Mycophenolic acid(MPA),the active moiety of both mycophenolate mofetil(MMF)and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium(EC-MPS),serves as a primary immunosuppressant for maintaining solid organ transplants.Therapeutic drug...Mycophenolic acid(MPA),the active moiety of both mycophenolate mofetil(MMF)and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium(EC-MPS),serves as a primary immunosuppressant for maintaining solid organ transplants.Therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM)enhances treatment outcomes through tailored approaches.This study aimed to develop an evidence-based guideline for MPA TDM,facilitating its rational application in clinical settings.The guideline plan was drawn from the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization(WHO)guidelines.Using the Delphi method,clinical questions and outcome indicators were generated.Systematic reviews,Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation(GRADE)evidence quality evaluations,expert opinions,and patient values guided evidence-based suggestions for the guideline.External reviews further refined the recommendations.The guideline for the TDM of MPA(IPGRP-2020CN099)consists of four sections and 16 recommendations encompassing target populations,monitoring strategies,dosage regimens,and influencing factors.High-risk populations,timing of TDM,area under the curve(AUC)versus trough concentration(C0),target concentration ranges,monitoring frequency,and analytical methods are addressed.Formulation-specific recommendations,initial dosage regimens,populations with unique considerations,pharmacokinetic-informed dosing,body weight factors,pharmacogenetics,and drug–drug interactions are covered.The evidence-based guideline offers a comprehensive recommendation for solid organ transplant recipients undergoing MPA therapy,promoting standardization of MPA TDM,and enhancing treatment efficacy and safety.展开更多
We investigated the associations of clinical and socioeconomic factors with delayed orchidopexy for cryptorchidism in China. A retrospective study was conducted on cryptorchid boys who underwent orchidopexy at Childre...We investigated the associations of clinical and socioeconomic factors with delayed orchidopexy for cryptorchidism in China. A retrospective study was conducted on cryptorchid boys who underwent orchidopexy at Children's Hospital at Chongqing Medical University in China from January 2012 to December 2017. Of 2423 patients, 410 (16.9%) received timely repair by 18 months of age, beyond which surgery was considered delayed. Univariate analysis suggested that the laterality of cryptorchidism (P = 0.001), comorbidities including inguinal hernia/scrotal hydrocele (P < 0.001) or urinary tract disease (P = 0.016), and whether patients lived in a poverty county (P < 0.001) could influence whether orchidopexy was timely or delayed. Logistic regression analysis suggested that the following factors were associated with delayed repair: unilateral rather than bilateral cryptorchidism (odds ratio [OR]= 1.752, P < 0.001), absence of inguinal hernia or hydrocele (OR = 2.027, P = 0.019), absence of urinary tract disease (OR = 3.712, P < 0.001), and living in a poverty county (OR = 2.005, P < 0.001). The duration of postoperative hospital stay and hospital costs increased with the patient's age at the time of surgery.展开更多
We aimed to explore the associations between the age at which children undergo surgery for hypospadias and a range of social and clinical factors in a single center.Our aim was to promote the early surgical treatment ...We aimed to explore the associations between the age at which children undergo surgery for hypospadias and a range of social and clinical factors in a single center.Our aim was to promote the early surgical treatment of children with hypospadias.For a 6-year period,social and clinical data were collected from all children undergoing surgery to repair hypospadias in Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University(Chongqing,China),located in southwest of China.We analyzed the correlations between age at surgery and a range of social and clinical factors.A total of 1611 eligible cases were recruited,with a mean age of 54.3 months and a median age of 42 months:234 cases(14.5%)were classified into a“timely operation”group,419(26.0%)cases into a“subtimely operation”group,and 958(59.5%)cases into a“delayed operation”group.According to multivariate regression analyses,the higher the regional economic level,the closer the urethral opening to the perineum,and the higher the educational level of the guardians was,the younger the children were when they underwent the initial surgery for hypospadias;this was also the case for families without other children.Our subgroup analysis showed that the primary educational level of the guardians was a risk factor for subtimely surgery in their children(odds ratio[OR]=1.52,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.08-2.15,P<0.05).A lower regional economic level(OR=1.87,95%CI:1.26-2.78,P<0.01),a lower educational level of the guardians(OR=3.84,95%CI:2.31-6.41,P<0.01),and an anterior-segment urethral opening(OR_(1)[vs middle hypospadias]=2.07,95%CI:1.42-3.03;0R_(2)[vs posterior hypospadias]=2.63,95%CI:1.75-3.95;P<0.01)were all risk factors for delayed surgery in children.展开更多
