interfaces surrounding a three-dimensional(3 D)precipitate,including the preferred facets and the end face,were obtained at the atomic level.The simulated dislocation structures and atomic structures in these interfaces are in good agreement with those of the experimental observations for Ti-Cr alloys.A method was suggested for modifying the O-cell structure with the guidance of the relaxed structure,yielding consistency between the calculated dislocation structure based on the generalized O-element approach and the simulation results.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No.2022YFB2702300the Special Project for Key Technology Tackling in Blockchain under the“Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan”of Shanghai under Grant No.23511100300the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.72201275.
文摘Performance is a major concern of the large-scale application of distributed ledger systems(DLSs).Compared with chain-based DLSs,directed acyclic graph(DAG)-based DLSs are promising to enhance transaction parallel processing capabilities greatly and have gained increasing interest.However,due to the complex technology stack,current metrics,such as transactions per second(TPS)and latency,are insufficient for a deep understanding of DAG-based DLS performance.To address this problem,based on a comprehensive analysis of the transaction lifecycle process,we propose a state model and a set of performance indicators by identifying the key operations in the workflow.Then we develop an automated testing tool and conduct experiments on two representative open-source systems,IOTA and Conflux,considering their open-source nature,extensive documentation,and representativeness.The experiments profile the DAG-based DLS performance with respect to the system architecture,DAG topology,runtime behavior,and DAG processing mechanisms.The state model,indicators,and key experiment findings are valuable for future DLS design,deployment,and performance optimization.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(nos 51171088 and 51471097)the National 973 Program of China(grant no.2012CB619403)。
文摘Faceted interfaces are a typical key feature of the morphology of many microstructures generated from solid-state phase transformations.Interpretation,prediction and simulation of this faceted morphology remain a challenge,especially for systems where irrational orientation relationships(ORs)between two phases and irrational interface orientations(IOs)are preferred.In terms of structural singularities,this work suggests an integrated framework,which possibly encompasses all candidates of faceted interfaces.The structural singularities are identified from a matching pattern,a dislocation structure and/or a ledge structure.The resultant singular interfaces have discrete IOs,described with low-index g’s(rational orientations)and/orΔg’s(either rational or irrational orientations).Various existing models are grouped according to their determined results regarding the OR and IO,and the links between the models are clarified in the integrated framework.Elimination of defect types as far as possible in a dominant singular interface often exerts a central restriction on the OR.An irrational IO is usually due to the elimination of dislocations in one direction,i.e.,an O-line interface.Analytical methods using both three-dimensional and two-dimensional models for quantitative determinations of O-line interfaces are reviewed,and a detailed example showing the calculation for an irrational interface is given.The association between structural singularities and local energy minima is verified by atomistic calculations of interfacial energies in fcc/bcc alloys where it is found that the calculated equilibrium cross-sections are in a good agreement with observations from selected alloys.
基金financially supported by the Capital Clinical Characteristic Application Research Project of the Beijing Science and Technology Commission(No.Z181100001718175)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(No.CI2021A05502)。
文摘Patients with lung cancer may experience various symptoms as the disease progresses,which may reduce the benefits of cancer treatment,reduce treatment compliance,delay cancer treatment,reduce the quality of life(QoL),and impact survival.This review discusses comprehensive symptom assessment and management,which are crucial for high-quality lung cancer treatment.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is important in relieving cancer-related symptoms in patients with lung cancer.Including patient-reported outcomes(PROs)in clinical trials and practice can provide a better assessment of symptom burden and the effectiveness of symptom management.Patient-centered care with TCM in lung cancer patients may include six steps:Symptom screening,etiology investigation,comprehensive assessment,integrative management,reassessment,and regular symptom follow-up monitoring.PRO measures can be used to evaluate symptom intensity,the degree to which symptoms interfere with activities of daily living,and the QoL.Clearly defined and reliable PRO measures can enhance patient satisfaction and improve symptom control.Quantitative PRO measures developed from the TCM perspective should be considered one of the important outcome measurements in TCM care.A multidisciplinary collaborative symptom management model,including TCM and conventional therapy,will be the future goal for treating patients with lung cancer.
基金sponsored in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant-Nos.61902428,6210071026,62202493].
文摘The computational complexity of privacy information retrieval protocols is often linearly related to database size.When the database size is large,the efficiency of privacy information retrieval protocols is relatively low.This paper designs an effective privacy information retrieval model based on hybrid fully homomorphic encryption.The assignment method is cleverly used to replace a large number of homomorphic encryption operations.At the same time,the multiplicative homomorphic encryption scheme is first used to deal with the large-scale serialization in the search,and then the fully homomorphic encryption scheme is used to deal with the remaining simple operations.The depth of operations supported by the fully homomorphic scheme no longer depends on the size of the database,but only needs to support the single homomorphic encryption scheme to decrypt the circuit depth.Based on this hybrid homomorphic encryption retrieval model,the efficiency of homomorphic privacy information retrieval model can be greatly improved.
