The application of visual-language large models in the field of medical health has gradually become a research focus.The models combine the capability for image understanding and natural language processing,and can si...The application of visual-language large models in the field of medical health has gradually become a research focus.The models combine the capability for image understanding and natural language processing,and can simultaneously process multi-modality data such as medical images and medical reports.These models can not only recognize images,but also understand the semantic relationship between images and texts,effectively realize the integration of medical information,and provide strong support for clinical decision-making and disease diagnosis.The visual-language large model has good performance for specific medical tasks,and also shows strong potential and high intelligence in the general task models.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the visual-language large model in the field of medical health.Specifically,this paper first introduces the basic theoretical basis and technical principles.Then,this paper introduces the specific application scenarios in the field of medical health,including modality fusion,semi-supervised learning,weakly supervised learning,unsupervised learning,cross-domain model and general models.Finally,the challenges including insufficient data,interpretability,and practical deployment are discussed.According to the existing challenges,four potential future development directions are given.展开更多
Searching for low-cost widely applicable electrocatalysts for hydrogen production is very important. Here, 3D self-supported NiS2/MoS2 heterostructures were synthesized via a one-step millisecond- laser-direct-writing...Searching for low-cost widely applicable electrocatalysts for hydrogen production is very important. Here, 3D self-supported NiS2/MoS2 heterostructures were synthesized via a one-step millisecond- laser-direct-writing method;these structures exhibited excellent hydrogen evolution reaction activities over a wide pH range. The current density of 10 mA cm^-2 could be reached at low overpotentials of 98 and 159 mV in alkaline and neutral electrolytes, respectively. Such an outstanding electrocatalytic performance should be attributed to the integration of the 3D self-supported nanostructures, the high conductivity of the framework, and particularly, the incalculable heterointerfaces formed between NiS2 and MoS2. This work provides a new strategy to study interfacial engineering and the mechanism of interface enhancement.展开更多
In this study,we present three experiments carried out at the EISCAT(European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association)heating facility on October 29 and 30,2015.The results from the first experiment showed overshoot...In this study,we present three experiments carried out at the EISCAT(European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association)heating facility on October 29 and 30,2015.The results from the first experiment showed overshoot during the O-mode heating period.The second experiment,which used cold-start X-mode heating,showed the generation of parametric decay instability,whereas overshoot was not observed.The third experiment used power-stepped X-mode heating with noticeable O-mode wave leakage.Parametric decay instability and oscillating two-stream instability were generated at the O-mode reflection height without the overshoot effect,which implies suppression of the thermal parametric instability with X-mode heating.We propose that the electron temperature increased because X-mode heating below the upper hybrid height decreased the growth rate of the thermal parametric instability.展开更多
In this study,we investigate the generation of parametric decay instability,Langmuir turbulence formation,and electron acceleration in ionospheric heating via a two-fluid model using the Fokker-Planck equation and Vla...In this study,we investigate the generation of parametric decay instability,Langmuir turbulence formation,and electron acceleration in ionospheric heating via a two-fluid model using the Fokker-Planck equation and Vlasov-Poisson system simulations.The simulation results of both the magnetofluid model and the kinetic model demonstrate the dynamics of electron acceleration.Further,the results of the Vlasov-Poisson simulations suggest the formation of electron holes in phase space at the same spatial scale as the Langmuir wave,which are shown to be related to electron acceleration.In addition,electron acceleration is enhanced through the extension of the wavenumber spectrum caused by strong Langmuir turbulence,leading to more electron holes in phase space.展开更多
Parametric decay instability(PDI)is an important process in ionospheric heating.This paper focuses on the frequency and wavevector matching condition in the initial PDI process,the subsequent cascade stage,and the gen...Parametric decay instability(PDI)is an important process in ionospheric heating.This paper focuses on the frequency and wavevector matching condition in the initial PDI process,the subsequent cascade stage,and the generation of strong Langmuir turbulence.A more general numerical model is established based on Maxwell equations and plasma dynamic equations by coupling highfrequency electromagnetic waves to low-frequency waves via ponderomotive force.The primary PDI,cascade process,and strong Langmuir turbulence are excited in the simulation.The matching condition in the initial PDI stage and cascade process is verified.The result indicates that the cascade ion acoustic wave may induce or accelerate the formation of cavitons and lead to the wavenumber spectrum being more enhanced at 2k_(L)(where k_(L) is the primary Langmuir wavenumber).The wavenumber spectra develop from discrete to continuous spectra,which is attributed to the caviton collapse and strong Langmuir turbulence.展开更多
A series of high-entropy alloys(HEAs) containing nanoprecipitates of varying sizes is successfully prepared by a non-consuming vacuum arc melting method.In order to study the irradiation evolution of helium bubbles in...A series of high-entropy alloys(HEAs) containing nanoprecipitates of varying sizes is successfully prepared by a non-consuming vacuum arc melting method.In order to study the irradiation evolution of helium bubbles in the FeCoNiCrbased HE As with γ' precipitates,these samples are irradiated by 100-keV helium ions with a fluence of 5 × 10^(20) ions/m^(2) at 293 K and 673 K,respectively.And the samples irradiated at room temperature are annealed at different temperatures to examine the diffusion behavior of helium bubbles.Transmission electron microscope(TEM) is employed to characterize the structural morphology of precipitated nanoparticles and the evolution of helium bubbles.Experimental results reveal that nanosized,spherical,dispersed,coherent,and ordered L1_(2)-type Ni_(3)Ti γ' precipitations are introduced into FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs by means of ageing treatments at temperatures between 1073 K and 1123 K.Under the ageing treatment conditions adopted in this work,γ' nanoparticles are precipitated in FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HE As,with average diameters of 15.80 nm,37.09 nm,and 62.50 nm,respectively.The average sizes of helium bubbles observed in samples after 673-K irradiation are 1.46 nm,1.65 nm,and 1.58 nm,respectively.The improvement in the irradiation resistance of FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs is evidenced by the diminution in bubbles size.Furthermore,the FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs containing γ' precipitates of 15.8 nm exhibits the minimum size and density of helium bubbles,which can be ascribed to the considerable helium trapping effects of heterogeneous coherent phase boundaries.Subsequently,annealing experiments conducted after 293-K irradiation indicate that HEAs containing precipitated phases exhibits smaller apparent activation energy(E_(a)) for helium bubbles,resulting in larger helium bubble size.This study provides guidance for improving the irradiation resistance of L1_(2)-strengthened high-entropy alloy.展开更多
