Objective: This study aims to quantify the potential impact of controlling major risk factors on liver cancer deaths in China from 2021 to 2050 under various intervention scenarios.Methods: We developed a macro-level ...Objective: This study aims to quantify the potential impact of controlling major risk factors on liver cancer deaths in China from 2021 to 2050 under various intervention scenarios.Methods: We developed a macro-level simulation model based on comparative risk assessment to estimate population attributable fractions and avoidable liver cancer deaths. Risk factor prevalence data were obtained from national surveys and epidemiological estimates. Three intervention scenarios for each risk factor were projected:elimination(Scenario 1), ambitious reduction(Scenario 2), and manageable targets aligned with national/global goals(Scenario 3). The impact of secondary prevention through liver cancer screening at different coverage was evaluated.Results: Between 2021 and 2050, liver cancer deaths in China are projected to reach 9.44 million in males and4.29 million in females. Eliminating hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus could prevent 65.62%(57.47%-73.77%)and 28.47%(24.93%-32.00%) of liver cancer deaths, respectively. Achieving manageable targets in reducing the prevalence of smoking and alcohol drinking could prevent 6.57%(5.75%-7.38%) and 0.85%(0.75%-0.96%) of liver cancer deaths, with a more pronounced effect observed in males. Eliminating high body mass index(BMI)could avert 45,000 male and 25,000 female deaths annually by 2050, while diabetes elimination could prevent60,000 male and 21,000 female deaths. Secondary prevention through liver cancer screening with 80% coverage could reduce liver cancer deaths by 3.59%(3.14%-4.04%) for the total population. Combining all interventions under Scenario 1 could prevent up to 88.39%(76.65%-99.81%) of male and 77.80%(67.42%-87.88%) of female liver cancer deaths by 2050.Conclusions: Comprehensive risk factor control could prevent over 80% of liver cancer deaths in China by2050. Secondary prevention through screening may offer modest additional benefits. These findings provide strong quantitative support for targeted, evidence-based interventions and underscore the need for policy action to address key risk factors.展开更多
Objective:This study aims to estimate the thyroid cancer(TC)burden and trends from 1990 and 2021 among working-age population(WAP),at the global,regional,and national levels.Methods:Based on the Global Burden of Disea...Objective:This study aims to estimate the thyroid cancer(TC)burden and trends from 1990 and 2021 among working-age population(WAP),at the global,regional,and national levels.Methods:Based on the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study,this cross-sectional study included data on TC incidence and mortality for WAP aged 15-64 years across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021.The age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)of TC were used to estimate the disease burden.Temporal trends of ASIR and ASMR were estimated by average annual percentage changes(AAPCs)based on age-period-cohort models.Relative inequality of TC burden across 204 countries was estimated by the slope index of concentration index.Results:Globally,ASIR of TC increased from 2.27 per 100,000 population to 3.41 per 100,000 population from1990 to 2021,with AAPC of 1.59%[95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.54,1.64];in contrast,ASMRs were stable at 0.31 per 100,000 population.Females had a higher disease burden than males,and adults aged 45-64 years accounted for more than 55%of the TC cases.Across regions and countries,North Africa and Comoros experienced the highest increase in ASIR,with AAPCs of 2.97%and 7.73%,respectively.All socio-demographic index(SDI)regions experienced a significant increase in ASIR,and regions with high and high-middle SDI experienced a significant decrease in ASMR.Global ASIR burden and ASMR burden were revealed to be concentrated mainly in higher-SDI and lower-SDI countries,respectively,with the concentration index in both sexes of 0.16(95%CI:0.13,0.19)and-0.14(95%CI:-0.18,-0.10)in 2021.Conclusions:Over the past three decades,the incidence burden of TC among the global WAP remarkably increased.International and regional policies for TC controls are supposed to be updated timely,to handle the current increasing burden and geographic disparities among WAP.展开更多
Objective： To explore the cancer patterns in areas with different urbanization rates（URR） in China with data from 255 population-based cancer registries in 2013, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry（N...Objective： To explore the cancer patterns in areas with different urbanization rates（URR） in China with data from 255 population-based cancer registries in 2013, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry（NCCR）.Methods： There were 347 cancer registries submitted cancer incidence and deaths occurred in 2013 to NCCR.All those data were checked and evaluated based on the NCCR criteria of data quality, and qualified data from 255 registries were used for this analysis. According to the proportion of non-agricultural population, we divided cities/counties into 3 levels： high level, with URR equal to 70% and higher; median level, with URR between 30%and 70%; and low level, with URR equal to 30% and less. Cancer incidences and mortalities were calculated,stratified by gender and age groups in different areas. The national population of Fifth Census in 2000 and Segi＇s population were applied for age-standardized rates.Results： Qualified 255 cancer registries covered 226,494,490 populations. The percentage of cases morphologically verified（MV%） and death certificate-only cases（DCO%） were 68.04% and 1.74%, respectively,and the mortality to incidence rate ratio（M/I） was 0.62. A total of 644,487 new cancer cases and 399,275 cancer deaths from the 255 cancer registries were submitted to NCCR in 2013. The incidence rate was 284.55/100,000（314.06/100,000 in males, 254.19/100,000 in females）, and the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population（ASIRC） and