Five yam tuber varieties were investigated for microorganisms that cause yam tuber rot from five local government areas of Benue State, Nigeria, between the months of March 2014 to March 2015. Five fungi species: Aspe...Five yam tuber varieties were investigated for microorganisms that cause yam tuber rot from five local government areas of Benue State, Nigeria, between the months of March 2014 to March 2015. Five fungi species: Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifera, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium marnessei and four bacteria species: Serratia marcescens, Erwinia caro-tovora, Klebsiella oxytoca and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were consistently isolated. Pathogenicity test carried out confirmed these organisms as the pathological agent of the rot. Antimicrobial activity of five plant aqueous extracts: Terminalia catapa (common name fruit), Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), Daniella oliveri (Chiha-Tiv), Ceiba pentandra (Vambe-Tiv), Jatropha tanjorensis (Catholic plant) was carried out on the isolated microorganims and they showed varing degrees of inhibition, the aqueous extract from Passiflora edulis, Ceiba pentandra and Jatropha tanjorensis were able to inhibit all the fungi completely.展开更多
The amount of cyanide in fresh and cooked tuber parenchyma (pulp) of three cultivars of sweet cassava from two local government areas (LGA) of Benue state was studied. Cassava tubers were collected and carefully peele...The amount of cyanide in fresh and cooked tuber parenchyma (pulp) of three cultivars of sweet cassava from two local government areas (LGA) of Benue state was studied. Cassava tubers were collected and carefully peeled to obtain the pulp. The fresh and boiled samples were adequately processed and treated with ninhydrin, Na2CO3 and NaOH and the absorbance of the reaction product measured using UV-Visible spectrometer after construction of a calibration graph using standard cyanide solutions. The amount of cyanide in the fresh pulp varied with differences in cultivars ranging from White Dan-Warri Cultivar: (19.87 to 28.81) mg/kg;Obasanjo cultivar: (17.23 to 28.81) mg/kg and Red Dan-Warri Cultivar (8.23 to 19.31) mg/kg. Also, the cyanide content of cultivars from Oju LGA was generally higher than that of the cultivars from Gwer-east LGA. Cyanide content varied with the period of the day harvested in the order: Afternoon > Evening > Morning for all cultivars. Furthermore, cooking greatly reduced the cyanide content of all the sweet cassava cultivars but boiling was more effective than roasting with the cyanide removal increasing with increase in cooking time. The cyanide content of the tuber parenchyma of the sweet cassava cultivars was very low (<30 mg/kg) which is in agreement with reported values for sweet cassava. However, cooking at a reasonable time interval will further reduce their cyanide levels to further safe limits.展开更多
Nine microorganisms were isolated from four varieties of Dioscorea rotundata (gbongu, ogoja, Amula, Hembamkwase);four bacteria, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella oxytoca and f...Nine microorganisms were isolated from four varieties of Dioscorea rotundata (gbongu, ogoja, Amula, Hembamkwase);four bacteria, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella oxytoca and five fungi, Rhizopus stolonifera, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium marneffei, from five local government areas of Benue State (Vandeikya, Ukum, Katsina Ala, Guma and Logo). Pathogenicity test on the isolates confirmed them to be the cause of rot. The nine plants extract (Ceiba pentandra, Jatropha tanjorensis, Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera, Carica papaya, Mangifera indica, Daniella oliveri, Terminalia catapa and Passiflora edulis) synergistically added inhibited all the four bacteria isolates completely. The five fungi were inhibited by 60% (c) - 80% (b);Rhizopus stolonifera, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum;and Aspergillus niger, Penicillium marneffei, respectively.展开更多
The cyanide content of the parenchyma (pulp) of three sweet cassava cultivars: Alhaji (Tropical Manihot Selection;TMS 98/0581), Ochengbila (Tropical Manihot Selection;TMS 98/0505), and Onono (Tropical Manihot Selectio...The cyanide content of the parenchyma (pulp) of three sweet cassava cultivars: Alhaji (Tropical Manihot Selection;TMS 98/0581), Ochengbila (Tropical Manihot Selection;TMS 98/0505), and Onono (Tropical Manihot Selection;TMS 98/0524) from three local government areas of Benue State were studied. Their contents were: TMS 98/0581 (41.46 - 53.40) mg/kg, TMS 98/0505 (45.12 - 58.93) mg/kg and TMS 98/0524 (46.38 - 58.08) mg/kg for all the local government areas. For the peels, it ranged from (63.41 - 108.96) mg/kg for all cultivars. The cyanide content of the cultivars varies from one local government to another and also from one farm to another. No appreciable loss of cyanide was observed after four days of storage. The cyanide content of boiled and roasted cassava parenchyma was (5.26 - 7.85) mg/kg and (9.73 - 10.55) mg/kg respectively for all the cultivars. Air dried parenchyma at (26°C - 32°C for one week and oven dried parenchyma at 60°C for four hours ranged from (16.05 - 18.83) mg/kg and (21.82 - 24.04) mg/kg respectively for all cultivars.展开更多
