BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD)is a neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene.DMD is reported to coexist with other comorbidities,although the occurrence of the triad,autism spectru...BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD)is a neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene.DMD is reported to coexist with other comorbidities,although the occurrence of the triad,autism spectrum disorder(ASD),and epilepsy is very rare.Indeed,only one case of the triad has currently been reported.Here,we present a detailed case report of a ten-year-old boy with DMD,ASD,and epilepsy.We also investigated the dysregulation of miRNAs in this unusual triad(represented as DMD++)compared with a healthy individual and a DMD patient(represented as DMD+)without autism.AIM To understand the differential expression of miRNAs in rare comorbid DMD cases.METHODS The Sequin Form Board test,Gesell's drawing test,multiplex ligation probe amplification,and Vineland Social Maturity Scale were applied to confirm the DMD and ASD.Total RNA was isolated from samples using TRIzol.cDNA was synthesized using the Mir-X^(TM)miRNA First-Strand Synthesis kit.qRT-PCR was performed using SYBR Advantage qPCR Premix.The results were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's ttest.RESULTS miR-146a-5p and miR-132-5p showed significant downregulation in both patient samples.miR-199a-5p and miR-146a-3p showed no change in expression between the diseased and controls.miR-132-3p showed downregulation only in the DMD+sample(0.21±0.04).The decrease in miR-132-3p can result in failed silencing of the phosphatase and tensin homolog-mediated apoptotic pathway,leading to severe skeletal muscle atrophy.Here,the downregulation of miR-132-3p in DMD+is consistent with severe muscle loss and higher disease progression than that in DMD++.DMD++has slower disease progression,and the expression of miRNA involved in inflammatory and apoptotic responses is more similar to that of the control.CONCLUSION Our study shows marked difference in miRNA expression in this rare case of DMD with autism and epilepsy.These miRNAs also serve as regulators of several muscle regeneration,apoptosis,and inflammatory pathways.This study shows the significance of studying miRNAs in such rare cases in a larger cohort to progress in several intervention treatments utilizing miRNAs.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD)is a neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene.DMD is reported to coexist with other comorbidities,although the occurrence of the triad,autism spectrum disorder(ASD),and epilepsy is very rare.Indeed,only one case of the triad has currently been reported.Here,we present a detailed case report of a ten-year-old boy with DMD,ASD,and epilepsy.We also investigated the dysregulation of miRNAs in this unusual triad(represented as DMD++)compared with a healthy individual and a DMD patient(represented as DMD+)without autism.AIM To understand the differential expression of miRNAs in rare comorbid DMD cases.METHODS The Sequin Form Board test,Gesell's drawing test,multiplex ligation probe amplification,and Vineland Social Maturity Scale were applied to confirm the DMD and ASD.Total RNA was isolated from samples using TRIzol.cDNA was synthesized using the Mir-X^(TM)miRNA First-Strand Synthesis kit.qRT-PCR was performed using SYBR Advantage qPCR Premix.The results were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's ttest.RESULTS miR-146a-5p and miR-132-5p showed significant downregulation in both patient samples.miR-199a-5p and miR-146a-3p showed no change in expression between the diseased and controls.miR-132-3p showed downregulation only in the DMD+sample(0.21±0.04).The decrease in miR-132-3p can result in failed silencing of the phosphatase and tensin homolog-mediated apoptotic pathway,leading to severe skeletal muscle atrophy.Here,the downregulation of miR-132-3p in DMD+is consistent with severe muscle loss and higher disease progression than that in DMD++.DMD++has slower disease progression,and the expression of miRNA involved in inflammatory and apoptotic responses is more similar to that of the control.CONCLUSION Our study shows marked difference in miRNA expression in this rare case of DMD with autism and epilepsy.These miRNAs also serve as regulators of several muscle regeneration,apoptosis,and inflammatory pathways.This study shows the significance of studying miRNAs in such rare cases in a larger cohort to progress in several intervention treatments utilizing miRNAs.
