Inspired by the simple yet amazing morphology of the Octopus, we propose the design, fabrication, and characterization of multi-material bio-inspired soft Octopus robot (Octobot). 3D printed molds for tentacles and he...Inspired by the simple yet amazing morphology of the Octopus, we propose the design, fabrication, and characterization of multi-material bio-inspired soft Octopus robot (Octobot). 3D printed molds for tentacles and head were used. The tentacles of the Octobot were casted using Ecoflex-0030 while head was fabricated using relatively flexible material, i.e., OOMOO-25. The head is attached to the functionally responsive tentacles (each tentacle is of 79.12 mm length and 7 void space diameter), whereas Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) muscle wires of 0.5 mm thickness are used in Octobot tentacles for dual thrust generation and actuation of Octobot. The tentacles were separated in two groups and were synchronously actuated. Each tentacle of the developed Octobot contains a pair of SMA muscles (SMA-α and SMA-β). SMA-α muscles being the main actuator, was powered by 9 V, 350 mA power supply, whereas SMA-β was used to provide back thrust and thus helps to increase the actuation frequency. Simulation work of the proposed model was performed in the SolidWorks environment to verify the vertical velocity using the octopus tentacle actuation. The design morphology of Octobot was optimized using simulation and TRACKER software by analyzing the experimental data of angle, displacement, and velocity of real octopus. The as-developed Octobot can swim at variable frequencies (0.5–2 Hz) with the average speed of 25 mm/s (0.5 BLS). Therefore, the proposed soft Octopus robot showed an excellent capability of mimicking the gait pattern of its natural counterpart.展开更多
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important and reliable indicator of soil quality. In this study, soil spectra were characterized and analysed to predict the spatial soil organic carbon (SOC) content using multivariate...Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important and reliable indicator of soil quality. In this study, soil spectra were characterized and analysed to predict the spatial soil organic carbon (SOC) content using multivariate predictive modeling technique-artificial neural network (ANN). EO1-Hyperion (400 - 2500 nm) hyperspectral image, field and laboratory scale data sets (350 - 2500 nm) were generated which consisted of laboratory estimated SOC content of collected soil samples (dependent variable) and their corresponding reflectance data of SOC sensitive spectral bands (predictive variables). For each data set, ANN predictive models were developed and all three datasets (image-scale, field-scale and lab-scale) revealed significant network performances for training, testing and validation indicating a good network generalization for SOC content. ANN based analysis showed high prediction of SOC content at image (R2 = 0.93, and RPD = 3.19), field (R2 = 0.92 and RPD = 3.17), and lab scale (R2 = 0.95 and RPD = 3.16). Validation results of ANN indicated that predictive models performed well (R2 = 0.90) with RMSE 0.070. The result showed that ANN methods had a great potential for estimating and mapping spatial SOC content. The study concluded that ANN model was potential tools in predicting SOC distribution in agricultural field using hyper-spectral remote sensing data at image-scale, field-scale and lab-scale.展开更多
Phosphorus(P) deficiency limits the growth,development,and productivity of rice.To better understand the underlying mechanisms in P-deficiency tolerance and the role of Pup1 QTL in enhancing P use efficiency(PUE) for ...Phosphorus(P) deficiency limits the growth,development,and productivity of rice.To better understand the underlying mechanisms in P-deficiency tolerance and the role of Pup1 QTL in enhancing P use efficiency(PUE) for the development of P-efficient rice cultivars,a pair of contrasting rice genotypes(Pusa-44 and NIL-23) was applied to investigate the morpho-physio-biochemical and proteomic variation under P-starvation stress.The rice genotypes were grown hydroponically in a PusaRich medium with adequate P(16 mg/kg,+P) or without P(0 mg/kg,-P) for 30 d.P-starvation manifested a significant reductions in root and shoot biomass,shoot length,leaf area,total chlorophyll,and P,nitrogen and starch contents,as well as protein kinase activity.The stress increased root-to-shoot biomass ratio,root length,sucrose content,and acid phosphatase activity,particularly in the P-tolerant genotype(NIL-23).Comparative proteome analysis revealed several P metabolism-associated proteins(including OsCDPKs,OsMAPKs,OsCPKs,OsLecRK2,and OsSAPks) to be expressed in the shoot of NIL-23,indicating that multiple protein kinases were involved in P-starvation/deficiency tolerance.Moreover,the up-regulated expression of OsrbcL,OsABCG32,OsSUS5,OsPoll-like B,and ClpC2 proteins in the shoot,and OsACA9,OsACA8,OsSPS2F,OsPP2C15,and OsBiP3 in the root of NIL-23,indicated their role in P-starvation stress control through the Pup1 QTL. Thus,our findings indicated that-P stress-responsive proteins,in conjunction with morpho-physio-biochemical modulations,improved PUE and made NIL-23 a P-deficiency tolerant genotype due to the introgression of the Pup1 QTL in the Pusa-44 background.展开更多