Nine microorganisms, comprising of four bacteria, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella oxytoca and five fungi, Rhizopus stolonifera, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusari...Nine microorganisms, comprising of four bacteria, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella oxytoca and five fungi, Rhizopus stolonifera, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium marneffei, isolated from rotten yam tubers of 2016 harvest year, were treated with ten plants extracts (Passiflora edulis, Daniella oliveri, Ceiba pentandra, Jatropha tanjorensis, Azadrichta indica, Carica papaya, Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Terminalia catapa and Senna alata), singly and synergistically by incorporation of extract in media for inhibition test. Two plant extracts singly and completely inhibited the growth of three organisms: Terminalia catapa at 100% and 10-1 showed complete inhibition (a) of Erwinia carotovora. Passiflora edulis at undiluted (100%) concentration completely inhibited Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium marneffei, respectively. Synergistic plant extract recorded complete inhibition (a) of all the four bacteria isolates at 2 mL extract incorporation;ten (10) mL extract incorporation in media recorded complete inhibition (a) of three out of the five fungi isolates: Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium marneffei, respectively;the other two fungi recorded high inhibition (b) of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, respectively. Hot aqueous synergistic plants extract recorded poor inhibition of the isolates as compared to the cold. Soxhlet solvent extracted synergistic plants extract, however, recorded lower inhibition as compared to hot aqueous synergistic plants extract and cold aqueous synergistic plants extracts. Room temperature solvent extracted synergistic plants extracts recorded inhibition that was same as that obtained with cold aqueous synergistic plants extract. This research indicates that heat employed extractions recorded less inhibition activity.展开更多
Six microorganisms: four fungi—Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifera, Penicillium marneffei, two bacteria—Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated and identified from three r...Six microorganisms: four fungi—Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifera, Penicillium marneffei, two bacteria—Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated and identified from three rotten Dioscorea alata (water yam) varieties from two sites each in two local government areas of Benue State, Nigeria, in West Africa, between the months of May 2014 and May 2015. Pathogenicity test carried out using the microorganisms confirmed them to be the pathological agents of the rot. Antimicrobial activity test with aqueous extracts of nine plants: Terminalia catapa, Passiflora edulis, Daniella oliveri, Ceiba pentandra, Jatropha tanjorensis, Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Moringa oleifera, and Mangifera indica of fresh and dry material showed that three pathogens, Rhizopus stolonifera (fungi), Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria) isolated were completely inhibited each by a plant. The result obtained shows that Passiflora edulis had the best antimicrobial activity for both fungi and bacteria;indeed it inhibited completely Rhizopus stolonifera which was stubborn with most of the other plants. Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Moringa oleifera, and Mangifera indica were also able to inhibit most of the fungi but not completely. Terminalia catapa and Jatropha tanjorensis were most effective against the bacteria. Erwinia carotovora was completely inhibited by Terminalia catapa and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely inhibited by Jatropha tanjorensis. Daniella oliveri and Ceiba pentandra had the least inhibition against the isolates. Generally, the fresh plant extract shows more activity as compared to the dry plant extract.展开更多
文摘Five yam tuber varieties were investigated for microorganisms that cause yam tuber rot from five local government areas of Benue State, Nigeria, between the months of March 2014 to March 2015. Five fungi species: Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifera, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium marnessei and four bacteria species: Serratia marcescens, Erwinia caro-tovora, Klebsiella oxytoca and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were consistently isolated. Pathogenicity test carried out confirmed these organisms as the pathological agent of the rot. Antimicrobial activity of five plant aqueous extracts: Terminalia catapa (common name fruit), Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), Daniella oliveri (Chiha-Tiv), Ceiba pentandra (Vambe-Tiv), Jatropha tanjorensis (Catholic plant) was carried out on the isolated microorganims and they showed varing degrees of inhibition, the aqueous extract from Passiflora edulis, Ceiba pentandra and Jatropha tanjorensis were able to inhibit all the fungi completely.
文摘The amount of cyanide in fresh and cooked tuber parenchyma (pulp) of three cultivars of sweet cassava from two local government areas (LGA) of Benue state was studied. Cassava tubers were collected and carefully peeled to obtain the pulp. The fresh and boiled samples were adequately processed and treated with ninhydrin, Na2CO3 and NaOH and the absorbance of the reaction product measured using UV-Visible spectrometer after construction of a calibration graph using standard cyanide solutions. The amount of cyanide in the fresh pulp varied with differences in cultivars ranging from White Dan-Warri Cultivar: (19.87 to 28.81) mg/kg;Obasanjo cultivar: (17.23 to 28.81) mg/kg and Red Dan-Warri Cultivar (8.23 to 19.31) mg/kg. Also, the cyanide content of cultivars from Oju LGA was generally higher than that of the cultivars from Gwer-east LGA. Cyanide content varied with the period of the day harvested in the order: Afternoon > Evening > Morning for all cultivars. Furthermore, cooking greatly reduced the cyanide content of all the sweet cassava cultivars but boiling was more effective than roasting with the cyanide removal increasing with increase in cooking time. The cyanide content of the tuber parenchyma of the sweet cassava cultivars was very low (<30 mg/kg) which is in agreement with reported values for sweet cassava. However, cooking at a reasonable time interval will further reduce their cyanide levels to further safe limits.