by world standard population（ASIRW） were 190.10/100,000 and 186.24/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate（0–74 age years old） of 21.60%. The cancer mortality was 176.28/100,000（219.03/100,000 in males, 132.30/100,000 in females）, and the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population（ASMRC） and by world standard population（ASMRW） were 110.91/100,000 and 109.92/100,000, and the cumulative mortality rate（0–74 age years old） was 12.43%. Low urbanization areas were high in crude cancer incidence and mortality rates, middle urbanization areas came next to it followed by high urbanization areas. After adjusted by age, there was a U-shaped association between age-standardized incidence（ASIRC and ASIRW） and the urbanized ratio with the middle urbanization areas having the lowest ASIRC and ASIRW. Unlike with the agestandardized incidence, the sort order of age-standardized mortality（ASMRC and ASMRW） among three urbanization areas was reversed completely from the crude mortality. Lung cancer was the most common cancer in all areas of 255 cancer registries, followed by stomach cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer and esophageal cancer with new cases of 130,700, 76,200, 63,800, 60,900 and 50,200 respectively. Lung cancer was also the leading cause of cancer death in all areas of 255 cancer registries for both males and females with the number of deaths of 72,200 and 34,100, respectively. Other cancer types with high mortality in males were liver cancer, stomach cancer,esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer. In females, stomach cancer was the second cause of cancer death, followed by liver cancer, colorectal cancer and breast cancer.Conclusions： Along with the development of socioeconomics associated with urbanization, as well as the agingpopulation, the incidence and mortality keep increasing in China. Cancer burden and patterns are different in each urbanization level. Cancer control strategies should be implemented referring to local urbanization status.展开更多
Background： Population-based cancer registration data in 2012 from all available cancer registries were collected by the National Central Cancer Registry （NCCR）. NCCR estimated the numbers of new cancer cases and c...Background： Population-based cancer registration data in 2012 from all available cancer registries were collected by the National Central Cancer Registry （NCCR）. NCCR estimated the numbers of new cancer cases and cancer deaths in China with compiled cancer incidence and mortality rates. Methods： In 2015, there were 261 cancer registries submitted cancer incidence and deaths occurred in 2012. All the data were checked and evaluated based on the NCCR criteria of data quality. Qualified data from 193 registries were used for cancer statistics analysis as national estimation. The pooled data were stratified by area （urban/rural）, gender, age group [0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, ..., 85＋] and cancer type. New cancer cases and deaths were estimated using age-specific rates and corresponding national population in 2012. The Chinese census data in 2000 and Segi＇s population were applied for age-standardized rates. All the rates were expressed per 100,000 person-year. Results： Qualified 193 cancer registries （74 urban and 119 rural registries） covered 198,060,406 populations （100,450,109 in urban and 97,610,297 in rural areas）. The percentage of cases morphologically verified （NIV%） and death certificate-only cases （DCO%） were 69.13% and 2.38%, respectively, and the mortality to incidence rate ratio （M/I） was 0.62. A total of 3,586,200 new cancer cases and 2,186,600 cancer deaths were estimated in China in 2012. The incidence rate was 264.85/100,000 （289.30/100,000 in males, 239.15/100,000 in females）, the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASIRC） and by world standard population （ASIRW） were 191.89/100,000 and 187.83/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate （0-74 age years old） of 21.82%. The cancer incidence, ASIRC and ASIRW in urban areas were 277.17/100,000, 195.56/100,000 and 190.88/100,000 compared to 251.20/100,000, 187.10/100,000 and 183.91/100,000 in rural areas, respectively. The cancer mortality was 161.49/ 100,000 （ 198.99/100,000 in males, 122.06/ 100,000 in females）, the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population （ASMRC） and by world standard population （ASMRW） were 112.34/100,000 and 111.25/100,000, and the cumulative mortality rate （0-74 years old） was 12.61%. The cancer mortality, ASMRC and ASMRW were 159.00/100,000, 107.23 1/100,000 and 106.13/100,000 in urban areas, 164.24/100,000, 118.22/100,000 and 117.06/100,000 in rural areas, respectively. Cancers of lung, stomach, liver, eolorectum, esophagus, female breast, thyroid cervix, brain tumor and pancreas were the most common cancers, accounting for about 77.4% of all cancer new cases. Lung cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, female breast cancer, brain tumor, leukemia and lymphoma were the leading causes of cancer death, accounting for about 84.5% of all cancer deaths. The cancer spectrum showed difference between urban and rural, males and females both in incidence and mortality rates. Conclusions： Cancer surveillance information in China is making great progress with the increasing number of cancer registries, population coverage and the improving data quality. Cancer registration plays a fundamental role in cancer control by providing basic information on population-based cancer incidence, mortality, survival and time trend. The disease burden of cancer is serious in China, so that, cancer prevention and control, including health education, health promotiou, cancer screening and cancer care services in China, should be enhanced.展开更多