High-power O-mode radio waves can excite artificial instabilities in the F region,according to experiments conducted at the European Incoherent Scatter Science Association(EISCAT)heating facility.The main instabilitie...High-power O-mode radio waves can excite artificial instabilities in the F region,according to experiments conducted at the European Incoherent Scatter Science Association(EISCAT)heating facility.The main instabilities include the parametric decay instability(PDI),oscillating two-stream instability(OTSI),and thermal parametric instability(TPI).The PDI and OTSI not only compete with each other,but also compete with the TPI,leading to a two-stage overshoot phenomenon:a miniovershoot occurs on a millisecond time scale after pump-on,followed by the main overshoot.We gain insight into the miniovershoot via a generalized Zakharov model,whereas the main overshoot can be observed as an enhanced plasma line overshoot phenomenon in incoherent scatter radar spectra.We can also observe that the zero-frequency ion line exists only in the initial heating period after a cold start and that the upshifted and downshifted ion lines behave irregularly in the spectra.The simulation results show that competition between the PDI and OTSI leads to an initial peak,which we named the pre-miniovershoot.The following processes,namely ion density caviton generation,and collapse and cascade in the development of the PDI,contribute to the miniovershoot phenomenon.展开更多
BACKGROUND Centipedes have been used to treat tumors for hundreds of years in China.However,current studies focus on antimicrobial and anticoagulation agents rather than tumors.The molecular identities of antihepatoma...BACKGROUND Centipedes have been used to treat tumors for hundreds of years in China.However,current studies focus on antimicrobial and anticoagulation agents rather than tumors.The molecular identities of antihepatoma bioactive components in centipedes have not yet been extensively investigated.It is a challenge to isolate and characterize the effective components of centipedes due to limited peptide purification technologies for animal-derived medicines.AIM To purify,characterize,and synthesize the bioactive components with the strongest antihepatoma activity from centipedes and determine the antihepatoma mechanism.METHODS An antihepatoma peptide(scolopentide)was isolated and identified from the centipede scolopendra subspinipes mutilans using a combination of enzymatic hydrolysis,a Sephadex G-25 column,and two steps of high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Additionally,the CCK8 assay was used to select the extracted fraction with the strongest antihepatoma activity.The molecular weight of the extracted scolopentide was characterized by quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry(QTOF MS),and the sequence was matched by using the Mascot search engine.Based on the sequence and molecular weight,scolopentide was synthesized using solid-phase peptide synthesis methods.The synthetic scolopentide was confirmed by MS and HPLC.The antineoplastic effect of extracted scolopentide was confirmed by CCK8 assay and morphological changes again in vitro.The antihepatoma effect of synthetic scolopentide was assessed by the CCK8 assay and Hoechst staining in vitro and tumor volume and tumor weight in vivo.In the tumor xenograft experiments,qualified model mice(male 5-week-old BALB/c nude mice)were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=6):The scolopentide group(0.15 mL/d,via intraperitoneal injection of synthetic scolopentide,500 mg/kg/d)and the vehicle group(0.15 mL/d,via intraperitoneal injection of normal saline).The mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation after 14 d of continuous treatment.Mechanistically,flow cytometry was conducted to evaluate the apoptosis rate of HepG2 cells after treatment with extracted scolopentide in vitro.A Hoechst staining assay was also used to observe apoptosis in HepG2 cells after treatment with synthetic scolopentide in vitro.CCK8 assays and morphological changes were used to compare the cytotoxicity of synthetic scolopentide to liver cancer cells and normal liver cells in vitro.Molecular docking was performed to clarify whether scolopentide tightly bound to death receptor 4(DR4)and DR5.qRT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of DR4,DR5,fas-associated death domain protein(FADD),Caspase-8,Caspase-3,cytochrome c(Cyto-C),B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax),x-chromosome linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein and Cellular fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1βconverting enzyme inhibitory protein in hepatocarcinoma subcutaneous xenograft tumors from mice.Western blot assays were used to measure the protein expression of DR4,DR5,FADD,Caspase-8,Caspase-3,and Cyto-C in the tumor tissues.The reactive oxygen species(ROS)of tumor tissues were tested.RESULTS In the process of purification,characterization and synthesis of scolopentide,the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions(extract ratio:5.86%,IC_(50):0.310 mg/mL)were as follows:Trypsin at 0.1 g(300 U/g,centipede-trypsin ratio of 20:1),enzymolysis temperature of 46°C,and enzymolysis time of 4 h,which was superior to freeze-thawing with liquid nitrogen(IC_(50):3.07 mg/mL).A peptide with the strongest antihepatoma activity(scolopentide)was further purified through a Sephadex G-25 column(obtained A2)and two steps of HPLC(obtained B5 and C3).The molecular weight of the extracted scolopentide was 1018.997 Da,and the peptide sequence was RAQNHYCK,as characterized by QTOF MS and Mascot.Scolopentide was synthesized in vitro with a qualified molecular weight(1018.8 Da)and purity(98.014%),which was characterized by MS and HPLC.Extracted scolopentide still had an antineoplastic effect in vitro,which inhibited the proliferation of Eca-109(IC_(50):76.27μg/mL),HepG2(IC_(50):22.06μg/mL),and A549(IC_(50):35.13μg/mL)cells,especially HepG2 cells.Synthetic scolopentide inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells(treated 6,12,and 24 h)in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro,and the inhibitory effects were the strongest at 12 h(IC_(50):208.11μg/mL).Synthetic scolopentide also inhibited the tumor volume(Vehicle vs Scolopentide,P=0.0003)and weight(Vehicle vs Scolopentide,P=0.0022)in the tumor xenograft experiment.Mechanistically,flow cytometry suggested that the apoptosis ratios of HepG2 cells after treatment with extracted scolopentide were 5.01%(0μg/mL),12.13%(10μg/mL),16.52%(20μg/mL),and 23.20%(40μg/mL).Hoechst staining revealed apoptosis in HepG2 cells after treatment with synthetic scolopentide in vitro.The CCK8 assay and morphological changes indicated that synthetic scolopentide was cytotoxic and was significantly stronger in HepG2 cells than in L02 cells.Molecular docking suggested that scolopentide tightly bound to DR4 and DR5,and the binding free energies were-10.4 kcal/mol and-7.1 kcal/mol,respectively.In subcutaneous xenograft tumors from mice,quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting suggested that scolopentide activated DR4 and DR5 and induced apoptosis in SMMC-7721 Liver cancer cells by promoting the expression of FADD,caspase-8 and caspase-3 through a mitochondria-independent pathway.CONCLUSION Scolopentide,an antihepatoma peptide purified from centipedes,may inspire new antihepatoma agents.Scolopentide activates DR4 and DR5 and induces apoptosis in liver cancer cells through a mitochondria-independent pathway.