Surface water plays an essential role in the ecohydrological cycle,especially in water-scarce regions.Changes in surface water restrict social,economic,and agricultural development.However,the patterns and underlying ...Surface water plays an essential role in the ecohydrological cycle,especially in water-scarce regions.Changes in surface water restrict social,economic,and agricultural development.However,the patterns and underlying causes of surface water changes over varying frequencies in global arid regions remain unclear.Thus,this study investigated the changes in surface water and the underlying causes using the trend analysis and Spearman correlation coefficient on the basis of multi-source remote sensing and climate datasets across global arid regions during 2000–2020.The surface water was divided into temporary surface water(TSW),seasonal surface water(SSW),and permanent surface water(PSW)by calculating the surface water inundation frequency.Considering that surface water may be influenced by precipitation in the upper basins,we analyzed the response of surface water area to climatic factors at the basin scale.The area of all surface water(ASW)increased dramatically in global arid regions from 2000 to 2020,increasing from 61.88×104 to 67.40×104 km^(2);however,this increase was accompanied by a decrease in surface water inundation frequency.TSW increased by 55.46%relative to its area in 2000,with a net change rate of 3284.00 km^(2)/a.Changes in surface water were predominantly observed in the Kyzylkum Desert in Central Asia,the Thar Desert in southwestern Asia,and the deserts in Oceania.Precipitation had a significant effect on SSW and TSW at the basin scale.The correlation between precipitation and SSW area can reach 0.808 in the Indus River Basin of the Thar Desert(P<0.01).The findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of surface water variability in global arid regions,carrying significant practical implications for the scientific management of surface water at different frequencies.展开更多
中高压直流变压器是直流输配电系统中进行新能源发电直流汇集与电压变换的关键设备之一。模块化多电平型直流变压器(modular multilevel DC transformer,MMDCT)模块化程度高、电压扩展能力强,是高压大功率直流电能变换的主流技术方案,...中高压直流变压器是直流输配电系统中进行新能源发电直流汇集与电压变换的关键设备之一。模块化多电平型直流变压器(modular multilevel DC transformer,MMDCT)模块化程度高、电压扩展能力强,是高压大功率直流电能变换的主流技术方案,呈现出迅猛的发展趋势。首先梳理了中高压直流变压器的典型应用场景,然后归纳整理了MMDCT的典型拓扑结构。在此基础上,分别对MMDCT的调制策略、电容电压均衡控制方法、环流抑制策略、功率控制方案、实验样机和应用等关键技术问题进行归纳分析与总结。最后,展望了MMDCT今后的发展趋势,总结了在未来直流电网中MMDCT所承担的多功能角色以及多方向的技术挑战。展开更多
直流微网中组网变流器采用虚拟电机控制可改善系统中因功率波动所引起的电能质量问题,但其无法兼顾直流母线电压动态调节的灵活性。针对此问题,以直流微网中蓄电池储能单元的DC-DC变流器为研究对象,基于类虚拟同步发电机控制技术,利用...直流微网中组网变流器采用虚拟电机控制可改善系统中因功率波动所引起的电能质量问题,但其无法兼顾直流母线电压动态调节的灵活性。针对此问题,以直流微网中蓄电池储能单元的DC-DC变流器为研究对象,基于类虚拟同步发电机控制技术,利用直流电压变化率与惯性参数耦合的机理,提出一种能够实现直流电压灵活动态调节的灵活类虚拟同步发电机控制。通过建立小信号模型,基于DC-DC变流器端口响应与根轨迹的分析,揭示了主要参数变化对系统惯性与稳定性的影响规律,并给出相应的整定方法。其次,通过结合蓄电池的双向特性以及系统稳定裕度指标,给出了惯性参数的稳定取值区域,实现合理范围内惯性控制的灵活调节。然后根据荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)对蓄电池提供惯性功率能力的影响,基于SOC对惯性控制中下垂系数的取值进行实时约束。研究结果表明,灵活类虚拟同步发电机控制能给系统提供灵活可调的惯性支撑,使直流电压具有更好的动态特性和稳定性。最后,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了所提控制策略的有效性。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3208701)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(B210201035).
文摘Surface water plays an essential role in the ecohydrological cycle,especially in water-scarce regions.Changes in surface water restrict social,economic,and agricultural development.However,the patterns and underlying causes of surface water changes over varying frequencies in global arid regions remain unclear.Thus,this study investigated the changes in surface water and the underlying causes using the trend analysis and Spearman correlation coefficient on the basis of multi-source remote sensing and climate datasets across global arid regions during 2000–2020.The surface water was divided into temporary surface water(TSW),seasonal surface water(SSW),and permanent surface water(PSW)by calculating the surface water inundation frequency.Considering that surface water may be influenced by precipitation in the upper basins,we analyzed the response of surface water area to climatic factors at the basin scale.The area of all surface water(ASW)increased dramatically in global arid regions from 2000 to 2020,increasing from 61.88×104 to 67.40×104 km^(2);however,this increase was accompanied by a decrease in surface water inundation frequency.TSW increased by 55.46%relative to its area in 2000,with a net change rate of 3284.00 km^(2)/a.Changes in surface water were predominantly observed in the Kyzylkum Desert in Central Asia,the Thar Desert in southwestern Asia,and the deserts in Oceania.Precipitation had a significant effect on SSW and TSW at the basin scale.The correlation between precipitation and SSW area can reach 0.808 in the Indus River Basin of the Thar Desert(P<0.01).The findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of surface water variability in global arid regions,carrying significant practical implications for the scientific management of surface water at different frequencies.
文摘中高压直流变压器是直流输配电系统中进行新能源发电直流汇集与电压变换的关键设备之一。模块化多电平型直流变压器(modular multilevel DC transformer,MMDCT)模块化程度高、电压扩展能力强,是高压大功率直流电能变换的主流技术方案,呈现出迅猛的发展趋势。首先梳理了中高压直流变压器的典型应用场景,然后归纳整理了MMDCT的典型拓扑结构。在此基础上,分别对MMDCT的调制策略、电容电压均衡控制方法、环流抑制策略、功率控制方案、实验样机和应用等关键技术问题进行归纳分析与总结。最后,展望了MMDCT今后的发展趋势,总结了在未来直流电网中MMDCT所承担的多功能角色以及多方向的技术挑战。
文摘直流微网中组网变流器采用虚拟电机控制可改善系统中因功率波动所引起的电能质量问题,但其无法兼顾直流母线电压动态调节的灵活性。针对此问题,以直流微网中蓄电池储能单元的DC-DC变流器为研究对象,基于类虚拟同步发电机控制技术,利用直流电压变化率与惯性参数耦合的机理,提出一种能够实现直流电压灵活动态调节的灵活类虚拟同步发电机控制。通过建立小信号模型,基于DC-DC变流器端口响应与根轨迹的分析,揭示了主要参数变化对系统惯性与稳定性的影响规律,并给出相应的整定方法。其次,通过结合蓄电池的双向特性以及系统稳定裕度指标,给出了惯性参数的稳定取值区域,实现合理范围内惯性控制的灵活调节。然后根据荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)对蓄电池提供惯性功率能力的影响,基于SOC对惯性控制中下垂系数的取值进行实时约束。研究结果表明,灵活类虚拟同步发电机控制能给系统提供灵活可调的惯性支撑,使直流电压具有更好的动态特性和稳定性。最后,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了所提控制策略的有效性。