Our earlier work showed that hydromethanol extract(HME)of Pleurotus fl orida had antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential.This study aimed at isolating the constituent responsible for the activities.HME was subjec...Our earlier work showed that hydromethanol extract(HME)of Pleurotus fl orida had antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential.This study aimed at isolating the constituent responsible for the activities.HME was subjected to bioactivity guided fractionation using in vitro anti-acetylcholinesterase(Ellman method)and antioxidant(DPPH scavenging assay).The most active constituent was evaluated in vivo employing i.c.v.streptozotocin(STZ)induced dementia in mice.Morris water maze test was used for evaluating memory,followed by biochemical estimations and histopathological studies.Bioactivity guided fractionation resulted in isolation of resveratrol(identifi ed by IR,NMR and MS)and its content in P.fl orida fruiting bodies was 0.0098%(m/m,by a validated TLC densitometric method).It improved STZ induced dementia and neurodegeneration in mice by reducing brain acetylcholinesterase action and oxidative stress.The observed effects might be the presence of resveratrol.Our results further endorse that P.fl orida derived resveratrol can be a promising therapy for Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
The objective of the current study was to develop a validated, specific and stability-indicating reverse phase UHPLC method for the quantitative determination of Milnacipran and its related substances. The determinati...The objective of the current study was to develop a validated, specific and stability-indicating reverse phase UHPLC method for the quantitative determination of Milnacipran and its related substances. The determination was done for active pharmaceutical ingredient and its pharmaceutical dosage forms in the presence of degradation products, and its process-related impurities. The drug was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis (acid and base), oxidation, pho- tolysis and thermal degradation per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) prescribed stress conditions to show the stability-indicating power of the method. Significant degradation was observed during acid, base, oxidative and neutral stress hydrolysis. The chromatographic conditions were optimized using an impurity-spiked solution and the samples generated from forced degradation studies. In the developed UHPLC method, the resolution between Milnacipran and its process-related impurities was found to be greater than 2.0. Regression analysis shows an r value (correlation coefficient) of greater than 0.999 for Milnacipran and it’s all the five impurities. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 stationary phase. The method employed a linear gradient elution and the detection wavelength was set at 220 nm. The mobile phase consists of buffer and acetonitrile delivered at a flow rate of 0.2 mL?min–1. Buffer consists a mixture of 10 mM Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate and 10 mM hexane sulfonate sodium salt, pH adjusted to 2.5 using ortho phosphoric acid. The mobile phase A consists of buffer and acetonitrile (950:50, v/v) and mobile phase B consists of acetonitrile. The stress samples were assayed against a qualified reference standard and the mass balance was found to be close to 99.5%. The developed RP-LC method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness.展开更多
Fractures of the radial neck account for 5-10% of traumatic lesions of the elbow in the child. Conservative method of reduction may fail to reduce severely displaced fractures. Open reduction of severely displaced rad...Fractures of the radial neck account for 5-10% of traumatic lesions of the elbow in the child. Conservative method of reduction may fail to reduce severely displaced fractures. Open reduction of severely displaced radial neck fractures is associated with a high incidence of complications. The present study describes the results achieved after closed and indirect reduction of the severely displaced radial head using a 2-mm K-wire passed intramedullary from near the radial styloid. The bent tip of the K-wire was used to manipulate the displaced head back to the shaft without opening the fracture site. The indirect reduction of the radial head using bent intramedullary K-wire is a simple, minimally invasive method, easy to perform, and obtains encouraging results with few complications. Intramedullary pin also achieves fixation of the radial head after reduction and prevents its secondary displacement.展开更多