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is characterized by dysregulation of the immune microenvironment and the development of chemoresistance.Specifically,expression of the programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/prog...BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is characterized by dysregulation of the immune microenvironment and the development of chemoresistance.Specifically,expression of the programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1(PD-L1)axis,an immune checkpoint,may lead to tumour immune escape,resulting in disease progression.The latest research shows that tumour immune escape may be caused by the upregulation of PD-L1 mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha(HIF-1α),and simultaneous inhibition of HIF-1αand PD-L1 has the potential to enhance the host’s antitumour immunity.Moreover,inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis may mitigate tumour chemoresistance.Shuyu pills(SYPs)contain immunity-enhancing and antitumour components,making them a potential HCC treatment.AIM To investigate the efficacy of SYPs for HCC treatment via simultaneous HIF-1α and PD-L1 inhibition and the mechanism involved.METHODS A subcutaneous xenograft tumour model was first established in BALB/c nude mice by the subcutaneous injection of 1×107 SMMC-7721 cells.Male mice(male,5 weeks old;n=24)were then randomly divided into the following four groups(n=6):Control(0.9%normal saline),SYP(200 mg/kg),SYP+cisplatin(DDP)(200 mg/kg+5 mg/kg DDP weekly via intraperitoneal injection),and DDP(5 mg/kg cisplatin weekly via intraperitoneal injection).The dose of saline or SYPs for the indicated mouse groups was 0.2 mL/d via intragastric administration.The tumour volumes and body weights of the mice were measured every 2 d.The mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation after 14 d of continuous treatment,and the xenograft tissues were excised and weighed.Western blot assays were used to measure the protein expression of HIF-1α,PD1,PD-L1,CD4+T cells,and CD8+T cells in HCC tumours from mice.Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used for real-time quantitative detection of PD-1,PD-L1,and HIF-1α mRNA expression.An immunofluorescence assay was conducted to examine the expression of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells.RESULTS Compared to mice in the control group,those in the SYP and SYP+DDP groups exhibited reduced tumour volumes and tumour weights.Moreover,the protein and mRNA expression levels of the oncogene HIF1α and that of the negative immunomodulatory factors PD-1 and PD-L1 were decreased in both the SYP and SYP+DDP groups,with the decrease effects being more prominent in the SYP+DDP group than in the SYP group(HIF-1α protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0129;control vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0004;control vs DDP,P=0.0152,SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0448;HIF-1αmRNA:control vs SYP,P=0.0009;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P=0.0003,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0192.PD-1 protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0099;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0009;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P<0.0001;PD-1 mRNA:control vs SYP,P=0.0002;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P=0.0003,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0003;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0002.PD-L1 protein:control vs SYP,P<0.0001;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0040;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0010;PD-L1 mRNA:Control vs SYP,P<0.0001;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0014).Additionally,the quantitative and protein expression levels of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells were simultaneously upregulated in the SYP+DDP group,whereas only the expression of CD4+T cells was upregulated in the SYP group.(CD4+T cell quantitative:Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0005;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0002.CD4+T cell protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0033;Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;Control vs DDP,P=0.0021,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0004;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0006.Quantitative CD8+T cells:Control vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0013;SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0347;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0043.CD8+T cell protein:Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P<0.0001).Finally,expression of HIF-1αwas positively correlated with that of PD-1/PD-L1 and negatively correlated with the expression of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells.CONCLUSION SYPs inhibit immune escape and enhance chemosensitization in HCC via simultaneous inhibition of HIF-1α and PD-L1,thus inhibiting the growth of subcutaneous xenograft HCC tumours.展开更多
Objective and Impact Statement.To study the feasibility of combined functional photoacoustic(PA)and quantitative ultrasound(US)for diagnosis of osteoporosis in vivo based on the detection of chemical and microarchitec...Objective and Impact Statement.To study the feasibility of combined functional photoacoustic(PA)and quantitative ultrasound(US)for diagnosis of osteoporosis in vivo based on the detection of chemical and microarchitecture(BMA)information in calcaneus bone.Introduction.Clinically available X-ray or US technologies for the diagnosis of osteoporosis do not report important parameters such as chemical information and BMA.With unique advantages,including good sensitivity to molecular and metabolic properties,PA bone assessment techniques hold a great potential for clinical translation.Methods.By performing multiwavelength PA measurements,the chemical information in the human calcaneus bone,including mineral,lipid,oxygenated-hemoglobin,and deoxygenated-hemoglobin,were assessed.In parallel,by performing PA spectrum analysis,the BMA as an important bone physical property was quantified.An unpaired t-test and a two-way ANOVA test were conducted to compare the outcomes from the two subject groups.Results.Multiwavelength PA measurement is capable of assessing the relative contents of several chemical components in the trabecular bone in vivo,including both minerals and organic materials such as oxygenated-hemoglobin,deoxygenated-hemoglobin,and lipid,which are relevant to metabolic activities and bone health.In addition,PA measurements of BMA show good correlations(R^(2)up to 0.65)with DEXA.Both the chemical and microarchitectural measurements from PA techniques can differentiate the two subject groups.Conclusion.The results from this initial clinical study suggest that PA techniques,by providing additional chemical and microarchitecture information relevant to bone health,may lead to accurate and early diagnosis,as well as sensitive monitoring of the treatment of osteoporosis.展开更多