Background: Stage at diagnosis and molecular subtype are important clinical factors associated with breast cancer patient survival. However, subgroup survival data from a large study sample are limited in China.To est...Background: Stage at diagnosis and molecular subtype are important clinical factors associated with breast cancer patient survival. However, subgroup survival data from a large study sample are limited in China.To estimate the survival differences among patients with different stages and various subtypes of breast cancer, we conducted a hospital-based multi-center study on breast cancer in Beijing, China.Methods: All resident patients diagnosed with primary, invasive breast cancer between January 1,2006 and December 31,2010 from four selected hospitals in Beijing were included and followed up until December 31,2015. Hospitalbased data of stage at diagnosis, hormone receptor status, and selected clinical characteristics, including body mass index(BMI), menopausal status, histological grade, and histological type, were collected from the medical records of the study subjects. Overall survival(OS) and cancer-specific survival(CSS) were estimated. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to evaluate the associations of stage at diagnosis and molecular subtype with patient survival.Results: The 5-year OS and CSS rates for all patients were 89.4% and 90.3%. Survival varied by stage and molecular subtype. The 5-year OS rates for patients with stage I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and IV diseases were 96.5%, 91.6%, 74.8%, and 40.7%,respectively, and the corresponding estimates of 5-year CSS rates were 97.1%, 92.6%, 75.6%, and 42.7%, respectively.The 5-year OS rates for patients with luminal A, luminal B, HER2, and triple-negative subtypes of breast cancer were92.6%, 88.4%, 83.6%, and 82.9%, respectively, and the corresponding estimates of 5-year CSS rates were 93.2%, 89.1 %,85.4%, and 83.5%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that stage at diagnosis and molecular subtype were important prognostic factors for breast cancer.Conclusions: Survival of breast cancer patients varied significantly by stage and molecular subtype. Cancer screening is encouraged for the early detection and early diagnosis of breast cancer. More advanced therapies and health care policies are needed on HER2 and triple-negative subtypes.展开更多
Objective： Population-based cancer registration data were used to analyze the epidemiology and trend of malignant mesothelioma in China, and the result would provide basic data for its prevention and control. Methods...Objective： Population-based cancer registration data were used to analyze the epidemiology and trend of malignant mesothelioma in China, and the result would provide basic data for its prevention and control. Methods： Malignant mesothelioma data in 2013 were retrieved from the database of National Cancer Registry. Malignant mesothelioma incidence and mortality were estimated using age-specific rate by urban/rural and gender according to the national population in 2013. Malignant mesothelioma data from 22 cancer registries were used for trend analysis during 2000-2013. Results： It is estimated that there were 2,041 new malignant mesothelioma cases and 1,659 malignant mesothelioma deaths occurred in 2013. The crude incidence rate in China were 1.50/106 （males 1.67/106, females 1.32/106）, age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASIRC） and by world standard population （ASIRW） were 1.03/106 and 1.02/106, respectively. The crude mortality rate in China was 1.22/106 （males 1.67/106, females 1.32/106）, age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population （ASMRC） and by world standard population （ASMRW） were 0.83/106 and 0.81/106, respectively. There was an increasing trend of incidence rate for malignant mesothelioma in registration areas of China during 2000-2013 with annual percentage change （APC） of 2.5% [95% confidence interval （95% CI）： 0.6%--4.5%]. After age standardization, no significant differences were observed. No matter for crude mortality rates or age-standardized mortality rates, no significant differences were observed during 2000-2013. Conclusions： Malignant mesothelioma is the major occupational and environmental neoplasm associated with asbestos exposure. The increasing incidence trend suggests that more attention should be paid on this disease.展开更多
Objective:Data on the global,regional and national changes in the trends of colorectal cancer(CRC)are analyzed to understand the trends in its burden,in order to assist policymakers in allocating healthcare resources ...Objective:Data on the global,regional and national changes in the trends of colorectal cancer(CRC)are analyzed to understand the trends in its burden,in order to assist policymakers in allocating healthcare resources and developing prevention and control strategies.Methods:This study analyzed trends in age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR),and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)for CRC from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database.The trends of burden and effectiveness of control strategies were assessed using jointpoint regression analysis,decomposition analysis and frontier analysis.Results:Globally,the ASMR and age-standardized DALYs for CRC have shown a declining trend,but the ASIR was still increasing.The number of new cases of CRC in 2021 was higher in males than in females,the values were1,263.46 thousands[95%confidence interval(95%CI):1,146.50,1,400.38]vs.930.68 thousands(95%CI:824.67,1,017.65).The change in DALYs was mainly due to population growth(111.42%).The high socio-demographic index(SDI)region had an ASIR of 40.52(95%CI:37.45,42.45),and the low SDI region had an ASIR of 7.39(95%CI:6.65,8.19).The ASIR for CRC showed an upward trend in all SDI regions before age of 40 years.Among the four world regions,only America showed a downward trend in ASIR,with an estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)of-0.62(95%CI:-0.71,-0.53).Among the 204 countries and territories,Netherlands,Monaco,and Bermuda were the top 3 countries with the highest ASIR in 2021.In the frontier analysis of DALYs,the 10 countries(regions)with the longest effective distances all had SDI levels above 0.70.Conclusions:Although ASMR and age-standardized DALYs are declining,ASIR is still increasing globally and in many regions.The burden of CRC varies significantly across the globe,and more targeted screening strategies and prevention measures are needed to address the problem of CRC.展开更多