In this paper, TiAl alloy powders were prepared successfully by high-energy ball milling and diffusion reaction in vacuum at low temperature. The titanium powder, aluminum powder, and titanium hydride powder were used...In this paper, TiAl alloy powders were prepared successfully by high-energy ball milling and diffusion reaction in vacuum at low temperature. The titanium powder, aluminum powder, and titanium hydride powder were used as raw materials. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, field-emission scanning electron microscopy（FESEM）, and differential thermal analysis（DTA）. The results show that the alloy powders with the main intermetallic compounds of TiAl are obtained using Ti-Al powders and TiH2-Al powders after heated for 2 h at 500 ℃,3 h at 600 ℃,and 3 h at 750 ℃,respectively.The average grain sizes of alloy powder are about 45 and20 μm with irregular shape, respectively. The prepared TiAl alloy powders are relatively pure, and the average quality content of oxygen in the alloy powders is0.33 wt%. The forming process of alloy powder contains both the diffusion reaction of Ti and Al,which gives priority to the diffusion reaction of aluminum.展开更多
With the use of acrylic acid(AA)as a monomer,humic acid(HA)and starch as raw materials,potassium persulfate(KPS)as initiator,and N,Ndimethylacrylamide(MBA)as a cross-linking agent,AA/HA/Starch graft copolymer was prep...With the use of acrylic acid(AA)as a monomer,humic acid(HA)and starch as raw materials,potassium persulfate(KPS)as initiator,and N,Ndimethylacrylamide(MBA)as a cross-linking agent,AA/HA/Starch graft copolymer was prepared and characterized by SEM and FT-IR.The effects of temperature,adsorption time,adsorbent dosage,pH value and Cu^(2+)initial concentration of the solution on the adsorption performance of the crosslinked graft copolymer were also investigated.The results showed that the Cu^(2+)adsorption capacity of the AA/HA/Starch graft copolymer increased firstly and then decreased with increasing adsorbent dosage and the initial pH value of Cu^(2+)solution.With the increase of Cu^(2+)initial concentration and the extension of adsorption time,the adsorption amount of Cu^(2+)increased rapidly and then stabilized.And it decreased slightly with the increase of temperature.At pH value of 5.5,temperature of 298 K,adsorbent dosage of 50 mg,adsorption time of 125 min,and 100 mL Cu^(2+)solution with Cu^(2+)initial concentration of 100 mg/L,the Cu^(2+)adsorption capacity of the crosslinked graft copolymer was 238 mg/g.The adsorption of Cu^(2+)by the adsorbent followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and Langmuir isothermal adsorption model,and the adsorption was attached to monolayer chemical adsorption.This study proved that AA/HA/Starch graft copolymer could be used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of harmful and toxic metal cations such as Cu^(2+)from industrial wastewater.展开更多
Rare earth(RE)-doped TiO_(2)thin films possess important applications in modern optoelectronic devices.However,the high annealing temperature requirement remains a critical restriction in device fabrications.In this w...Rare earth(RE)-doped TiO_(2)thin films possess important applications in modern optoelectronic devices.However,the high annealing temperature requirement remains a critical restriction in device fabrications.In this work,TiO_(2)thin films doped with trivalent europium(Eu^(3+))ions were fabricated by a convenient sol-gel approach and subsequent annealing treatment.Interestingly,it is found that the optimal post-annealing temperature of TiO_(2):Eu^(3+)thin film is dramatically reduced from 800 to 300℃by incorporating 10 at%Sn^(4+)into the sol precursor.The Sn-incorporated film annealed at 300℃shows a 4-fold enhancement in photoluminescence(PL)intensity related to Eu^(3+)ions to the optimized Sn-free film.Systematic analysis reveals that this enhancement is attributed to Sn element promoting the crystallization of both anatase TiO_(2)and rutile SnO_(2)clusters at 300℃,which provides sufficient SnO_(2)/TiO_(2)crystal boundary facilitating Eu^(3+)to occupy and sensitized by SnO_(2)crystals.These results provide valuable insights into fabricating highly luminescent RE-doped TiO_(2)thin films with low annealing temperature requirement,which is essential for designing optoelectronic devices based on RE materials more freely in the future.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.72304007)the Huatong Guokang Medical Research Fund(No.2023HT010)。