Direct liquid fuel cells(DLFCs)are proposed to address the problems of high cost and complex storage and transportation of hydrogen in traditional hydrogen-oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cells.However,present fu...Direct liquid fuel cells(DLFCs)are proposed to address the problems of high cost and complex storage and transportation of hydrogen in traditional hydrogen-oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cells.However,present fuels of organic small molecules used in DLFCs are restricted to problems of sluggish electrochemical kinetics and easily poisoning of precious metal catalysts.Herein,we demonstrate reduced phosphotungstic acid as a liquid fuel for DLFCs based on its advantages of high chemical and electrochemical stability,high electrochemical activity on common carbon material electrodes,and low permeability through proton exchange membranes.The application of phosphotungstic acid fuel effectively solves the problems of high cost of anode catalysts and serious fuel permeation loss in traditional DLFCs.A phosphotungstic acid fuel cell achieves a peak power density of466 mW cm^(-2)at a cell voltage of 0.42 V and good stability at current densities in the range from 20 to 200 mA cm^(-2).展开更多
Objective:To explore the correlation of MMPs/TIMPs expression in aqueous humor with oxidative stress and angiogenesis in patients with glaucoma.Methods: A total of 110 patients with primary glaucoma who were diagnosed...Objective:To explore the correlation of MMPs/TIMPs expression in aqueous humor with oxidative stress and angiogenesis in patients with glaucoma.Methods: A total of 110 patients with primary glaucoma who were diagnosed and treated in our hospital between August 2016 and February 2018 were selected as glaucoma group, and 68 patients with primary cataract who were treated in our hospital during the same period were selected as cataract group. The differences in MMP-2 and TIMP-2 contents as well as MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio, oxidative stress-related indexes and angiogenesis-related indexes in the aqueous humor were compared between two groups, and correlation analysis was used to further assess the correlation of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 contents as well as MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio with oxidative stress and angiogenesis in patients with glaucoma.Results: MMP-2 and TIMP-2 contents as well as MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio in aqueous humor of glaucoma group were higher than those of cataract group;anti-oxidation indexes T-AOC and CAT contents in aqueous humor were lower than those of cataract group whereas oxidation indexes ROS and AOPPs contents were higher than those of cataract group;angiogenesis-related index PEDF content in aqueous humor was lower than that of cataract group whereas VEGF and bFGF contents were higher than those of cataract group. Pearson test showed that MMP-2 and TIMP-2 contents as well as MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio in aqueous humor of glaucoma group were directly correlated with oxidative stress and angiogenesis.Conclusion: MMP-2 and TIMP-2 contents as well as MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio in aqueous humor significantly increase in patients with glaucoma, and are positively correlated with ocular oxidative stress and angiogenesis.展开更多
Designing a theranostic probe for noninvasive bone imaging and bone disease therapy is both challenging and desirable.Herein,an ultrasmall Au nanocluster(NC,<2 nm)-based theranostic probe is developed to achieve hi...Designing a theranostic probe for noninvasive bone imaging and bone disease therapy is both challenging and desirable.Herein,an ultrasmall Au nanocluster(NC,<2 nm)-based theranostic probe is developed to achieve highly temporospatial in vivo bone-targeted photoluminescence(PL)imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-Ⅱ)and enhanced rheumatoid arthritis(RA)therapy.The key design of the probe involves the surface phosphorylation of atomically precise NIR-Ⅱemitting Au_(44)NCs.This phosphorylation enhances the bone-targeting ability of the probe due to the highly concentrated phosphate groups,allowing the probe to realize in vivo bone-targeted NIR-ⅡPL imaging.Moreover,benefiting from the enhanced bone-targeting ability,ultrasmall hydrodynamic diameter,and excellent anti-inflammation and immunomodulatory effects,the probe not only demonstrates superior therapeutic efficacy for RA rats,effectively restoring the destructed cartilage to nearly normal but also exhibits good renal clearance and benign biocompatibility.These favorable attributes cannot be achieved by commercial methotrexate used for RA treatment.This study presents a new design paradigm for metal NC-based theranostic probes,offering the potential for high-resolution bone-targeted PL imaging and improved RA therapy.展开更多
Based on the full vector complex coupled mode theory, a detailed analysis is made on the transmission spectrum characteristics of tilted long period fiber gratings. New transmission peaks are observed, which are locat...Based on the full vector complex coupled mode theory, a detailed analysis is made on the transmission spectrum characteristics of tilted long period fiber gratings. New transmission peaks are observed, which are located beside the long wavelength side of each transmission peak in the transmission spectrum of normal long period fiber gratings. The emerging transmission peaks are quite sensitive to both the grating tilted angle and the surrounding refractive index, and the corresponding relationship is discussed. Furthermore, a novel sensing characteristic is investigated about the tilted long period fiber gratings, which is related to the transmission resonant wavelength and peak amplitude.展开更多
Photoacoustic computed tomography(PACT)is a rapidly developing biomedical imaging modality and has attracted substantial attention in recent years.Image reconstruction from photoacoustic projections plays a critical r...Photoacoustic computed tomography(PACT)is a rapidly developing biomedical imaging modality and has attracted substantial attention in recent years.Image reconstruction from photoacoustic projections plays a critical role in image formation in PACT.Here we review six major classes of image reconstruction approaches developed in the past three decades,including delay and sum,filtered back projection,series expansion,time reversal,iterative reconstruction,and deep-learning-based reconstruction.The principal ideas and implementations of the algorithms are summarized,and their reconstruction performances under different imaging scenarios are compared.Major challenges,future directions,and perspectives for the development of image reconstruction algorithms in PACT are also discussed.This review provides a self-contained reference guide for beginners and specialists in the photoacoustic community,to facilitate the development and application of novel photoacoustic image reconstruction algorithms.展开更多
基金The Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(F2024501044).