High-performance Cu/Graphene composite wire synergistically strengthened by nano Cr_(3)C_(2) phase was directly synthesized via hot press sintering followed by severe cold plastic deformation, using liquid paraffin an...High-performance Cu/Graphene composite wire synergistically strengthened by nano Cr_(3)C_(2) phase was directly synthesized via hot press sintering followed by severe cold plastic deformation, using liquid paraffin and CuCr alloy powder as the raw materials. Since graphene is in situ formed under the catalysis of copper powder during the sintering process, the problem that graphene is easy to agglomerate and difficult to disperse uniformly in the copper matrix has been solved. The nano Cr_(3)C_(2)-particles nailed at the interface favor to improve the interface bonding. The Cu/Graphene composite possesses high electrical conductivity, hardness, and plasticity. The composite wire exhibits high electrical conductivity of 96.93% IACS, great tensile strength of 488MPa, and excellent resistance to softening. Even after annealing at 400℃ for 1 h, the tensile strength can still reach 268 MPa with a conductivity of about 99.14% IACS.The wire's temperature coefficient of resistance(TCR) is largely reduced to 0.0035/℃ due to the complex structure,which leads the wire to present low resistivity at higher temperatures. Such Cu/Graphene composite wire with excellent comprehensive performance has a good application prospect in high-power density motors.展开更多
This study aimed to elucidate the global temporal and geographic characteristics of 29 cancers in older people aged≥65 years,based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.The average annual percentage ch...This study aimed to elucidate the global temporal and geographic characteristics of 29 cancers in older people aged≥65 years,based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.The average annual percentage changes(AAPCs)were calculated to estimate temporal trends of age-standardized incidence rates(ASIRs)and age-standardized mortality rates(ASMRs).Globally,there was an increase of 8.52 million cancer cases and 3.16 million cancer deaths among older people from 1990 to 2021.The ASIR of cancers combined presented an annually increased trend(AAPC:0.49%),and regions with high sociodemographic index(SDI)experienced the highest increase(AAPC:0.94%).Over the same period,the ASMR of cancers combined annually decreased(AAPC:-0.40%)globally,whereas regions with low SDI(AAPC:0.32%)and low-middle SDI(AAPC:0.48%)exhibited significantly increased ASMRs.Prostate cancer,lung cancer,and colorectal cancer were the three most common cancers for older people globally,and decreased relative inequalities were observed in higher-SDI countries from 1990 to 2021.For these three cancers,concentration index of ASMR respectively decreased from 0.26 to 0.06,from 0.20 to 0.17,and from 0.24 to 0.18.In contrast,the ASIR and ASMR of these cancers exhibited significant upward trends in lower-SDI regions.Our findings revealed that cancer burden for older people presented disparities globally,where higher-SDI countries faced a greater burden of cancer incidence and lower-SDI countries experienced an upward trend in cancer mortality.More attention should be given to prostate cancer,lung cancer,female breast cancer,and gastrointestinal cancers,especially in lower-SDI regions.展开更多
The authors regret that estimates for new cancer cases(modify 3,246,625 to 4,909,585;modify 2,510,597 to 2,491,868)and cancer deaths(modify 1,699,066 to 2,593,882;modify 640,038 to 633,864)in the abstract,results and ...The authors regret that estimates for new cancer cases(modify 3,246,625 to 4,909,585;modify 2,510,597 to 2,491,868)and cancer deaths(modify 1,699,066 to 2,593,882;modify 640,038 to 633,864)in the abstract,results and discussion section of“Comparative analysis of cancer statistics in China and the United States in 2024”[1]were incorrectly stated.展开更多
Immune checkpoint therapy,such as programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1)blockade,has achieved remarkable results in treating various tumors.However,most cancer patients show a low respon...Immune checkpoint therapy,such as programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1)blockade,has achieved remarkable results in treating various tumors.However,most cancer patients show a low response rate to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade,especially those with microsatellite stable/mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancer subtypes,which indicates an urgent need for new approaches to augment the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.Cholesterol metabolism,which involves generating multifunctional metabolites and essential membrane components,is also instrumental in tumor development.In recent years,inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PcSK9),a serine proteinase that regulates cholesterol metabolism,has been demonstrated to be a method enhancing the antitumor effect of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade to some extent.Mechanistically,PCSK9 inhibition can maintain the recycling of major histocompatibility protein class I,promote low-density lipoprotein receptor-mediated T-cell receptor recycling and signaling,and modulate the tumor microenvironment(TME)by affecting the infiltration and exclusion of immune cells.These mechanisms increase the quantity and enhance the antineoplastic effect of cytotoxic T lymphocyte,the main functional immune cells involved in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy,in the TME.Therefore,combining PCSK9 inhibition therapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy may provide a novel option for improving antitumor effects and may constitute a promising research direction.This review concentrates on the relationship between PCSK9 and cholesterol metabolism,systematically discusses how PCSK9 inhibition potentiates PD-1/PD-L1 blockade for cancer treatment,and highlights the research directions in this field.展开更多
