Background and Objective Patients with glioma experience a high symptom burden and have diverse palliative care needs.However,the assessment scales used in palliative care remain non-standardized and highly heterogene...Background and Objective Patients with glioma experience a high symptom burden and have diverse palliative care needs.However,the assessment scales used in palliative care remain non-standardized and highly heterogeneous.To evaluate the application patterns of the current scales used in palliative care for glioma,we aim to identify gaps and assess the need for disease-specific scales in glioma palliative care.Methods We conducted a systematic search of five databases including PubMed,Web of Science,Medline,EMBASE,and CINAHL for quantitative studies that reported scale-based assessments in glioma palliative care.We extracted data on scale characteristics,domains,frequency,and psychometric properties.Quality assessments were performed using the Cochrane ROB 2.0 and ROBINS-I tools.Results Of the 3,405 records initially identified,72 studies were included.These studies contained 75 distinct scales that were used 193 times.Mood(21.7%),quality of life(24.4%),and supportive care needs(5.2%)assessments were the most frequently assessed items,exceeding half of all scale applications.Among the various assessment dimensions,the Distress Thermometer(DT)was the most frequently used tool for assessing mood,while the Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire(SF-36)was the most frequently used tool for assessing quality of life.The Mini Mental Status Examination(MMSE)was the most common tool for cognitive assessment.Performance status(5.2%)and social support(6.8%)were underrepresented.Only three brain tumor-specific scales were identified.Caregiver-focused scales were limited and predominantly burden-oriented.Conclusions There are significant heterogeneity,domain imbalances,and validation gaps in the current use of assessment scales for patients with glioma receiving palliative care.The scale selected for use should be comprehensive and user-friendly.展开更多
Diffusion models have recently emerged as powerful generative models,producing high-fidelity samples across domains.Despite this,they have two key challenges,including improving the time-consuming iterative generation...Diffusion models have recently emerged as powerful generative models,producing high-fidelity samples across domains.Despite this,they have two key challenges,including improving the time-consuming iterative generation process and controlling and steering the generation process.Existing surveys provide broad overviews of diffusion model advancements.However,they lack comprehensive coverage specifically centered on techniques for controllable generation.This survey seeks to address this gap by providing a comprehensive and coherent review on controllable generation in diffusion models.We provide a detailed taxonomy defining controlled generation for diffusion models.Controllable generation is categorized based on the formulation,methodologies,and evaluation metrics.By enumerating the range of methods researchers have developed for enhanced control,we aim to establish controllable diffusion generation as a distinct subfield warranting dedicated focus.With this survey,we contextualize recent results,provide the dedicated treatment of controllable diffusion model generation,and outline limitations and future directions.To demonstrate applicability,we highlight controllable diffusion techniques for major computer vision tasks application.By consolidating methods and applications for controllable diffusion models,we hope to catalyze further innovations in reliable and scalable controllable generation.展开更多
Optically pumped wavelength-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs)operating in the ultraviolet A(UVA)spectrum were demonstrated.The VCSELs feature double dielectric distributed brag reflectors and a w...Optically pumped wavelength-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs)operating in the ultraviolet A(UVA)spectrum were demonstrated.The VCSELs feature double dielectric distributed brag reflectors and a wedge-shaped cavity fabricated using the substrate transfer technique and laser lift off,resulting in a graded cavity length in one device.A resonant period gain structure is used in the InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well active region to enhance the coupling between the cavity mode field and the active layers.The optical field inside the cavity is modulated by the cavity length;thus,tunable lasing at different wavelengths is realized at different points of a single VCSEL chip.The lasing wavelength extends from 376 to 409 nm,covering most of the UVA band below the band gap of GaN.The threshold pumping power density of the UVA VCSELs at different wavelengths ranges from 383 to 466 kW/cm^(2),which is among the lowest values for ultraviolet(UV)VCSELs.This study is promising for the development of small-footprint,power-efficient UV light sources.展开更多
文摘Background and Objective Patients with glioma experience a high symptom burden and have diverse palliative care needs.However,the assessment scales used in palliative care remain non-standardized and highly heterogeneous.To evaluate the application patterns of the current scales used in palliative care for glioma,we aim to identify gaps and assess the need for disease-specific scales in glioma palliative care.Methods We conducted a systematic search of five databases including PubMed,Web of Science,Medline,EMBASE,and CINAHL for quantitative studies that reported scale-based assessments in glioma palliative care.We extracted data on scale characteristics,domains,frequency,and psychometric properties.Quality assessments were performed using the Cochrane ROB 2.0 and ROBINS-I tools.Results Of the 3,405 records initially identified,72 studies were included.These studies contained 75 distinct scales that were used 193 times.Mood(21.7%),quality of life(24.4%),and supportive care needs(5.2%)assessments were the most frequently assessed items,exceeding half of all scale applications.Among the various assessment dimensions,the Distress Thermometer(DT)was the most frequently used tool for assessing mood,while the Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire(SF-36)was the most frequently used tool for assessing quality of life.The Mini Mental Status Examination(MMSE)was the most common tool for cognitive assessment.Performance status(5.2%)and social support(6.8%)were underrepresented.Only three brain tumor-specific scales were identified.Caregiver-focused scales were limited and predominantly burden-oriented.Conclusions There are significant heterogeneity,domain imbalances,and validation gaps in the current use of assessment scales for patients with glioma receiving palliative care.The scale selected for use should be comprehensive and user-friendly.
基金supported in part by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China under Grant No.62225605the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.U20A20222+1 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Natural ScienceFoundation of China under Grant No.LD24F020016the Ng Teng Fong Charitable Foundation in the form of ZJU-SUTDIDEA under Grant No.188170-11102。
文摘Diffusion models have recently emerged as powerful generative models,producing high-fidelity samples across domains.Despite this,they have two key challenges,including improving the time-consuming iterative generation process and controlling and steering the generation process.Existing surveys provide broad overviews of diffusion model advancements.However,they lack comprehensive coverage specifically centered on techniques for controllable generation.This survey seeks to address this gap by providing a comprehensive and coherent review on controllable generation in diffusion models.We provide a detailed taxonomy defining controlled generation for diffusion models.Controllable generation is categorized based on the formulation,methodologies,and evaluation metrics.By enumerating the range of methods researchers have developed for enhanced control,we aim to establish controllable diffusion generation as a distinct subfield warranting dedicated focus.With this survey,we contextualize recent results,provide the dedicated treatment of controllable diffusion model generation,and outline limitations and future directions.To demonstrate applicability,we highlight controllable diffusion techniques for major computer vision tasks application.By consolidating methods and applications for controllable diffusion models,we hope to catalyze further innovations in reliable and scalable controllable generation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grants No.2017YFE0131500 and 2016YFB0400803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.U1505253 and 62104204).
文摘Optically pumped wavelength-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs)operating in the ultraviolet A(UVA)spectrum were demonstrated.The VCSELs feature double dielectric distributed brag reflectors and a wedge-shaped cavity fabricated using the substrate transfer technique and laser lift off,resulting in a graded cavity length in one device.A resonant period gain structure is used in the InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well active region to enhance the coupling between the cavity mode field and the active layers.The optical field inside the cavity is modulated by the cavity length;thus,tunable lasing at different wavelengths is realized at different points of a single VCSEL chip.The lasing wavelength extends from 376 to 409 nm,covering most of the UVA band below the band gap of GaN.The threshold pumping power density of the UVA VCSELs at different wavelengths ranges from 383 to 466 kW/cm^(2),which is among the lowest values for ultraviolet(UV)VCSELs.This study is promising for the development of small-footprint,power-efficient UV light sources.