In this work,（1-x）CdO-xSnO2 nanocomposites（≤0.15）have been synthesized via hydrothermal route.The structural study reveals that CdO nanostructures possess crystalline phase and cubic structure.The CdO-SnO2 nanoco...In this work,（1-x）CdO-xSnO2 nanocomposites（≤0.15）have been synthesized via hydrothermal route.The structural study reveals that CdO nanostructures possess crystalline phase and cubic structure.The CdO-SnO2 nanocomposites possess both cubic and orthorhombic structure with good crystallinity.The crystallite size in the nanocomposites was found to be in the range of 9.6-19.6 nm.Field emission scanning electronic microscopy and high-resolution tunnelling microscopy analysis confirm the presence of both cubic and orthorhombic structures which is also confirmed from X-ray diffraction studies.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FFIR）studies confirm that CdO-SnO2 nanocomposites possess the characteristics band of both CdO and SnO2 nanostructures.The UV-visible absorption studies confirm that the optical absorption band in CdO-SnO2 nanocomposites possesses both blue and red shift as compared to that of CdO nanostructures.Photoluminescence spectroscopy studies reveal the appearance of strong emission peak at 513,469 and 369 nm corresponding to green,blue and violet emission spectrum,respectively,in CdO-SnO2 nanocomposites.The FTIR studies confirm the presence of hydroxyl and water functional group due to atmospheric water vapours and chemical bonding in CdO and CdO-SnO2 nanocomposites.Raman spectroscopy confirms the presence of Raman bands of both CdO and SnO2 phases in the CdO-SnO2 nanocomposites.展开更多
The objective of the current study was to develop a validated, specific and stability-indicating reverse phase HPLC method for the quantitative determination of Dronedarone and its related substances. The determinatio...The objective of the current study was to develop a validated, specific and stability-indicating reverse phase HPLC method for the quantitative determination of Dronedarone and its related substances. The determination was done for active pharmaceutical ingredient and its pharmaceutical dosage forms in the presence of degradation products, and its process-related impurities. The drug was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis (acid and base), oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) prescribed stress conditions to show the stability-indicating power of the method. Significant degradation was observed during acid, oxidative and photo stress studies. In the developed HPLC method, the resolution between Dronedarone and its process-related impurities was found to be greater than 2.0. Regression analysis shows an r value (correlation coefficient) of greater than 0.999 for Dronedarone and it’s all the five impurities. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C8 stationary phase. The method employed a linear gradient elution and the detection wavelength was set at 288 nm. The stress samples were assayed against a qualified reference standard and the mass balance was found to be close to 99.6%. The developed HPLC method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness.展开更多
Plasma Sprayed coatings provide protection against corrosion, erosion and wear. Inconel- 718 is a metallic coating which has good wear and erosion resistance. This is plasma sprayed on to Al6061 substrate and then sub...Plasma Sprayed coatings provide protection against corrosion, erosion and wear. Inconel- 718 is a metallic coating which has good wear and erosion resistance. This is plasma sprayed on to Al6061 substrate and then subjected to slurry erosive wear tests. It is observed that the slurry wear rates of Al6061 decreased on coating the substrate material with Inconel- 718.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus is associated with Hepatitis C which can be acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis C is usually short term illness that can lead to chronic infection, while chronic hepatitis C is a chronic liver disease ...Hepatitis C virus is associated with Hepatitis C which can be acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis C is usually short term illness that can lead to chronic infection, while chronic hepatitis C is a chronic liver disease leading to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and even death. The mode of transmission is mainly parenteral and vertical. Hepatitis C is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and a serious public health problem, worldwide as well as in Pakistan. There is no vaccine available for hepatitis C so the only way to prevent hepatitis C is by changing behaviors which can spread the disease. Pakistan is also facing a huge burden of this disease. In Pakistan, the frequency of hepatitis C virus infection ranges from 8% - 15% in the general population with variations in different parts of the country. The general method of detecting infection with HCV is to observe the presence of antibodies to the virus. The aim of this study was to determine frequency of hepatitis C among general population and to see the increasing frequency in our part. Selection of Patients: All patients visiting outpatient clinics, Hepatitis clinic and indoor patients at Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2014 were screened for anti HCV. Methods: Blood samples were collected from the patients in Red Topped vaccutainers and allowed to clot, then centrifuged and serum was screened for anti HCV by Immunochromatography (ICT) method. Results: A total of 156,990 patients were screened for anti-HCV, 23,511 (14.98%) patients were reported positive. During the year 2010, total 11,058 patients were screened for anti HCV, 1791 (16%) were positive, while in the year 2011 total 26,921 were screened and 3908 (14.5%) were positive, during the year 2012, total 23,321 were screened, 3036 (14%) were positive, in the year 2013 we screened total 40,483 patients 6070 (15%) were positive, while in 2014, total 55,484 patients were screened and 8584 were positive (15.5%). The most affected age group is between 21 - 40 years and males are affected more than females. Conclusion: Hepatitis C in increasing in our population affecting the young generation between the age of 21 - 40 years and male population is affected more than females so a mass screening is needed to know the exact position of the disease as well as awareness programs should be started using media.展开更多