Background:Cancer patterns in China are becoming similar to those in the United States(US).Comparing the recent cancer profiles,trends,and determinants in China and the US can provide useful reference data.Methods:Thi...Background:Cancer patterns in China are becoming similar to those in the United States(US).Comparing the recent cancer profiles,trends,and determinants in China and the US can provide useful reference data.Methods:This study used open-source data.We used GLOBOCAN 2022 cancer estimates and United Nations population estimates to calculate cancer cases and deaths in both countries during 2024.Data on cancer incidence and mortality trends were obtained from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)program and National Centre for Health Statistics in the US and cancer registry reports of the National Cancer Center(NCC)of China,Data from the Global Burden of Disease study(GBD)and a decomposition approach were used to estimate the contributions of four determinants to the change in cancer deaths.Results:In 2024,there are an estimated 3,246,625 and 2,510,597 new cancer cases and 1,699,066 and 640,038 cancer deaths in China and the US,respectively.The highest estimated cancer cases are lung cancer in China and breast cancer in the US.The age-standardized incidence rates of lung and colorectal cancer in the US,and stomach,liver,and esophageal cancer in China have decreased,but the incidence rates of liver cancer in the US and colorectal cancer,prostate cancer in men,and cervical cancer in women in China have increased.Increases in the adult population size and population aging are main reasons for the increase in cancer deaths;case fatality rates are a main reason for the decrease in cancer deaths in both countries.Conclusions:China has made progress in cancer control but lags the US.Considering the transformation in China's pattern of cancers epidemiology,it is imperative to develop stronger policies by adopting the cancer prevention and control strategies used in the US to address population aging and curb growing cancer trends.展开更多
基金supported by the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research (No. 2024-1G-4023)。
文摘Objective: This study aims to quantify the potential impact of controlling major risk factors on liver cancer deaths in China from 2021 to 2050 under various intervention scenarios.Methods: We developed a macro-level simulation model based on comparative risk assessment to estimate population attributable fractions and avoidable liver cancer deaths. Risk factor prevalence data were obtained from national surveys and epidemiological estimates. Three intervention scenarios for each risk factor were projected:elimination(Scenario 1), ambitious reduction(Scenario 2), and manageable targets aligned with national/global goals(Scenario 3). The impact of secondary prevention through liver cancer screening at different coverage was evaluated.Results: Between 2021 and 2050, liver cancer deaths in China are projected to reach 9.44 million in males and4.29 million in females. Eliminating hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus could prevent 65.62%(57.47%-73.77%)and 28.47%(24.93%-32.00%) of liver cancer deaths, respectively. Achieving manageable targets in reducing the prevalence of smoking and alcohol drinking could prevent 6.57%(5.75%-7.38%) and 0.85%(0.75%-0.96%) of liver cancer deaths, with a more pronounced effect observed in males. Eliminating high body mass index(BMI)could avert 45,000 male and 25,000 female deaths annually by 2050, while diabetes elimination could prevent60,000 male and 21,000 female deaths. Secondary prevention through liver cancer screening with 80% coverage could reduce liver cancer deaths by 3.59%(3.14%-4.04%) for the total population. Combining all interventions under Scenario 1 could prevent up to 88.39%(76.65%-99.81%) of male and 77.80%(67.42%-87.88%) of female liver cancer deaths by 2050.Conclusions: Comprehensive risk factor control could prevent over 80% of liver cancer deaths in China by2050. Secondary prevention through screening may offer modest additional benefits. These findings provide strong quantitative support for targeted, evidence-based interventions and underscore the need for policy action to address key risk factors.
文摘Objective:This study aims to estimate the thyroid cancer(TC)burden and trends from 1990 and 2021 among working-age population(WAP),at the global,regional,and national levels.Methods:Based on the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study,this cross-sectional study included data on TC incidence and mortality for WAP aged 15-64 years across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021.The age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)of TC were used to estimate the disease burden.Temporal trends of ASIR and ASMR were estimated by average annual percentage changes(AAPCs)based on age-period-cohort models.Relative inequality of TC burden across 204 countries was estimated by the slope index of concentration index.Results:Globally,ASIR of TC increased from 2.27 per 100,000 population to 3.41 per 100,000 population from1990 to 2021,with AAPC of 1.59%[95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.54,1.64];in contrast,ASMRs were stable at 0.31 per 100,000 population.Females had a higher disease burden than males,and adults aged 45-64 years accounted for more than 55%of the TC cases.Across regions and countries,North Africa and Comoros experienced the highest increase in ASIR,with AAPCs of 2.97%and 7.73%,respectively.All socio-demographic index(SDI)regions experienced a significant increase in ASIR,and regions with high and high-middle SDI experienced a significant decrease in ASMR.Global ASIR burden and ASMR burden were revealed to be concentrated mainly in higher-SDI and lower-SDI countries,respectively,with the concentration index in both sexes of 0.16(95%CI:0.13,0.19)and-0.14(95%CI:-0.18,-0.10)in 2021.Conclusions:Over the past three decades,the incidence burden of TC among the global WAP remarkably increased.International and regional policies for TC controls are supposed to be updated timely,to handle the current increasing burden and geographic disparities among WAP.