文摘Nine microorganisms were isolated from four varieties of Dioscorea rotundata (gbongu, ogoja, Amula, Hembamkwase);four bacteria, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella oxytoca and five fungi, Rhizopus stolonifera, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium marneffei, from five local government areas of Benue State (Vandeikya, Ukum, Katsina Ala, Guma and Logo). Pathogenicity test on the isolates confirmed them to be the cause of rot. The nine plants extract (Ceiba pentandra, Jatropha tanjorensis, Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera, Carica papaya, Mangifera indica, Daniella oliveri, Terminalia catapa and Passiflora edulis) synergistically added inhibited all the four bacteria isolates completely. The five fungi were inhibited by 60% (c) - 80% (b);Rhizopus stolonifera, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum;and Aspergillus niger, Penicillium marneffei, respectively.
文摘The cyanide content of the parenchyma (pulp) of three sweet cassava cultivars: Alhaji (Tropical Manihot Selection;TMS 98/0581), Ochengbila (Tropical Manihot Selection;TMS 98/0505), and Onono (Tropical Manihot Selection;TMS 98/0524) from three local government areas of Benue State were studied. Their contents were: TMS 98/0581 (41.46 - 53.40) mg/kg, TMS 98/0505 (45.12 - 58.93) mg/kg and TMS 98/0524 (46.38 - 58.08) mg/kg for all the local government areas. For the peels, it ranged from (63.41 - 108.96) mg/kg for all cultivars. The cyanide content of the cultivars varies from one local government to another and also from one farm to another. No appreciable loss of cyanide was observed after four days of storage. The cyanide content of boiled and roasted cassava parenchyma was (5.26 - 7.85) mg/kg and (9.73 - 10.55) mg/kg respectively for all the cultivars. Air dried parenchyma at (26°C - 32°C for one week and oven dried parenchyma at 60°C for four hours ranged from (16.05 - 18.83) mg/kg and (21.82 - 24.04) mg/kg respectively for all cultivars.
文摘Nine microorganisms, comprising of four bacteria, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella oxytoca and five fungi, Rhizopus stolonifera, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium marneffei, isolated from rotten yam tubers of 2016 harvest year, were treated with ten plants extracts (Passiflora edulis, Daniella oliveri, Ceiba pentandra, Jatropha tanjorensis, Azadrichta indica, Carica papaya, Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Terminalia catapa and Senna alata), singly and synergistically by incorporation of extract in media for inhibition test. Two plant extracts singly and completely inhibited the growth of three organisms: Terminalia catapa at 100% and 10-1 showed complete inhibition (a) of Erwinia carotovora. Passiflora edulis at undiluted (100%) concentration completely inhibited Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium marneffei, respectively. Synergistic plant extract recorded complete inhibition (a) of all the four bacteria isolates at 2 mL extract incorporation;ten (10) mL extract incorporation in media recorded complete inhibition (a) of three out of the five fungi isolates: Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium marneffei, respectively;the other two fungi recorded high inhibition (b) of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, respectively. Hot aqueous synergistic plants extract recorded poor inhibition of the isolates as compared to the cold. Soxhlet solvent extracted synergistic plants extract, however, recorded lower inhibition as compared to hot aqueous synergistic plants extract and cold aqueous synergistic plants extracts. Room temperature solvent extracted synergistic plants extracts recorded inhibition that was same as that obtained with cold aqueous synergistic plants extract. This research indicates that heat employed extractions recorded less inhibition activity.
文摘Six microorganisms: four fungi—Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifera, Penicillium marneffei, two bacteria—Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated and identified from three rotten Dioscorea alata (water yam) varieties from two sites each in two local government areas of Benue State, Nigeria, in West Africa, between the months of May 2014 and May 2015. Pathogenicity test carried out using the microorganisms confirmed them to be the pathological agents of the rot. Antimicrobial activity test with aqueous extracts of nine plants: Terminalia catapa, Passiflora edulis, Daniella oliveri, Ceiba pentandra, Jatropha tanjorensis, Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Moringa oleifera, and Mangifera indica of fresh and dry material showed that three pathogens, Rhizopus stolonifera (fungi), Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria) isolated were completely inhibited each by a plant. The result obtained shows that Passiflora edulis had the best antimicrobial activity for both fungi and bacteria;indeed it inhibited completely Rhizopus stolonifera which was stubborn with most of the other plants. Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Moringa oleifera, and Mangifera indica were also able to inhibit most of the fungi but not completely. Terminalia catapa and Jatropha tanjorensis were most effective against the bacteria. Erwinia carotovora was completely inhibited by Terminalia catapa and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely inhibited by Jatropha tanjorensis. Daniella oliveri and Ceiba pentandra had the least inhibition against the isolates. Generally, the fresh plant extract shows more activity as compared to the dry plant extract.