Watershed development programmes carried out in different agroclimatic conditions in India resulted in beneficial impact in terms of productivity enhancement and natural resources conservation, but less attention paid...Watershed development programmes carried out in different agroclimatic conditions in India resulted in beneficial impact in terms of productivity enhancement and natural resources conservation, but less attention paid to institutional and participatory aspects. This paper explored the performance of various institutions regarding execution of watershed development programmes in semi-arid region of India. Recorded observations from documents maintained at watershed level and information collected through primary survey as well as focus group discussion with different types of stakeholders were used for analysis. The results indicated lacunae in participatory aspects during programme implementation process like monitoring activities, management of common property resources and equity. Gap in linkages and differential level of performance of various watershed level functionaries indicates the necessity for corrections in the structures and linkages pattern for sustainability of the infrastructure and institutions. The study also showed unequal priorities by the implementing agencies towards in-stitutions, land and water resources development, production enhancement activities and fodder re-sources development as well as rationalities of technical, economic, financial, political and social aspects among the watersheds.展开更多
Surface functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles(Fe_(2)O_(3) NPs)with antibiotics is a novel approach that opens the door to drug delivery applications.In the present work,we report iron oxide nanoparticles synth...Surface functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles(Fe_(2)O_(3) NPs)with antibiotics is a novel approach that opens the door to drug delivery applications.In the present work,we report iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method.As-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),energy dispersive X-ray(EDX),X-ray diffraction(XRD),ultraviolet(UV)-visible(Vis)spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM).The poly-shaped Fe_(2)O_(3) NPs of size(34±10)nm with hematite(α-Fe_(2)O_(3))phase were synthesized.The antibacterial activity of chloramphenicol and gentamicin and their formulation with encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles was investigated by the agar well diffusion technique.Drug-encapsulated Fe_(2)O_(3) NPs showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains,possibly in a dose-dependent manner.Significant effectiveness was confirmed by the increase in the single range of inhibition against the tested microorganisms.Furthermore,the effect of iron oxide nanoparticle concentrations ranging from 1 to 9μg/μL on bacterial growth was examined.展开更多
Calcium oxide(CaO)is a promising material that works as a glass constituent,catalyst,toxic-waste remediation,poisonous gas absorbent,industrial refectory element for metal smelting,paper bleaching,sulfur neutralizatio...Calcium oxide(CaO)is a promising material that works as a glass constituent,catalyst,toxic-waste remediation,poisonous gas absorbent,industrial refectory element for metal smelting,paper bleaching,sulfur neutralization in sugar,cosmetics and drug delivery mediator.This work proposes the synthesis of CaO nanoparticles by direct precipitation technique using an aqueous solution of calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide precursors.The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized for the structure,morphology,chemical composition and optical behavior using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction(XRD),field effect scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.The XRD results show that the CaO nanoparticles have been synthesized in a cubic crystalline structure with the average crystallite size of about 13 nm and display aggregated morphology of nanoclusters.The presence of distinct peaks in the FTIR and EDS spectra reveal that the nanoparticles are successfully formed from the chemical recipe of the precipitation process.The optical bandgap has been estimated from the Kubelka-Munk plot and found to be 3.48 eV.The antibacterial activity of CaO nanoparticles has been tested by the well diffusion technique and observed that it shows good antibacterial action against the gram-negative bacterial strains.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)Grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(NRF-2022R1A2C2004771)Internal Research Grant by ORIC,SukkurIBA University 2022.