基金supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2014FY121100)the National Natural Science Fund (Grant No. 81602931)
文摘Objective： To explore the cancer patterns in areas with different urbanization rates（URR） in China with data from 255 population-based cancer registries in 2013, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry（NCCR）.Methods： There were 347 cancer registries submitted cancer incidence and deaths occurred in 2013 to NCCR.All those data were checked and evaluated based on the NCCR criteria of data quality, and qualified data from 255 registries were used for this analysis. According to the proportion of non-agricultural population, we divided cities/counties into 3 levels： high level, with URR equal to 70% and higher; median level, with URR between 30%and 70%; and low level, with URR equal to 30% and less. Cancer incidences and mortalities were calculated,stratified by gender and age groups in different areas. The national population of Fifth Census in 2000 and Segi＇s population were applied for age-standardized rates.Results： Qualified 255 cancer registries covered 226,494,490 populations. The percentage of cases morphologically verified（MV%） and death certificate-only cases（DCO%） were 68.04% and 1.74%, respectively,and the mortality to incidence rate ratio（M/I） was 0.62. A total of 644,487 new cancer cases and 399,275 cancer deaths from the 255 cancer registries were submitted to NCCR in 2013. The incidence rate was 284.55/100,000（314.06/100,000 in males, 254.19/100,000 in females）, and the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population（ASIRC） and by world standard population（ASIRW） were 190.10/100,000 and 186.24/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate（0–74 age years old） of 21.60%. The cancer mortality was 176.28/100,000（219.03/100,000 in males, 132.30/100,000 in females）, and the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population（ASMRC） and by world standard population（ASMRW） were 110.91/100,000 and 109.92/100,000, and the cumulative mortality rate（0–74 age years old） was 12.43%. Low urbanization areas were high in crude cancer incidence and mortality rates, middle urbanization areas came next to it followed by high urbanization areas. After adjusted by age, there was a U-shaped association between age-standardized incidence（ASIRC and ASIRW） and the urbanized ratio with the middle urbanization areas having the lowest ASIRC and ASIRW. Unlike with the agestandardized incidence, the sort order of age-standardized mortality（ASMRC and ASMRW） among three urbanization areas was reversed completely from the crude mortality. Lung cancer was the most common cancer in all areas of 255 cancer registries, followed by stomach cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer and esophageal cancer with new cases of 130,700, 76,200, 63,800, 60,900 and 50,200 respectively. Lung cancer was also the leading cause of cancer death in all areas of 255 cancer registries for both males and females with the number of deaths of 72,200 and 34,100, respectively. Other cancer types with high mortality in males were liver cancer, stomach cancer,esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer. In females, stomach cancer was the second cause of cancer death, followed by liver cancer, colorectal cancer and breast cancer.Conclusions： Along with the development of socioeconomics associated with urbanization, as well as the agingpopulation, the incidence and mortality keep increasing in China. Cancer burden and patterns are different in each urbanization level. Cancer control strategies should be implemented referring to local urbanization status.
文摘Background： Population-based cancer registration data in 2012 from all available cancer registries were collected by the National Central Cancer Registry （NCCR）. NCCR estimated the numbers of new cancer cases and cancer deaths in China with compiled cancer incidence and mortality rates. Methods： In 2015, there were 261 cancer registries submitted cancer incidence and deaths occurred in 2012. All the data were checked and evaluated based on the NCCR criteria of data quality. Qualified data from 193 registries were used for cancer statistics analysis as national estimation. The pooled data were stratified by area （urban/rural）, gender, age group [0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, ..., 85＋] and cancer type. New cancer cases and deaths were estimated using age-specific rates and corresponding national population in 2012. The Chinese census data in 2000 and Segi＇s population were applied for age-standardized rates. All the rates were expressed per 100,000 person-year. Results： Qualified 193 cancer registries （74 urban and 119 rural registries） covered 198,060,406 populations （100,450,109 in urban and 97,610,297 in rural areas）. The percentage of cases morphologically verified （NIV%） and death certificate-only cases （DCO%） were 69.13% and 2.38%, respectively, and the mortality to incidence rate ratio （M/I） was 0.62. A total of 3,586,200 new cancer cases and 2,186,600 cancer deaths were estimated in China in 2012. The incidence rate was 264.85/100,000 （289.30/100,000 in males, 239.15/100,000 in females）, the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASIRC） and by world standard population （ASIRW） were 191.89/100,000 and 187.83/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate （0-74 age years old） of 21.82%. The cancer incidence, ASIRC and ASIRW in urban areas were 277.17/100,000, 195.56/100,000 and 190.88/100,000 compared to 251.20/100,000, 187.10/100,000 and 183.91/100,000 in rural areas, respectively. The cancer mortality was 161.49/ 100,000 （ 198.99/100,000 in males, 122.06/ 100,000 in females）, the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population （ASMRC） and by world standard population （ASMRW） were 112.34/100,000 and 111.25/100,000, and the cumulative mortality rate （0-74 years old） was 12.61%. The cancer mortality, ASMRC and ASMRW were 159.00/100,000, 107.23 1/100,000 and 106.13/100,000 in urban areas, 164.24/100,000, 118.22/100,000 and 117.06/100,000 in rural areas, respectively. Cancers of lung, stomach, liver, eolorectum, esophagus, female breast, thyroid cervix, brain tumor and pancreas were the most common cancers, accounting for about 77.4% of all cancer new cases. Lung cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, female breast cancer, brain tumor, leukemia and lymphoma were the leading causes of cancer death, accounting for about 84.5% of all cancer deaths. The cancer spectrum showed difference between urban and rural, males and females both in incidence and mortality rates. Conclusions： Cancer surveillance information in China is making great progress with the increasing number of cancer registries, population coverage and the improving data quality. Cancer registration plays a fundamental role in cancer control by providing basic information on population-based cancer incidence, mortality, survival and time trend. The disease burden of cancer is serious in China, so that, cancer prevention and control, including health education, health promotiou, cancer screening and cancer care services in China, should be enhanced.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 7142139)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (No. 2016-12M-2-004)+1 种基金the PUMC Youth Fund/Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 3332016033)the National Key Research Program of China (No. 2016YFC1302502)
文摘Background: Stage at diagnosis and molecular subtype are important clinical factors associated with breast cancer patient survival. However, subgroup survival data from a large study sample are limited in China.To estimate the survival differences among patients with different stages and various subtypes of breast cancer, we conducted a hospital-based multi-center study on breast cancer in Beijing, China.Methods: All resident patients diagnosed with primary, invasive breast cancer between January 1,2006 and December 31,2010 from four selected hospitals in Beijing were included and followed up until December 31,2015. Hospitalbased data of stage at diagnosis, hormone receptor status, and selected clinical characteristics, including body mass index(BMI), menopausal status, histological grade, and histological type, were collected from the medical records of the study subjects. Overall survival(OS) and cancer-specific survival(CSS) were estimated. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to evaluate the associations of stage at diagnosis and molecular subtype with patient survival.Results: The 5-year OS and CSS rates for all patients were 89.4% and 90.3%. Survival varied by stage and molecular subtype. The 5-year OS rates for patients with stage I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and IV diseases were 96.5%, 91.6%, 74.8%, and 40.7%,respectively, and the corresponding estimates of 5-year CSS rates were 97.1%, 92.6%, 75.6%, and 42.7%, respectively.The 5-year OS rates for patients with luminal A, luminal B, HER2, and triple-negative subtypes of breast cancer were92.6%, 88.4%, 83.6%, and 82.9%, respectively, and the corresponding estimates of 5-year CSS rates were 93.2%, 89.1 %,85.4%, and 83.5%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that stage at diagnosis and molecular subtype were important prognostic factors for breast cancer.Conclusions: Survival of breast cancer patients varied significantly by stage and molecular subtype. Cancer screening is encouraged for the early detection and early diagnosis of breast cancer. More advanced therapies and health care policies are needed on HER2 and triple-negative subtypes.