文摘The application of visual-language large models in the field of medical health has gradually become a research focus.The models combine the capability for image understanding and natural language processing,and can simultaneously process multi-modality data such as medical images and medical reports.These models can not only recognize images,but also understand the semantic relationship between images and texts,effectively realize the integration of medical information,and provide strong support for clinical decision-making and disease diagnosis.The visual-language large model has good performance for specific medical tasks,and also shows strong potential and high intelligence in the general task models.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the visual-language large model in the field of medical health.Specifically,this paper first introduces the basic theoretical basis and technical principles.Then,this paper introduces the specific application scenarios in the field of medical health,including modality fusion,semi-supervised learning,weakly supervised learning,unsupervised learning,cross-domain model and general models.Finally,the challenges including insufficient data,interpretability,and practical deployment are discussed.According to the existing challenges,four potential future development directions are given.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51572188 and 51822106)~~
文摘Searching for low-cost widely applicable electrocatalysts for hydrogen production is very important. Here, 3D self-supported NiS2/MoS2 heterostructures were synthesized via a one-step millisecond- laser-direct-writing method;these structures exhibited excellent hydrogen evolution reaction activities over a wide pH range. The current density of 10 mA cm^-2 could be reached at low overpotentials of 98 and 159 mV in alkaline and neutral electrolytes, respectively. Such an outstanding electrocatalytic performance should be attributed to the integration of the 3D self-supported nanostructures, the high conductivity of the framework, and particularly, the incalculable heterointerfaces formed between NiS2 and MoS2. This work provides a new strategy to study interfacial engineering and the mechanism of interface enhancement.
基金EISCAT is an international scientific association supported by research organizations in China(China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation(CRIRP)),Finland(Suomen Akatemia(SA)),Japan(National Institute of Polar Research(NIPR)and Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory(STEL)),Norway(The Research Council of Norway(NFR)),Sweden(Swedish Research Council(VR)),and the United Kingdom(Natural Environment Research Council(NERC)).This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,grants 41204111,41574146,41774162,and 41704155)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant 2017M622504).The experiment described in this work was carried out by the Russian team led by N.F.Blagoveshchenskaya.The data used in this research are available through the EISCAT Madrigal database(http://www.eiscat.se/madrigal/)and EISCAT Dynasonde database(https://dynserv.eiscat.uit.no/).
文摘In this study,we present three experiments carried out at the EISCAT(European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association)heating facility on October 29 and 30,2015.The results from the first experiment showed overshoot during the O-mode heating period.The second experiment,which used cold-start X-mode heating,showed the generation of parametric decay instability,whereas overshoot was not observed.The third experiment used power-stepped X-mode heating with noticeable O-mode wave leakage.Parametric decay instability and oscillating two-stream instability were generated at the O-mode reflection height without the overshoot effect,which implies suppression of the thermal parametric instability with X-mode heating.We propose that the electron temperature increased because X-mode heating below the upper hybrid height decreased the growth rate of the thermal parametric instability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grant Nos. 42104150, 42074187, 41774162, and 41704155)the Foundation of the National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment (Grant No. 6142403200303)+3 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Geospace Environmentthe University of Science & Technology of China (Grant No. GE2020-01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2042021kf0020)the Excellent Youth Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2019CFA054)
文摘In this study,we investigate the generation of parametric decay instability,Langmuir turbulence formation,and electron acceleration in ionospheric heating via a two-fluid model using the Fokker-Planck equation and Vlasov-Poisson system simulations.The simulation results of both the magnetofluid model and the kinetic model demonstrate the dynamics of electron acceleration.Further,the results of the Vlasov-Poisson simulations suggest the formation of electron holes in phase space at the same spatial scale as the Langmuir wave,which are shown to be related to electron acceleration.In addition,electron acceleration is enhanced through the extension of the wavenumber spectrum caused by strong Langmuir turbulence,leading to more electron holes in phase space.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(NSFC Grant Nos.42104150,42074187,41774162,and 41704155)the Foundation of the National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment(Grant No.6142403200303)+2 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Key Laboratory of Geospace Envi-ronment,the University of Science&Technology of China(Grant No.GE2020-01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2042021kf0020)the Excellent Youth Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2019CFA054).
文摘Parametric decay instability(PDI)is an important process in ionospheric heating.This paper focuses on the frequency and wavevector matching condition in the initial PDI process,the subsequent cascade stage,and the generation of strong Langmuir turbulence.A more general numerical model is established based on Maxwell equations and plasma dynamic equations by coupling highfrequency electromagnetic waves to low-frequency waves via ponderomotive force.The primary PDI,cascade process,and strong Langmuir turbulence are excited in the simulation.The matching condition in the initial PDI stage and cascade process is verified.The result indicates that the cascade ion acoustic wave may induce or accelerate the formation of cavitons and lead to the wavenumber spectrum being more enhanced at 2k_(L)(where k_(L) is the primary Langmuir wavenumber).The wavenumber spectra develop from discrete to continuous spectra,which is attributed to the caviton collapse and strong Langmuir turbulence.
基金Project support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12075200)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3706004)。
文摘A series of high-entropy alloys(HEAs) containing nanoprecipitates of varying sizes is successfully prepared by a non-consuming vacuum arc melting method.In order to study the irradiation evolution of helium bubbles in the FeCoNiCrbased HE As with γ' precipitates,these samples are irradiated by 100-keV helium ions with a fluence of 5 × 10^(20) ions/m^(2) at 293 K and 673 K,respectively.And the samples irradiated at room temperature are annealed at different temperatures to examine the diffusion behavior of helium bubbles.Transmission electron microscope(TEM) is employed to characterize the structural morphology of precipitated nanoparticles and the evolution of helium bubbles.Experimental results reveal that nanosized,spherical,dispersed,coherent,and ordered L1_(2)-type Ni_(3)Ti γ' precipitations are introduced into FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs by means of ageing treatments at temperatures between 1073 K and 1123 K.Under the ageing treatment conditions adopted in this work,γ' nanoparticles are precipitated in FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HE As,with average diameters of 15.80 nm,37.09 nm,and 62.50 nm,respectively.The average sizes of helium bubbles observed in samples after 673-K irradiation are 1.46 nm,1.65 nm,and 1.58 nm,respectively.The improvement in the irradiation resistance of FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs is evidenced by the diminution in bubbles size.Furthermore,the FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs containing γ' precipitates of 15.8 nm exhibits the minimum size and density of helium bubbles,which can be ascribed to the considerable helium trapping effects of heterogeneous coherent phase boundaries.Subsequently,annealing experiments conducted after 293-K irradiation indicate that HEAs containing precipitated phases exhibits smaller apparent activation energy(E_(a)) for helium bubbles,resulting in larger helium bubble size.This study provides guidance for improving the irradiation resistance of L1_(2)-strengthened high-entropy alloy.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC Grant Nos.42104150,42074187,41774162,and 41704155)the Foundation of the National Key Laboratory of the Electromagnetic Environment(Grant No.6142403200303)+2 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment,University of Science&Technology of China(Grant No.GE2020-01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2042021kf0020)the Excellent Youth Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2019CFA054).
