Schizophrenia is a complex and serious brain disorder.Neuroscientists have become increasingly interested in using magnetic resonance-based brain imaging-derived phenotypes(IDPs)to investigate the etiology of psychiat...Schizophrenia is a complex and serious brain disorder.Neuroscientists have become increasingly interested in using magnetic resonance-based brain imaging-derived phenotypes(IDPs)to investigate the etiology of psychiatric disorders.IDPs capture valuable clinical advantages and hold biological significance in identifying brain abnormalities.In this review,we aim to discuss current and prospective approaches to identify potential biomarkers for schizophrenia using clinical multimodal neuroimaging and imaging genetics.We first described IDPs through their phenotypic classification and neuroimaging genomics.Secondly,we discussed the applications of multimodal neuroimaging by clinical evidence in observational studies and randomized controlled trials.Thirdly,considering the genetic evidence of IDPs,we discussed how can utilize neuroimaging data as an intermediate phenotype to make association inferences by polygenic risk scores and Mendelian randomization.Finally,we discussed machine learning as an optimum approach for validating biomarkers.Together,future research efforts focused on neuroimaging biomarkers aim to enhance our understanding of schizophrenia.展开更多
Osteoblasts are essential in the maintenance of human bone homeostasis.1 The abnormal formation and impaired differentiation ability of osteoblasts are pivotal factors leading to bone-related diseases,suggesting that ...Osteoblasts are essential in the maintenance of human bone homeostasis.1 The abnormal formation and impaired differentiation ability of osteoblasts are pivotal factors leading to bone-related diseases,suggesting that an indepth study of osteoblasts can provide novel treatment strategies for these diseases.2 Human primary osteoblasts are precious experimental models in bone-related research.3 However,the isolation and culture of human primary osteoblasts still have some difficulties and limitations.Here,we refined a method to isolate and culture human primary osteoblasts by taking cancellous bone through a bone tissue sampler and pre-digesting it with pancreatin,which makes the process easier,cheaper,and more efficient.Furthermore,we compared the effects of the subtle changes in isolation and culture methods on the phenotype of human primary osteoblasts and examined the differences in morphology,proliferation,and differentiation between micro-explants cultured osteoblasts(MECOBs)and explants cultured osteoblasts(EC-OBs).展开更多
基金Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Shaanxi Province(2021JC-02)Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi Province(2022TD-44)+3 种基金Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2022GXLH-01-22)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82101601)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023T160517,2021M702612)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Schizophrenia is a complex and serious brain disorder.Neuroscientists have become increasingly interested in using magnetic resonance-based brain imaging-derived phenotypes(IDPs)to investigate the etiology of psychiatric disorders.IDPs capture valuable clinical advantages and hold biological significance in identifying brain abnormalities.In this review,we aim to discuss current and prospective approaches to identify potential biomarkers for schizophrenia using clinical multimodal neuroimaging and imaging genetics.We first described IDPs through their phenotypic classification and neuroimaging genomics.Secondly,we discussed the applications of multimodal neuroimaging by clinical evidence in observational studies and randomized controlled trials.Thirdly,considering the genetic evidence of IDPs,we discussed how can utilize neuroimaging data as an intermediate phenotype to make association inferences by polygenic risk scores and Mendelian randomization.Finally,we discussed machine learning as an optimum approach for validating biomarkers.Together,future research efforts focused on neuroimaging biomarkers aim to enhance our understanding of schizophrenia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82170896,31970569)Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2021JC-02)+3 种基金Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2022TD-44)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M692582)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2022JQ-808,2023-YBSF-180)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(China)(No.xzy012022032).
文摘Osteoblasts are essential in the maintenance of human bone homeostasis.1 The abnormal formation and impaired differentiation ability of osteoblasts are pivotal factors leading to bone-related diseases,suggesting that an indepth study of osteoblasts can provide novel treatment strategies for these diseases.2 Human primary osteoblasts are precious experimental models in bone-related research.3 However,the isolation and culture of human primary osteoblasts still have some difficulties and limitations.Here,we refined a method to isolate and culture human primary osteoblasts by taking cancellous bone through a bone tissue sampler and pre-digesting it with pancreatin,which makes the process easier,cheaper,and more efficient.Furthermore,we compared the effects of the subtle changes in isolation and culture methods on the phenotype of human primary osteoblasts and examined the differences in morphology,proliferation,and differentiation between micro-explants cultured osteoblasts(MECOBs)and explants cultured osteoblasts(EC-OBs).