文摘Inspired by the simple yet amazing morphology of the Octopus, we propose the design, fabrication, and characterization of multi-material bio-inspired soft Octopus robot (Octobot). 3D printed molds for tentacles and head were used. The tentacles of the Octobot were casted using Ecoflex-0030 while head was fabricated using relatively flexible material, i.e., OOMOO-25. The head is attached to the functionally responsive tentacles (each tentacle is of 79.12 mm length and 7 void space diameter), whereas Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) muscle wires of 0.5 mm thickness are used in Octobot tentacles for dual thrust generation and actuation of Octobot. The tentacles were separated in two groups and were synchronously actuated. Each tentacle of the developed Octobot contains a pair of SMA muscles (SMA-α and SMA-β). SMA-α muscles being the main actuator, was powered by 9 V, 350 mA power supply, whereas SMA-β was used to provide back thrust and thus helps to increase the actuation frequency. Simulation work of the proposed model was performed in the SolidWorks environment to verify the vertical velocity using the octopus tentacle actuation. The design morphology of Octobot was optimized using simulation and TRACKER software by analyzing the experimental data of angle, displacement, and velocity of real octopus. The as-developed Octobot can swim at variable frequencies (0.5–2 Hz) with the average speed of 25 mm/s (0.5 BLS). Therefore, the proposed soft Octopus robot showed an excellent capability of mimicking the gait pattern of its natural counterpart.
文摘Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important and reliable indicator of soil quality. In this study, soil spectra were characterized and analysed to predict the spatial soil organic carbon (SOC) content using multivariate predictive modeling technique-artificial neural network (ANN). EO1-Hyperion (400 - 2500 nm) hyperspectral image, field and laboratory scale data sets (350 - 2500 nm) were generated which consisted of laboratory estimated SOC content of collected soil samples (dependent variable) and their corresponding reflectance data of SOC sensitive spectral bands (predictive variables). For each data set, ANN predictive models were developed and all three datasets (image-scale, field-scale and lab-scale) revealed significant network performances for training, testing and validation indicating a good network generalization for SOC content. ANN based analysis showed high prediction of SOC content at image (R2 = 0.93, and RPD = 3.19), field (R2 = 0.92 and RPD = 3.17), and lab scale (R2 = 0.95 and RPD = 3.16). Validation results of ANN indicated that predictive models performed well (R2 = 0.90) with RMSE 0.070. The result showed that ANN methods had a great potential for estimating and mapping spatial SOC content. The study concluded that ANN model was potential tools in predicting SOC distribution in agricultural field using hyper-spectral remote sensing data at image-scale, field-scale and lab-scale.
基金The study was funded by the financial support received from the Centre of Advanced Agricultural Science and Technology-National Agricultural Higher Education Project jointly funded by the World Bank and ICAR(Grant No.8776-IN-P151072).