文摘High-power O-mode radio waves can excite artificial instabilities in the F region,according to experiments conducted at the European Incoherent Scatter Science Association(EISCAT)heating facility.The main instabilities include the parametric decay instability(PDI),oscillating two-stream instability(OTSI),and thermal parametric instability(TPI).The PDI and OTSI not only compete with each other,but also compete with the TPI,leading to a two-stage overshoot phenomenon:a miniovershoot occurs on a millisecond time scale after pump-on,followed by the main overshoot.We gain insight into the miniovershoot via a generalized Zakharov model,whereas the main overshoot can be observed as an enhanced plasma line overshoot phenomenon in incoherent scatter radar spectra.We can also observe that the zero-frequency ion line exists only in the initial heating period after a cold start and that the upshifted and downshifted ion lines behave irregularly in the spectra.The simulation results show that competition between the PDI and OTSI leads to an initial peak,which we named the pre-miniovershoot.The following processes,namely ion density caviton generation,and collapse and cascade in the development of the PDI,contribute to the miniovershoot phenomenon.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.U20A20408 and No.82074450Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,No.2020JJ4066 and No.2021JJ40405+1 种基金Key scientific research project of Hunan Education Department,No.21A0243Key project of academician workstation guidance project,No.21YSZQ007.
文摘BACKGROUND Centipedes have been used to treat tumors for hundreds of years in China.However,current studies focus on antimicrobial and anticoagulation agents rather than tumors.The molecular identities of antihepatoma bioactive components in centipedes have not yet been extensively investigated.It is a challenge to isolate and characterize the effective components of centipedes due to limited peptide purification technologies for animal-derived medicines.AIM To purify,characterize,and synthesize the bioactive components with the strongest antihepatoma activity from centipedes and determine the antihepatoma mechanism.METHODS An antihepatoma peptide(scolopentide)was isolated and identified from the centipede scolopendra subspinipes mutilans using a combination of enzymatic hydrolysis,a Sephadex G-25 column,and two steps of high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Additionally,the CCK8 assay was used to select the extracted fraction with the strongest antihepatoma activity.The molecular weight of the extracted scolopentide was characterized by quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry(QTOF MS),and the sequence was matched by using the Mascot search engine.Based on the sequence and molecular weight,scolopentide was synthesized using solid-phase peptide synthesis methods.The synthetic scolopentide was confirmed by MS and HPLC.The antineoplastic effect of extracted scolopentide was confirmed by CCK8 assay and morphological changes again in vitro.The antihepatoma effect of synthetic scolopentide was assessed by the CCK8 assay and Hoechst staining in vitro and tumor volume and tumor weight in vivo.In the tumor xenograft experiments,qualified model mice(male 5-week-old BALB/c nude mice)were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=6):The scolopentide group(0.15 mL/d,via intraperitoneal injection of synthetic scolopentide,500 mg/kg/d)and the vehicle group(0.15 mL/d,via intraperitoneal injection of normal saline).The mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation after 14 d of continuous treatment.Mechanistically,flow cytometry was conducted to evaluate the apoptosis rate of HepG2 cells after treatment with extracted scolopentide in vitro.A Hoechst staining assay was also used to observe apoptosis in HepG2 cells after treatment with synthetic scolopentide in vitro.CCK8 assays and morphological changes were used to compare the cytotoxicity of synthetic scolopentide to liver cancer cells and normal liver cells in vitro.Molecular docking was performed to clarify whether scolopentide tightly bound to death receptor 4(DR4)and DR5.qRT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of DR4,DR5,fas-associated death domain protein(FADD),Caspase-8,Caspase-3,cytochrome c(Cyto-C),B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax),x-chromosome linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein and Cellular fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1βconverting enzyme inhibitory protein in hepatocarcinoma subcutaneous xenograft tumors from mice.Western blot assays were used to measure the protein expression of DR4,DR5,FADD,Caspase-8,Caspase-3,and Cyto-C in the tumor tissues.The reactive oxygen species(ROS)of tumor tissues were tested.RESULTS In the process of purification,characterization and synthesis of scolopentide,the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions(extract ratio:5.86%,IC_(50):0.310 mg/mL)were as follows:Trypsin at 0.1 g(300 U/g,centipede-trypsin ratio of 20:1),enzymolysis temperature of 46°C,and enzymolysis time of 4 h,which was superior to freeze-thawing with liquid nitrogen(IC_(50):3.07 mg/mL).A peptide with the strongest antihepatoma activity(scolopentide)was further purified through a Sephadex G-25 column(obtained A2)and two steps of HPLC(obtained B5 and C3).The molecular weight of the extracted scolopentide was 1018.997 Da,and the peptide sequence was RAQNHYCK,as characterized by QTOF MS and Mascot.Scolopentide was synthesized in vitro with a qualified molecular weight(1018.8 Da)and purity(98.014%),which was characterized by MS and HPLC.Extracted scolopentide still had an antineoplastic effect in vitro,which inhibited the proliferation of Eca-109(IC_(50):76.27μg/mL),HepG2(IC_(50):22.06μg/mL),and A549(IC_(50):35.13μg/mL)cells,especially HepG2 cells.Synthetic scolopentide inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells(treated 6,12,and 24 h)in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro,and the inhibitory effects were the strongest at 12 h(IC_(50):208.11μg/mL).Synthetic scolopentide also inhibited the tumor volume(Vehicle vs Scolopentide,P=0.0003)and weight(Vehicle vs Scolopentide,P=0.0022)in the tumor xenograft experiment.Mechanistically,flow cytometry suggested that the apoptosis ratios of HepG2 cells after treatment with extracted scolopentide were 5.01%(0μg/mL),12.13%(10μg/mL),16.52%(20μg/mL),and 23.20%(40μg/mL).Hoechst staining revealed apoptosis in HepG2 cells after treatment with synthetic scolopentide in vitro.The CCK8 assay and morphological changes indicated that synthetic scolopentide was cytotoxic and was significantly stronger in HepG2 cells than in L02 cells.Molecular docking suggested that scolopentide tightly bound to DR4 and DR5,and the binding free energies were-10.4 kcal/mol and-7.1 kcal/mol,respectively.In subcutaneous xenograft tumors from mice,quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting suggested that scolopentide activated DR4 and DR5 and induced apoptosis in SMMC-7721 Liver cancer cells by promoting the expression of FADD,caspase-8 and caspase-3 through a mitochondria-independent pathway.CONCLUSION Scolopentide,an antihepatoma peptide purified from centipedes,may inspire new antihepatoma agents.Scolopentide activates DR4 and DR5 and induces apoptosis in liver cancer cells through a mitochondria-independent pathway.