文摘Mycophenolic acid(MPA),the active moiety of both mycophenolate mofetil(MMF)and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium(EC-MPS),serves as a primary immunosuppressant for maintaining solid organ transplants.Therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM)enhances treatment outcomes through tailored approaches.This study aimed to develop an evidence-based guideline for MPA TDM,facilitating its rational application in clinical settings.The guideline plan was drawn from the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization(WHO)guidelines.Using the Delphi method,clinical questions and outcome indicators were generated.Systematic reviews,Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation(GRADE)evidence quality evaluations,expert opinions,and patient values guided evidence-based suggestions for the guideline.External reviews further refined the recommendations.The guideline for the TDM of MPA(IPGRP-2020CN099)consists of four sections and 16 recommendations encompassing target populations,monitoring strategies,dosage regimens,and influencing factors.High-risk populations,timing of TDM,area under the curve(AUC)versus trough concentration(C0),target concentration ranges,monitoring frequency,and analytical methods are addressed.Formulation-specific recommendations,initial dosage regimens,populations with unique considerations,pharmacokinetic-informed dosing,body weight factors,pharmacogenetics,and drug–drug interactions are covered.The evidence-based guideline offers a comprehensive recommendation for solid organ transplant recipients undergoing MPA therapy,promoting standardization of MPA TDM,and enhancing treatment efficacy and safety.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81571425).
文摘We investigated the associations of clinical and socioeconomic factors with delayed orchidopexy for cryptorchidism in China. A retrospective study was conducted on cryptorchid boys who underwent orchidopexy at Children's Hospital at Chongqing Medical University in China from January 2012 to December 2017. Of 2423 patients, 410 (16.9%) received timely repair by 18 months of age, beyond which surgery was considered delayed. Univariate analysis suggested that the laterality of cryptorchidism (P = 0.001), comorbidities including inguinal hernia/scrotal hydrocele (P < 0.001) or urinary tract disease (P = 0.016), and whether patients lived in a poverty county (P < 0.001) could influence whether orchidopexy was timely or delayed. Logistic regression analysis suggested that the following factors were associated with delayed repair: unilateral rather than bilateral cryptorchidism (odds ratio [OR]= 1.752, P < 0.001), absence of inguinal hernia or hydrocele (OR = 2.027, P = 0.019), absence of urinary tract disease (OR = 3.712, P < 0.001), and living in a poverty county (OR = 2.005, P < 0.001). The duration of postoperative hospital stay and hospital costs increased with the patient's age at the time of surgery.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81970571)。
文摘We aimed to explore the associations between the age at which children undergo surgery for hypospadias and a range of social and clinical factors in a single center.Our aim was to promote the early surgical treatment of children with hypospadias.For a 6-year period,social and clinical data were collected from all children undergoing surgery to repair hypospadias in Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University(Chongqing,China),located in southwest of China.We analyzed the correlations between age at surgery and a range of social and clinical factors.A total of 1611 eligible cases were recruited,with a mean age of 54.3 months and a median age of 42 months:234 cases(14.5%)were classified into a“timely operation”group,419(26.0%)cases into a“subtimely operation”group,and 958(59.5%)cases into a“delayed operation”group.According to multivariate regression analyses,the higher the regional economic level,the closer the urethral opening to the perineum,and the higher the educational level of the guardians was,the younger the children were when they underwent the initial surgery for hypospadias;this was also the case for families without other children.Our subgroup analysis showed that the primary educational level of the guardians was a risk factor for subtimely surgery in their children(odds ratio[OR]=1.52,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.08-2.15,P<0.05).A lower regional economic level(OR=1.87,95%CI:1.26-2.78,P<0.01),a lower educational level of the guardians(OR=3.84,95%CI:2.31-6.41,P<0.01),and an anterior-segment urethral opening(OR_(1)[vs middle hypospadias]=2.07,95%CI:1.42-3.03;0R_(2)[vs posterior hypospadias]=2.63,95%CI:1.75-3.95;P<0.01)were all risk factors for delayed surgery in children.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51274039)the Guangdong Foundation of Research (No. 2011A090200091)
文摘In this paper, TiAl alloy powders were prepared successfully by high-energy ball milling and diffusion reaction in vacuum at low temperature. The titanium powder, aluminum powder, and titanium hydride powder were used as raw materials. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, field-emission scanning electron microscopy（FESEM）, and differential thermal analysis（DTA）. The results show that the alloy powders with the main intermetallic compounds of TiAl are obtained using Ti-Al powders and TiH2-Al powders after heated for 2 h at 500 ℃,3 h at 600 ℃,and 3 h at 750 ℃,respectively.The average grain sizes of alloy powder are about 45 and20 μm with irregular shape, respectively. The prepared TiAl alloy powders are relatively pure, and the average quality content of oxygen in the alloy powders is0.33 wt%. The forming process of alloy powder contains both the diffusion reaction of Ti and Al,which gives priority to the diffusion reaction of aluminum.