文摘Phosphorus(P) deficiency limits the growth,development,and productivity of rice.To better understand the underlying mechanisms in P-deficiency tolerance and the role of Pup1 QTL in enhancing P use efficiency(PUE) for the development of P-efficient rice cultivars,a pair of contrasting rice genotypes(Pusa-44 and NIL-23) was applied to investigate the morpho-physio-biochemical and proteomic variation under P-starvation stress.The rice genotypes were grown hydroponically in a PusaRich medium with adequate P(16 mg/kg,+P) or without P(0 mg/kg,-P) for 30 d.P-starvation manifested a significant reductions in root and shoot biomass,shoot length,leaf area,total chlorophyll,and P,nitrogen and starch contents,as well as protein kinase activity.The stress increased root-to-shoot biomass ratio,root length,sucrose content,and acid phosphatase activity,particularly in the P-tolerant genotype(NIL-23).Comparative proteome analysis revealed several P metabolism-associated proteins(including OsCDPKs,OsMAPKs,OsCPKs,OsLecRK2,and OsSAPks) to be expressed in the shoot of NIL-23,indicating that multiple protein kinases were involved in P-starvation/deficiency tolerance.Moreover,the up-regulated expression of OsrbcL,OsABCG32,OsSUS5,OsPoll-like B,and ClpC2 proteins in the shoot,and OsACA9,OsACA8,OsSPS2F,OsPP2C15,and OsBiP3 in the root of NIL-23,indicated their role in P-starvation stress control through the Pup1 QTL. Thus,our findings indicated that-P stress-responsive proteins,in conjunction with morpho-physio-biochemical modulations,improved PUE and made NIL-23 a P-deficiency tolerant genotype due to the introgression of the Pup1 QTL in the Pusa-44 background.
基金The study was funded by University Grants Commission under UGC BSR fellowship scheme(Award no.F.4.25-1/2013-14(BSR)/7-265/2009(BSR))The authors are thankful to Prof.Nirmal Singh and Mr.Pankaj Bhatia,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,Punjabi University,Patiala,India for their help in carrying out animal studies.The authors are also thankful to DBTIPLS project(Grant no:BT/PR4548/INF/22/146/2012),Punjabi University,Patiala,Punjab,India for providing HPTLC facility and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research,Punjabi University,Patiala,India for providing the necessary laboratory facilities for this work.
文摘Our earlier work showed that hydromethanol extract(HME)of Pleurotus fl orida had antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential.This study aimed at isolating the constituent responsible for the activities.HME was subjected to bioactivity guided fractionation using in vitro anti-acetylcholinesterase(Ellman method)and antioxidant(DPPH scavenging assay).The most active constituent was evaluated in vivo employing i.c.v.streptozotocin(STZ)induced dementia in mice.Morris water maze test was used for evaluating memory,followed by biochemical estimations and histopathological studies.Bioactivity guided fractionation resulted in isolation of resveratrol(identifi ed by IR,NMR and MS)and its content in P.fl orida fruiting bodies was 0.0098%(m/m,by a validated TLC densitometric method).It improved STZ induced dementia and neurodegeneration in mice by reducing brain acetylcholinesterase action and oxidative stress.The observed effects might be the presence of resveratrol.Our results further endorse that P.fl orida derived resveratrol can be a promising therapy for Alzheimer’s disease.
文摘The objective of the current study was to develop a validated, specific and stability-indicating reverse phase UHPLC method for the quantitative determination of Milnacipran and its related substances. The determination was done for active pharmaceutical ingredient and its pharmaceutical dosage forms in the presence of degradation products, and its process-related impurities. The drug was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis (acid and base), oxidation, pho- tolysis and thermal degradation per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) prescribed stress conditions to show the stability-indicating power of the method. Significant degradation was observed during acid, base, oxidative and neutral stress hydrolysis. The chromatographic conditions were optimized using an impurity-spiked solution and the samples generated from forced degradation studies. In the developed UHPLC method, the resolution between Milnacipran and its process-related impurities was found to be greater than 2.0. Regression analysis shows an r value (correlation coefficient) of greater than 0.999 for Milnacipran and it’s all the five impurities. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 stationary phase. The method employed a linear gradient elution and the detection wavelength was set at 220 nm. The mobile phase consists of buffer and acetonitrile delivered at a flow rate of 0.2 mL?min–1. Buffer consists a mixture of 10 mM Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate and 10 mM hexane sulfonate sodium salt, pH adjusted to 2.5 using ortho phosphoric acid. The mobile phase A consists of buffer and acetonitrile (950:50, v/v) and mobile phase B consists of acetonitrile. The stress samples were assayed against a qualified reference standard and the mass balance was found to be close to 99.5%. The developed RP-LC method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness.