文摘Objective： Population-based cancer registration data were used to analyze the epidemiology and trend of malignant mesothelioma in China, and the result would provide basic data for its prevention and control. Methods： Malignant mesothelioma data in 2013 were retrieved from the database of National Cancer Registry. Malignant mesothelioma incidence and mortality were estimated using age-specific rate by urban/rural and gender according to the national population in 2013. Malignant mesothelioma data from 22 cancer registries were used for trend analysis during 2000-2013. Results： It is estimated that there were 2,041 new malignant mesothelioma cases and 1,659 malignant mesothelioma deaths occurred in 2013. The crude incidence rate in China were 1.50/106 （males 1.67/106, females 1.32/106）, age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASIRC） and by world standard population （ASIRW） were 1.03/106 and 1.02/106, respectively. The crude mortality rate in China was 1.22/106 （males 1.67/106, females 1.32/106）, age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population （ASMRC） and by world standard population （ASMRW） were 0.83/106 and 0.81/106, respectively. There was an increasing trend of incidence rate for malignant mesothelioma in registration areas of China during 2000-2013 with annual percentage change （APC） of 2.5% [95% confidence interval （95% CI）： 0.6%--4.5%]. After age standardization, no significant differences were observed. No matter for crude mortality rates or age-standardized mortality rates, no significant differences were observed during 2000-2013. Conclusions： Malignant mesothelioma is the major occupational and environmental neoplasm associated with asbestos exposure. The increasing incidence trend suggests that more attention should be paid on this disease.
基金supported by the Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research(No.2024-1G-4023)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82273721)。
文摘Objective:Data on the global,regional and national changes in the trends of colorectal cancer(CRC)are analyzed to understand the trends in its burden,in order to assist policymakers in allocating healthcare resources and developing prevention and control strategies.Methods:This study analyzed trends in age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR),and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)for CRC from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database.The trends of burden and effectiveness of control strategies were assessed using jointpoint regression analysis,decomposition analysis and frontier analysis.Results:Globally,the ASMR and age-standardized DALYs for CRC have shown a declining trend,but the ASIR was still increasing.The number of new cases of CRC in 2021 was higher in males than in females,the values were1,263.46 thousands[95%confidence interval(95%CI):1,146.50,1,400.38]vs.930.68 thousands(95%CI:824.67,1,017.65).The change in DALYs was mainly due to population growth(111.42%).The high socio-demographic index(SDI)region had an ASIR of 40.52(95%CI:37.45,42.45),and the low SDI region had an ASIR of 7.39(95%CI:6.65,8.19).The ASIR for CRC showed an upward trend in all SDI regions before age of 40 years.Among the four world regions,only America showed a downward trend in ASIR,with an estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)of-0.62(95%CI:-0.71,-0.53).Among the 204 countries and territories,Netherlands,Monaco,and Bermuda were the top 3 countries with the highest ASIR in 2021.In the frontier analysis of DALYs,the 10 countries(regions)with the longest effective distances all had SDI levels above 0.70.Conclusions:Although ASMR and age-standardized DALYs are declining,ASIR is still increasing globally and in many regions.The burden of CRC varies significantly across the globe,and more targeted screening strategies and prevention measures are needed to address the problem of CRC.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant2021YFB2500600the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS under Grant2022138+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant51901221the Institute of Electrical EngineeringCAS under GrantE155710201 and E155710301。
文摘High-performance Cu/Graphene composite wire synergistically strengthened by nano Cr_(3)C_(2) phase was directly synthesized via hot press sintering followed by severe cold plastic deformation, using liquid paraffin and CuCr alloy powder as the raw materials. Since graphene is in situ formed under the catalysis of copper powder during the sintering process, the problem that graphene is easy to agglomerate and difficult to disperse uniformly in the copper matrix has been solved. The nano Cr_(3)C_(2)-particles nailed at the interface favor to improve the interface bonding. The Cu/Graphene composite possesses high electrical conductivity, hardness, and plasticity. The composite wire exhibits high electrical conductivity of 96.93% IACS, great tensile strength of 488MPa, and excellent resistance to softening. Even after annealing at 400℃ for 1 h, the tensile strength can still reach 268 MPa with a conductivity of about 99.14% IACS.The wire's temperature coefficient of resistance(TCR) is largely reduced to 0.0035/℃ due to the complex structure,which leads the wire to present low resistivity at higher temperatures. Such Cu/Graphene composite wire with excellent comprehensive performance has a good application prospect in high-power density motors.
