We propose a fundamental theorem for eco-environmental surface modelling(FTEEM) in order to apply it into the fields of ecology and environmental science more easily after the fundamental theorem for Earth’s surface ...We propose a fundamental theorem for eco-environmental surface modelling(FTEEM) in order to apply it into the fields of ecology and environmental science more easily after the fundamental theorem for Earth’s surface system modeling(FTESM). The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region is taken as a case area to conduct empirical studies of algorithms for spatial upscaling, spatial downscaling, spatial interpolation, data fusion and model-data assimilation, which are based on high accuracy surface modelling(HASM), corresponding with corollaries of FTEEM. The case studies demonstrate how eco-environmental surface modelling is substantially improved when both extrinsic and intrinsic information are used along with an appropriate method of HASM. Compared with classic algorithms, the HASM-based algorithm for spatial upscaling reduced the root-meansquare error of the BTH elevation surface by 9 m. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial downscaling reduced the relative error of future scenarios of annual mean temperature by 16%. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial interpolation reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean precipitation by 0.2%. The HASM-based algorithm for data fusion reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean temperature by 70%. The HASM-based algorithm for model-data assimilation reduced the relative error of carbon stocks by 40%. We propose five theoretical challenges and three application problems of HASM that need to be addressed to improve FTEEM.展开更多
Binary metal chalcogenides(BMCs)have shown better electrochemical performance compared with their mono metal counterparts owing to their abundant phase interfaces,higher active sites,faster electrochemical kinetics an...Binary metal chalcogenides(BMCs)have shown better electrochemical performance compared with their mono metal counterparts owing to their abundant phase interfaces,higher active sites,faster electrochemical kinetics and higher electronic conductivity.Nevertheless,their performance still undergoes adverse decline during electrochemical processes mainly due to poor intrinsic ionic conductivities,large volume expansions,and structural agglomeration and fracture.To tackle these problems,various strategies have been applied to engineer the BMC nanostructures to obtain optimized electrode materials.However,the lack of understanding of the electrochemical response of BMCs still hinders their large-scale application.This review not only highlights the recent progress and development in the preparation of BMC-based electrode materials but also explains the kinetics to further understand the relation between structure and performance.It will also explain the engineering of BMCs through nanostructuring and formation of their hybrid structures with various carbonaceous materials and three-dimensional(3 D)templates.The review will discuss the detailed working mechanism of BMC-based nanostructures in various electrochemical energy storage(EES)systems including supercapacitors,metal-ion batteries,metal-air batteries,and alkaline batteries.In the end,major challenges and prospective solutions for the development of BMCs in EES devices are also outlined.We believe that the current review will provide a guideline for tailoring BMCs for better electrochemical devices.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41930647, 41590844, 41421001 & 41971358)the Strategic Priority Research Program (A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA20030203)+1 种基金the Innovation Project of LREIS (Grant No. O88RA600YA)the Biodiversity Investigation, Observation and Assessment Program (2019–2023) of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China。
文摘We propose a fundamental theorem for eco-environmental surface modelling(FTEEM) in order to apply it into the fields of ecology and environmental science more easily after the fundamental theorem for Earth’s surface system modeling(FTESM). The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region is taken as a case area to conduct empirical studies of algorithms for spatial upscaling, spatial downscaling, spatial interpolation, data fusion and model-data assimilation, which are based on high accuracy surface modelling(HASM), corresponding with corollaries of FTEEM. The case studies demonstrate how eco-environmental surface modelling is substantially improved when both extrinsic and intrinsic information are used along with an appropriate method of HASM. Compared with classic algorithms, the HASM-based algorithm for spatial upscaling reduced the root-meansquare error of the BTH elevation surface by 9 m. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial downscaling reduced the relative error of future scenarios of annual mean temperature by 16%. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial interpolation reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean precipitation by 0.2%. The HASM-based algorithm for data fusion reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean temperature by 70%. The HASM-based algorithm for model-data assimilation reduced the relative error of carbon stocks by 40%. We propose five theoretical challenges and three application problems of HASM that need to be addressed to improve FTEEM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(52025133)the Tencent Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE,Beijing Natural Science Foundation(JQ18005)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52125307 and 11974023)the Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in Northwestern Polytechnic University(NWPU)(SKLSP202004)the Key Area R&D Program of Guangdong Province(2018B030327001 and 2018B010109009)。
文摘Binary metal chalcogenides(BMCs)have shown better electrochemical performance compared with their mono metal counterparts owing to their abundant phase interfaces,higher active sites,faster electrochemical kinetics and higher electronic conductivity.Nevertheless,their performance still undergoes adverse decline during electrochemical processes mainly due to poor intrinsic ionic conductivities,large volume expansions,and structural agglomeration and fracture.To tackle these problems,various strategies have been applied to engineer the BMC nanostructures to obtain optimized electrode materials.However,the lack of understanding of the electrochemical response of BMCs still hinders their large-scale application.This review not only highlights the recent progress and development in the preparation of BMC-based electrode materials but also explains the kinetics to further understand the relation between structure and performance.It will also explain the engineering of BMCs through nanostructuring and formation of their hybrid structures with various carbonaceous materials and three-dimensional(3 D)templates.The review will discuss the detailed working mechanism of BMC-based nanostructures in various electrochemical energy storage(EES)systems including supercapacitors,metal-ion batteries,metal-air batteries,and alkaline batteries.In the end,major challenges and prospective solutions for the development of BMCs in EES devices are also outlined.We believe that the current review will provide a guideline for tailoring BMCs for better electrochemical devices.