文摘Fractures of the radial neck account for 5-10% of traumatic lesions of the elbow in the child. Conservative method of reduction may fail to reduce severely displaced fractures. Open reduction of severely displaced radial neck fractures is associated with a high incidence of complications. The present study describes the results achieved after closed and indirect reduction of the severely displaced radial head using a 2-mm K-wire passed intramedullary from near the radial styloid. The bent tip of the K-wire was used to manipulate the displaced head back to the shaft without opening the fracture site. The indirect reduction of the radial head using bent intramedullary K-wire is a simple, minimally invasive method, easy to perform, and obtains encouraging results with few complications. Intramedullary pin also achieves fixation of the radial head after reduction and prevents its secondary displacement.
基金supported financially by the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India (No. SB/EMEQ/190/2013)
文摘In this work,（1-x）CdO-xSnO2 nanocomposites（≤0.15）have been synthesized via hydrothermal route.The structural study reveals that CdO nanostructures possess crystalline phase and cubic structure.The CdO-SnO2 nanocomposites possess both cubic and orthorhombic structure with good crystallinity.The crystallite size in the nanocomposites was found to be in the range of 9.6-19.6 nm.Field emission scanning electronic microscopy and high-resolution tunnelling microscopy analysis confirm the presence of both cubic and orthorhombic structures which is also confirmed from X-ray diffraction studies.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FFIR）studies confirm that CdO-SnO2 nanocomposites possess the characteristics band of both CdO and SnO2 nanostructures.The UV-visible absorption studies confirm that the optical absorption band in CdO-SnO2 nanocomposites possesses both blue and red shift as compared to that of CdO nanostructures.Photoluminescence spectroscopy studies reveal the appearance of strong emission peak at 513,469 and 369 nm corresponding to green,blue and violet emission spectrum,respectively,in CdO-SnO2 nanocomposites.The FTIR studies confirm the presence of hydroxyl and water functional group due to atmospheric water vapours and chemical bonding in CdO and CdO-SnO2 nanocomposites.Raman spectroscopy confirms the presence of Raman bands of both CdO and SnO2 phases in the CdO-SnO2 nanocomposites.
文摘The objective of the current study was to develop a validated, specific and stability-indicating reverse phase HPLC method for the quantitative determination of Dronedarone and its related substances. The determination was done for active pharmaceutical ingredient and its pharmaceutical dosage forms in the presence of degradation products, and its process-related impurities. The drug was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis (acid and base), oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) prescribed stress conditions to show the stability-indicating power of the method. Significant degradation was observed during acid, oxidative and photo stress studies. In the developed HPLC method, the resolution between Dronedarone and its process-related impurities was found to be greater than 2.0. Regression analysis shows an r value (correlation coefficient) of greater than 0.999 for Dronedarone and it’s all the five impurities. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C8 stationary phase. The method employed a linear gradient elution and the detection wavelength was set at 288 nm. The stress samples were assayed against a qualified reference standard and the mass balance was found to be close to 99.6%. The developed HPLC method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness.
文摘Plasma Sprayed coatings provide protection against corrosion, erosion and wear. Inconel- 718 is a metallic coating which has good wear and erosion resistance. This is plasma sprayed on to Al6061 substrate and then subjected to slurry erosive wear tests. It is observed that the slurry wear rates of Al6061 decreased on coating the substrate material with Inconel- 718.