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.U20A20408,and No.82074450Special Natural Science Fund for the Construction of an Innovative Province in Hunan Province,No.S2020JJMSXM1250+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,No.2020JJ4066Hunan Province"domestic first-class cultivation discipline"Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western medicine open fund project,No.2018ZXYJH28 and No.2020ZXYJH35.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is characterized by dysregulation of the immune microenvironment and the development of chemoresistance.Specifically,expression of the programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1(PD-L1)axis,an immune checkpoint,may lead to tumour immune escape,resulting in disease progression.The latest research shows that tumour immune escape may be caused by the upregulation of PD-L1 mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha(HIF-1α),and simultaneous inhibition of HIF-1αand PD-L1 has the potential to enhance the host’s antitumour immunity.Moreover,inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis may mitigate tumour chemoresistance.Shuyu pills(SYPs)contain immunity-enhancing and antitumour components,making them a potential HCC treatment.AIM To investigate the efficacy of SYPs for HCC treatment via simultaneous HIF-1α and PD-L1 inhibition and the mechanism involved.METHODS A subcutaneous xenograft tumour model was first established in BALB/c nude mice by the subcutaneous injection of 1×107 SMMC-7721 cells.Male mice(male,5 weeks old;n=24)were then randomly divided into the following four groups(n=6):Control(0.9%normal saline),SYP(200 mg/kg),SYP+cisplatin(DDP)(200 mg/kg+5 mg/kg DDP weekly via intraperitoneal injection),and DDP(5 mg/kg cisplatin weekly via intraperitoneal injection).The dose of saline or SYPs for the indicated mouse groups was 0.2 mL/d via intragastric administration.The tumour volumes and body weights of the mice were measured every 2 d.The mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation after 14 d of continuous treatment,and the xenograft tissues were excised and weighed.Western blot assays were used to measure the protein expression of HIF-1α,PD1,PD-L1,CD4+T cells,and CD8+T cells in HCC tumours from mice.Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used for real-time quantitative detection of PD-1,PD-L1,and HIF-1α mRNA expression.An immunofluorescence assay was conducted to examine the expression of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells.RESULTS Compared to mice in the control group,those in the SYP and SYP+DDP groups exhibited reduced tumour volumes and tumour weights.Moreover,the protein and mRNA expression levels of the oncogene HIF1α and that of the negative immunomodulatory factors PD-1 and PD-L1 were decreased in both the SYP and SYP+DDP groups,with the decrease effects being more prominent in the SYP+DDP group than in the SYP group(HIF-1α protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0129;control vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0004;control vs DDP,P=0.0152,SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0448;HIF-1αmRNA:control vs SYP,P=0.0009;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P=0.0003,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0192.PD-1 protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0099;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0009;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P<0.0001;PD-1 mRNA:control vs SYP,P=0.0002;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P=0.0003,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0003;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0002.PD-L1 protein:control vs SYP,P<0.0001;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0040;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0010;PD-L1 mRNA:Control vs SYP,P<0.0001;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0014).Additionally,the quantitative and protein expression levels of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells were simultaneously upregulated in the SYP+DDP group,whereas only the expression of CD4+T cells was upregulated in the SYP group.(CD4+T cell quantitative:Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0005;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0002.CD4+T cell protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0033;Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;Control vs DDP,P=0.0021,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0004;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0006.Quantitative CD8+T cells:Control vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0013;SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0347;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0043.CD8+T cell protein:Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P<0.0001).Finally,expression of HIF-1αwas positively correlated with that of PD-1/PD-L1 and negatively correlated with the expression of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells.CONCLUSION SYPs inhibit immune escape and enhance chemosensitization in HCC via simultaneous inhibition of HIF-1α and PD-L1,thus inhibiting the growth of subcutaneous xenograft HCC tumours.
基金This research is supported in part by NIAMS of NIH,under the grant number of R43AR070071.
文摘Objective and Impact Statement.To study the feasibility of combined functional photoacoustic(PA)and quantitative ultrasound(US)for diagnosis of osteoporosis in vivo based on the detection of chemical and microarchitecture(BMA)information in calcaneus bone.Introduction.Clinically available X-ray or US technologies for the diagnosis of osteoporosis do not report important parameters such as chemical information and BMA.With unique advantages,including good sensitivity to molecular and metabolic properties,PA bone assessment techniques hold a great potential for clinical translation.Methods.By performing multiwavelength PA measurements,the chemical information in the human calcaneus bone,including mineral,lipid,oxygenated-hemoglobin,and deoxygenated-hemoglobin,were assessed.In parallel,by performing PA spectrum analysis,the BMA as an important bone physical property was quantified.An unpaired t-test and a two-way ANOVA test were conducted to compare the outcomes from the two subject groups.Results.Multiwavelength PA measurement is capable of assessing the relative contents of several chemical components in the trabecular bone in vivo,including both minerals and organic materials such as oxygenated-hemoglobin,deoxygenated-hemoglobin,and lipid,which are relevant to metabolic activities and bone health.In addition,PA measurements of BMA show good correlations(R^(2)up to 0.65)with DEXA.Both the chemical and microarchitectural measurements from PA techniques can differentiate the two subject groups.Conclusion.The results from this initial clinical study suggest that PA techniques,by providing additional chemical and microarchitecture information relevant to bone health,may lead to accurate and early diagnosis,as well as sensitive monitoring of the treatment of osteoporosis.