基金supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundationthe China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M763670)the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(2024-1G-4023)。
文摘This study aimed to elucidate the global temporal and geographic characteristics of 29 cancers in older people aged≥65 years,based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.The average annual percentage changes(AAPCs)were calculated to estimate temporal trends of age-standardized incidence rates(ASIRs)and age-standardized mortality rates(ASMRs).Globally,there was an increase of 8.52 million cancer cases and 3.16 million cancer deaths among older people from 1990 to 2021.The ASIR of cancers combined presented an annually increased trend(AAPC:0.49%),and regions with high sociodemographic index(SDI)experienced the highest increase(AAPC:0.94%).Over the same period,the ASMR of cancers combined annually decreased(AAPC:-0.40%)globally,whereas regions with low SDI(AAPC:0.32%)and low-middle SDI(AAPC:0.48%)exhibited significantly increased ASMRs.Prostate cancer,lung cancer,and colorectal cancer were the three most common cancers for older people globally,and decreased relative inequalities were observed in higher-SDI countries from 1990 to 2021.For these three cancers,concentration index of ASMR respectively decreased from 0.26 to 0.06,from 0.20 to 0.17,and from 0.24 to 0.18.In contrast,the ASIR and ASMR of these cancers exhibited significant upward trends in lower-SDI regions.Our findings revealed that cancer burden for older people presented disparities globally,where higher-SDI countries faced a greater burden of cancer incidence and lower-SDI countries experienced an upward trend in cancer mortality.More attention should be given to prostate cancer,lung cancer,female breast cancer,and gastrointestinal cancers,especially in lower-SDI regions.
文摘The authors regret that estimates for new cancer cases(modify 3,246,625 to 4,909,585;modify 2,510,597 to 2,491,868)and cancer deaths(modify 1,699,066 to 2,593,882;modify 640,038 to 633,864)in the abstract,results and discussion section of“Comparative analysis of cancer statistics in China and the United States in 2024”[1]were incorrectly stated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82202884)the Training Fund for Open Projects at Clinical Institutes and Departments of Capital Medical University(CCMU2022ZKYXY008)+3 种基金Beijing Hospitals Authority Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support(ZLRK202302)the National Key Technologies R&D Program(2015BAI13B09)the Clinical Center for Colorectal Cancer,Capital Medical University(1192070313)the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region“Tianchi Yingcai”Project(2023TCYCQNBS02).
文摘Immune checkpoint therapy,such as programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1)blockade,has achieved remarkable results in treating various tumors.However,most cancer patients show a low response rate to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade,especially those with microsatellite stable/mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancer subtypes,which indicates an urgent need for new approaches to augment the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.Cholesterol metabolism,which involves generating multifunctional metabolites and essential membrane components,is also instrumental in tumor development.In recent years,inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PcSK9),a serine proteinase that regulates cholesterol metabolism,has been demonstrated to be a method enhancing the antitumor effect of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade to some extent.Mechanistically,PCSK9 inhibition can maintain the recycling of major histocompatibility protein class I,promote low-density lipoprotein receptor-mediated T-cell receptor recycling and signaling,and modulate the tumor microenvironment(TME)by affecting the infiltration and exclusion of immune cells.These mechanisms increase the quantity and enhance the antineoplastic effect of cytotoxic T lymphocyte,the main functional immune cells involved in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy,in the TME.Therefore,combining PCSK9 inhibition therapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy may provide a novel option for improving antitumor effects and may constitute a promising research direction.This review concentrates on the relationship between PCSK9 and cholesterol metabolism,systematically discusses how PCSK9 inhibition potentiates PD-1/PD-L1 blockade for cancer treatment,and highlights the research directions in this field.
文摘Background:Cancer patterns in China are becoming similar to those in the United States(US).Comparing the recent cancer profiles,trends,and determinants in China and the US can provide useful reference data.Methods:This study used open-source data.We used GLOBOCAN 2022 cancer estimates and United Nations population estimates to calculate cancer cases and deaths in both countries during 2024.Data on cancer incidence and mortality trends were obtained from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)program and National Centre for Health Statistics in the US and cancer registry reports of the National Cancer Center(NCC)of China,Data from the Global Burden of Disease study(GBD)and a decomposition approach were used to estimate the contributions of four determinants to the change in cancer deaths.Results:In 2024,there are an estimated 3,246,625 and 2,510,597 new cancer cases and 1,699,066 and 640,038 cancer deaths in China and the US,respectively.The highest estimated cancer cases are lung cancer in China and breast cancer in the US.The age-standardized incidence rates of lung and colorectal cancer in the US,and stomach,liver,and esophageal cancer in China have decreased,but the incidence rates of liver cancer in the US and colorectal cancer,prostate cancer in men,and cervical cancer in women in China have increased.Increases in the adult population size and population aging are main reasons for the increase in cancer deaths;case fatality rates are a main reason for the decrease in cancer deaths in both countries.Conclusions:China has made progress in cancer control but lags the US.Considering the transformation in China's pattern of cancers epidemiology,it is imperative to develop stronger policies by adopting the cancer prevention and control strategies used in the US to address population aging and curb growing cancer trends.