文摘Hepatitis C virus is associated with Hepatitis C which can be acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis C is usually short term illness that can lead to chronic infection, while chronic hepatitis C is a chronic liver disease leading to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and even death. The mode of transmission is mainly parenteral and vertical. Hepatitis C is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and a serious public health problem, worldwide as well as in Pakistan. There is no vaccine available for hepatitis C so the only way to prevent hepatitis C is by changing behaviors which can spread the disease. Pakistan is also facing a huge burden of this disease. In Pakistan, the frequency of hepatitis C virus infection ranges from 8% - 15% in the general population with variations in different parts of the country. The general method of detecting infection with HCV is to observe the presence of antibodies to the virus. The aim of this study was to determine frequency of hepatitis C among general population and to see the increasing frequency in our part. Selection of Patients: All patients visiting outpatient clinics, Hepatitis clinic and indoor patients at Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2014 were screened for anti HCV. Methods: Blood samples were collected from the patients in Red Topped vaccutainers and allowed to clot, then centrifuged and serum was screened for anti HCV by Immunochromatography (ICT) method. Results: A total of 156,990 patients were screened for anti-HCV, 23,511 (14.98%) patients were reported positive. During the year 2010, total 11,058 patients were screened for anti HCV, 1791 (16%) were positive, while in the year 2011 total 26,921 were screened and 3908 (14.5%) were positive, during the year 2012, total 23,321 were screened, 3036 (14%) were positive, in the year 2013 we screened total 40,483 patients 6070 (15%) were positive, while in 2014, total 55,484 patients were screened and 8584 were positive (15.5%). The most affected age group is between 21 - 40 years and males are affected more than females. Conclusion: Hepatitis C in increasing in our population affecting the young generation between the age of 21 - 40 years and male population is affected more than females so a mass screening is needed to know the exact position of the disease as well as awareness programs should be started using media.
文摘Watershed development programmes carried out in different agroclimatic conditions in India resulted in beneficial impact in terms of productivity enhancement and natural resources conservation, but less attention paid to institutional and participatory aspects. This paper explored the performance of various institutions regarding execution of watershed development programmes in semi-arid region of India. Recorded observations from documents maintained at watershed level and information collected through primary survey as well as focus group discussion with different types of stakeholders were used for analysis. The results indicated lacunae in participatory aspects during programme implementation process like monitoring activities, management of common property resources and equity. Gap in linkages and differential level of performance of various watershed level functionaries indicates the necessity for corrections in the structures and linkages pattern for sustainability of the infrastructure and institutions. The study also showed unequal priorities by the implementing agencies towards in-stitutions, land and water resources development, production enhancement activities and fodder re-sources development as well as rationalities of technical, economic, financial, political and social aspects among the watersheds.
文摘Surface functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles(Fe_(2)O_(3) NPs)with antibiotics is a novel approach that opens the door to drug delivery applications.In the present work,we report iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method.As-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),energy dispersive X-ray(EDX),X-ray diffraction(XRD),ultraviolet(UV)-visible(Vis)spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM).The poly-shaped Fe_(2)O_(3) NPs of size(34±10)nm with hematite(α-Fe_(2)O_(3))phase were synthesized.The antibacterial activity of chloramphenicol and gentamicin and their formulation with encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles was investigated by the agar well diffusion technique.Drug-encapsulated Fe_(2)O_(3) NPs showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains,possibly in a dose-dependent manner.Significant effectiveness was confirmed by the increase in the single range of inhibition against the tested microorganisms.Furthermore,the effect of iron oxide nanoparticle concentrations ranging from 1 to 9μg/μL on bacterial growth was examined.
文摘Calcium oxide(CaO)is a promising material that works as a glass constituent,catalyst,toxic-waste remediation,poisonous gas absorbent,industrial refectory element for metal smelting,paper bleaching,sulfur neutralization in sugar,cosmetics and drug delivery mediator.This work proposes the synthesis of CaO nanoparticles by direct precipitation technique using an aqueous solution of calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide precursors.The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized for the structure,morphology,chemical composition and optical behavior using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction(XRD),field effect scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.The XRD results show that the CaO nanoparticles have been synthesized in a cubic crystalline structure with the average crystallite size of about 13 nm and display aggregated morphology of nanoclusters.The presence of distinct peaks in the FTIR and EDS spectra reveal that the nanoparticles are successfully formed from the chemical recipe of the precipitation process.The optical bandgap has been estimated from the Kubelka-Munk plot and found to be 3.48 eV.The antibacterial activity of CaO nanoparticles has been tested by the well diffusion technique and observed that it shows good antibacterial action against the gram-negative bacterial strains.
