Salinity stress limits crop growth and productivity, including legumes in various regions worldwide. The impact of foliar-applied zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) and combined zinc nano-loaded with moringa extracts (ZnONPs)...Salinity stress limits crop growth and productivity, including legumes in various regions worldwide. The impact of foliar-applied zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) and combined zinc nano-loaded with moringa extracts (ZnONPs) on salt tolerance in faba beans (cultivar, Giza-716) grown under saline soil (50 and 100 mM NaCl) was investigated. Moringa oleifera extract has been used as a chelating agent to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles. The crystalline structure, morphology, and chemical composition of ZnO nanoparticles were studied using various characterization techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Morphological, chemical, and biochemical parameters of plants at 60 and 90 days after sowing were assessed. Salinity stress caused a remarkable reduction in growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and proline levels of the faba bean. Foliar spray with ZnNPs and ZnONPs on faba bean grown under saline soils promoted plant growth parameters (i.e., shoot length, numbers of leaves, relative water content, shoot and roots fresh and dry weights), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids), proline and mineral elements (Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup>) compared to control. However, at 100 mM NaCl, there were no significant variations in the mentioned parameters. This study suggested that there is potential for foliar spraying with ZnNPs and ZnONPs in improving growth parameters, photosynthesis efficiency and biochemical aspects of faba bean plants under saline conditions.展开更多
Rice yellow mottle disease(RYMD)continues to constrain rice production in Africa.Rice yellow mottle virus(RYMV),which belongs to the Sobemovirus genus,is the causal agent of RYMD.In Kenya,previous studies on RYMV most...Rice yellow mottle disease(RYMD)continues to constrain rice production in Africa.Rice yellow mottle virus(RYMV),which belongs to the Sobemovirus genus,is the causal agent of RYMD.In Kenya,previous studies on RYMV mostly focused on western Kenya,ignoring the central and coastal regions,which are also important areas for rice cultivation in the country.This has resulted in incomplete data on RYMD outbreaks.This study aimed to determine the prevalence of RYMD in the farmers’fields,and the genetic diversity of the RYMV based on the coat protein gene.Field surveys were carried out in Kenya’s rice-growing regions between May and July 2023 to determine disease incidences using the IRRI Standard Evaluation Scale(SES)for rice.Symptom observations and serological tests confirmed the presence of RYMV in all surveyed rice cultivation areas.The presence of RYMV was detected in Kirinyaga,Tana River,and Taita Taveta counties of Kenya,representing the field report of its occurrence in these regions.Disease incidence and severity analysis using one-way ANOVA showed no significant difference in RYMD incidence among the rice irrigation schemes(F(6,29)=1.838,P=0.1265).Sequencing results of the coat protein gene(ORF4 region)revealed that the RYMV isolates in this study could be classified as S4ke,S4ug,and S4mg strains in the East Africa lineage.The discovery of the RYMV strain S4mg in Kenya runs counter to the gradual strain of breaking up and moving away that has been established in Africa over the past two centuries.Results showed that RYMV is present in all the rice-growing regions under study and exhibits intra-strain diversity in Kenya.Incorporating resistance genes into extensively grown rice cultivars is crucial for preventing the spread of the rice yellow mottle virus.展开更多
文摘Salinity stress limits crop growth and productivity, including legumes in various regions worldwide. The impact of foliar-applied zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) and combined zinc nano-loaded with moringa extracts (ZnONPs) on salt tolerance in faba beans (cultivar, Giza-716) grown under saline soil (50 and 100 mM NaCl) was investigated. Moringa oleifera extract has been used as a chelating agent to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles. The crystalline structure, morphology, and chemical composition of ZnO nanoparticles were studied using various characterization techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Morphological, chemical, and biochemical parameters of plants at 60 and 90 days after sowing were assessed. Salinity stress caused a remarkable reduction in growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and proline levels of the faba bean. Foliar spray with ZnNPs and ZnONPs on faba bean grown under saline soils promoted plant growth parameters (i.e., shoot length, numbers of leaves, relative water content, shoot and roots fresh and dry weights), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids), proline and mineral elements (Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup>) compared to control. However, at 100 mM NaCl, there were no significant variations in the mentioned parameters. This study suggested that there is potential for foliar spraying with ZnNPs and ZnONPs in improving growth parameters, photosynthesis efficiency and biochemical aspects of faba bean plants under saline conditions.
文摘Rice yellow mottle disease(RYMD)continues to constrain rice production in Africa.Rice yellow mottle virus(RYMV),which belongs to the Sobemovirus genus,is the causal agent of RYMD.In Kenya,previous studies on RYMV mostly focused on western Kenya,ignoring the central and coastal regions,which are also important areas for rice cultivation in the country.This has resulted in incomplete data on RYMD outbreaks.This study aimed to determine the prevalence of RYMD in the farmers’fields,and the genetic diversity of the RYMV based on the coat protein gene.Field surveys were carried out in Kenya’s rice-growing regions between May and July 2023 to determine disease incidences using the IRRI Standard Evaluation Scale(SES)for rice.Symptom observations and serological tests confirmed the presence of RYMV in all surveyed rice cultivation areas.The presence of RYMV was detected in Kirinyaga,Tana River,and Taita Taveta counties of Kenya,representing the field report of its occurrence in these regions.Disease incidence and severity analysis using one-way ANOVA showed no significant difference in RYMD incidence among the rice irrigation schemes(F(6,29)=1.838,P=0.1265).Sequencing results of the coat protein gene(ORF4 region)revealed that the RYMV isolates in this study could be classified as S4ke,S4ug,and S4mg strains in the East Africa lineage.The discovery of the RYMV strain S4mg in Kenya runs counter to the gradual strain of breaking up and moving away that has been established in Africa over the past two centuries.Results showed that RYMV is present in all the rice-growing regions under study and exhibits intra-strain diversity in Kenya.Incorporating resistance genes into extensively grown rice cultivars is crucial for preventing the spread of the rice yellow mottle virus.