基金financialy supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB1502303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21722601,U19A2017)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M660389)。
文摘Direct liquid fuel cells(DLFCs)are proposed to address the problems of high cost and complex storage and transportation of hydrogen in traditional hydrogen-oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cells.However,present fuels of organic small molecules used in DLFCs are restricted to problems of sluggish electrochemical kinetics and easily poisoning of precious metal catalysts.Herein,we demonstrate reduced phosphotungstic acid as a liquid fuel for DLFCs based on its advantages of high chemical and electrochemical stability,high electrochemical activity on common carbon material electrodes,and low permeability through proton exchange membranes.The application of phosphotungstic acid fuel effectively solves the problems of high cost of anode catalysts and serious fuel permeation loss in traditional DLFCs.A phosphotungstic acid fuel cell achieves a peak power density of466 mW cm^(-2)at a cell voltage of 0.42 V and good stability at current densities in the range from 20 to 200 mA cm^(-2).
文摘Objective:To explore the correlation of MMPs/TIMPs expression in aqueous humor with oxidative stress and angiogenesis in patients with glaucoma.Methods: A total of 110 patients with primary glaucoma who were diagnosed and treated in our hospital between August 2016 and February 2018 were selected as glaucoma group, and 68 patients with primary cataract who were treated in our hospital during the same period were selected as cataract group. The differences in MMP-2 and TIMP-2 contents as well as MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio, oxidative stress-related indexes and angiogenesis-related indexes in the aqueous humor were compared between two groups, and correlation analysis was used to further assess the correlation of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 contents as well as MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio with oxidative stress and angiogenesis in patients with glaucoma.Results: MMP-2 and TIMP-2 contents as well as MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio in aqueous humor of glaucoma group were higher than those of cataract group;anti-oxidation indexes T-AOC and CAT contents in aqueous humor were lower than those of cataract group whereas oxidation indexes ROS and AOPPs contents were higher than those of cataract group;angiogenesis-related index PEDF content in aqueous humor was lower than that of cataract group whereas VEGF and bFGF contents were higher than those of cataract group. Pearson test showed that MMP-2 and TIMP-2 contents as well as MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio in aqueous humor of glaucoma group were directly correlated with oxidative stress and angiogenesis.Conclusion: MMP-2 and TIMP-2 contents as well as MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio in aqueous humor significantly increase in patients with glaucoma, and are positively correlated with ocular oxidative stress and angiogenesis.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:22071127Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:tsqn201812074Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:ZR2019YQ07。
文摘Designing a theranostic probe for noninvasive bone imaging and bone disease therapy is both challenging and desirable.Herein,an ultrasmall Au nanocluster(NC,<2 nm)-based theranostic probe is developed to achieve highly temporospatial in vivo bone-targeted photoluminescence(PL)imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-Ⅱ)and enhanced rheumatoid arthritis(RA)therapy.The key design of the probe involves the surface phosphorylation of atomically precise NIR-Ⅱemitting Au_(44)NCs.This phosphorylation enhances the bone-targeting ability of the probe due to the highly concentrated phosphate groups,allowing the probe to realize in vivo bone-targeted NIR-ⅡPL imaging.Moreover,benefiting from the enhanced bone-targeting ability,ultrasmall hydrodynamic diameter,and excellent anti-inflammation and immunomodulatory effects,the probe not only demonstrates superior therapeutic efficacy for RA rats,effectively restoring the destructed cartilage to nearly normal but also exhibits good renal clearance and benign biocompatibility.These favorable attributes cannot be achieved by commercial methotrexate used for RA treatment.This study presents a new design paradigm for metal NC-based theranostic probes,offering the potential for high-resolution bone-targeted PL imaging and improved RA therapy.
文摘Based on the full vector complex coupled mode theory, a detailed analysis is made on the transmission spectrum characteristics of tilted long period fiber gratings. New transmission peaks are observed, which are located beside the long wavelength side of each transmission peak in the transmission spectrum of normal long period fiber gratings. The emerging transmission peaks are quite sensitive to both the grating tilted angle and the surrounding refractive index, and the corresponding relationship is discussed. Furthermore, a novel sensing characteristic is investigated about the tilted long period fiber gratings, which is related to the transmission resonant wavelength and peak amplitude.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62122072,12174368,61705216,61905112,82171989,62235013,62325112,U22A2023,81771880,and 62405306)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1404400)+6 种基金the Anhui Provincial Department of Science and Technology(Nos.202203a07020020 and 18030801138)the Anhui Provincial Department of Education(No.2022jyxm1836)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2308085QA21)the Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center(No.2022A0305-418-02)the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(No.2022-PUMCH-C-009)the University of Science and Technology of China(Nos.YD2090002015 and 2022xjyxm027)the Institute of Artificial Intelligence at Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center(No.23YGXT005).
文摘Photoacoustic computed tomography(PACT)is a rapidly developing biomedical imaging modality and has attracted substantial attention in recent years.Image reconstruction from photoacoustic projections plays a critical role in image formation in PACT.Here we review six major classes of image reconstruction approaches developed in the past three decades,including delay and sum,filtered back projection,series expansion,time reversal,iterative reconstruction,and deep-learning-based reconstruction.The principal ideas and implementations of the algorithms are summarized,and their reconstruction performances under different imaging scenarios are compared.Major challenges,future directions,and perspectives for the development of image reconstruction algorithms in PACT are also discussed.This review provides a self-contained reference guide for beginners and specialists in the photoacoustic community,to facilitate the development and application of novel photoacoustic image reconstruction algorithms.