文摘With the use of acrylic acid(AA)as a monomer,humic acid(HA)and starch as raw materials,potassium persulfate(KPS)as initiator,and N,Ndimethylacrylamide(MBA)as a cross-linking agent,AA/HA/Starch graft copolymer was prepared and characterized by SEM and FT-IR.The effects of temperature,adsorption time,adsorbent dosage,pH value and Cu^(2+)initial concentration of the solution on the adsorption performance of the crosslinked graft copolymer were also investigated.The results showed that the Cu^(2+)adsorption capacity of the AA/HA/Starch graft copolymer increased firstly and then decreased with increasing adsorbent dosage and the initial pH value of Cu^(2+)solution.With the increase of Cu^(2+)initial concentration and the extension of adsorption time,the adsorption amount of Cu^(2+)increased rapidly and then stabilized.And it decreased slightly with the increase of temperature.At pH value of 5.5,temperature of 298 K,adsorbent dosage of 50 mg,adsorption time of 125 min,and 100 mL Cu^(2+)solution with Cu^(2+)initial concentration of 100 mg/L,the Cu^(2+)adsorption capacity of the crosslinked graft copolymer was 238 mg/g.The adsorption of Cu^(2+)by the adsorbent followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and Langmuir isothermal adsorption model,and the adsorption was attached to monolayer chemical adsorption.This study proved that AA/HA/Starch graft copolymer could be used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of harmful and toxic metal cations such as Cu^(2+)from industrial wastewater.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61504030,11704081)Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2020GXNSFAA238043,2020GXNSFAA297182,2017GXNSFGA198005)the Special Fund for Guangxi Distinguished Professors(Bagui Yingcai&Bagui Xuezhe)2017AD22006。
文摘Rare earth(RE)-doped TiO_(2)thin films possess important applications in modern optoelectronic devices.However,the high annealing temperature requirement remains a critical restriction in device fabrications.In this work,TiO_(2)thin films doped with trivalent europium(Eu^(3+))ions were fabricated by a convenient sol-gel approach and subsequent annealing treatment.Interestingly,it is found that the optimal post-annealing temperature of TiO_(2):Eu^(3+)thin film is dramatically reduced from 800 to 300℃by incorporating 10 at%Sn^(4+)into the sol precursor.The Sn-incorporated film annealed at 300℃shows a 4-fold enhancement in photoluminescence(PL)intensity related to Eu^(3+)ions to the optimized Sn-free film.Systematic analysis reveals that this enhancement is attributed to Sn element promoting the crystallization of both anatase TiO_(2)and rutile SnO_(2)clusters at 300℃,which provides sufficient SnO_(2)/TiO_(2)crystal boundary facilitating Eu^(3+)to occupy and sensitized by SnO_(2)crystals.These results provide valuable insights into fabricating highly luminescent RE-doped TiO_(2)thin films with low annealing temperature requirement,which is essential for designing optoelectronic devices based on RE materials more freely in the future.
