Calibration of medical imaging systems that provide quantitative measures relating to complex physiological flows is challenging. Physical test objects available for the purpose either offer a known simple flow far re...Calibration of medical imaging systems that provide quantitative measures relating to complex physiological flows is challenging. Physical test objects available for the purpose either offer a known simple flow far removed from the complexity of pathology (e.g. parabolic flow in a straight pipe) or complex relevant flows in which the details of the flow behaviour are unknown. This paper presents the ring vortex as a candidate for a complex flow phantom, since it is marked by inherently complex flow features that are controllable, predictable, reproducible and stable. These characteristics are demonstrated by a combination of analytical, numerical (CFD) and experimental methods. Together they provide a consistent perspective on ring vortex behaviour and highlight qualities relevant to phantom design. Discussion of the results indicates that a liquid phantom based on the ring vortex may have merit as a complex flow phantom for multimodal imaging. Furthermore, availability of such a flow reference may also serve as a benchmark for quality assurance of simulation methodologies.展开更多
We carried out transcriptional profiling analysis in 10-d-old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings treated with oligogalacturonides （OGs）, oligosaccharides derived from the plant cell wall, or the bacterial flagellin pept...We carried out transcriptional profiling analysis in 10-d-old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings treated with oligogalacturonides （OGs）, oligosaccharides derived from the plant cell wall, or the bacterial flagellin peptide Fig22, general elicitors of the basal defense response in plants. Although detected by different receptors, both OGs and Fig22 trigger a fast and transient response that is both similar and comprehensive, and characterized by activation of early stages of multiple defense signaling pathways, particularly JA-associated processes. However, the response to Fig22 is stronger in both the number of genes differentially expressed and the amplitude of change. The magnitude of induction of individual genes is in both cases dose-dependent, but, even at very high concentrations, OGs do not induce a response that is as comprehensive as that seen with Fig22. While high doses of either microbe-associated molecular pattern （MAMP） elicit a late response that includes activation of senescence processes, SA-dependent secretory pathway genes and PR1 expres- sion are substantially induced only by Fig22. These results suggest a lower threshold for activation of early responses than for sustained or SA-mediated late defenses. Expression patterns of amino-cyclopropane-carboxylate synthase genes also implicate ethylene biosynthesis in regulation of the late innate immune response.展开更多
Photonic quantum technologies hold promise to repeat the success of integrated nanophotonic circuits in non-classical applications.Using linear optical elements,quantum optical computations can be performed with integ...Photonic quantum technologies hold promise to repeat the success of integrated nanophotonic circuits in non-classical applications.Using linear optical elements,quantum optical computations can be performed with integrated optical circuits and can therefore overcome the existing limitations in terms of scalability.In addition to passive optical devices for realizing photonic quantum gates,active elements,such as single-photon sources and single-photon detectors,are essential ingredients for future optical quantum circuits.Material systems that allow for the monolithic integration of all components are particularly attractive,including III-V semiconductors,silicon and diamond.Here,we demonstrate nanophotonic integrated circuits made from high-quality polycrystalline diamond thin films in combination with on-chip single-photon detectors.By using superconducting nanowires that are coupled evanescently to traveling waves,we achieve high detection efficiencies of up to 66%as well as low dark count rates and a timing resolution of 190 ps.Our devices are fully scalable and hold promise for functional diamond photonic quantum devices.展开更多
文摘Calibration of medical imaging systems that provide quantitative measures relating to complex physiological flows is challenging. Physical test objects available for the purpose either offer a known simple flow far removed from the complexity of pathology (e.g. parabolic flow in a straight pipe) or complex relevant flows in which the details of the flow behaviour are unknown. This paper presents the ring vortex as a candidate for a complex flow phantom, since it is marked by inherently complex flow features that are controllable, predictable, reproducible and stable. These characteristics are demonstrated by a combination of analytical, numerical (CFD) and experimental methods. Together they provide a consistent perspective on ring vortex behaviour and highlight qualities relevant to phantom design. Discussion of the results indicates that a liquid phantom based on the ring vortex may have merit as a complex flow phantom for multimodal imaging. Furthermore, availability of such a flow reference may also serve as a benchmark for quality assurance of simulation methodologies.
文摘We carried out transcriptional profiling analysis in 10-d-old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings treated with oligogalacturonides （OGs）, oligosaccharides derived from the plant cell wall, or the bacterial flagellin peptide Fig22, general elicitors of the basal defense response in plants. Although detected by different receptors, both OGs and Fig22 trigger a fast and transient response that is both similar and comprehensive, and characterized by activation of early stages of multiple defense signaling pathways, particularly JA-associated processes. However, the response to Fig22 is stronger in both the number of genes differentially expressed and the amplitude of change. The magnitude of induction of individual genes is in both cases dose-dependent, but, even at very high concentrations, OGs do not induce a response that is as comprehensive as that seen with Fig22. While high doses of either microbe-associated molecular pattern （MAMP） elicit a late response that includes activation of senescence processes, SA-dependent secretory pathway genes and PR1 expres- sion are substantially induced only by Fig22. These results suggest a lower threshold for activation of early responses than for sustained or SA-mediated late defenses. Expression patterns of amino-cyclopropane-carboxylate synthase genes also implicate ethylene biosynthesis in regulation of the late innate immune response.
基金Wolfram Pernice acknowledges support from the DFG(Grants Nos.PE 1832/1-1&PE 1832/2-1)the Helmholtz Society(Grant No.HIRG-0005)+3 种基金We acknowledge support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)and Open Access Publishing Fund of Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyPatrik Rath acknowledges financial support by the Deutsche Telekom StiftungThe PhD education of Patrik Rath and Oliver Kahl is embedded in the Karlsruhe School of Optics&Photonics(KSOP)We also acknowledge support by the DFG and the State of Baden-Wu¨rttemberg through the DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures(CFN)within subproject A6.4.
文摘Photonic quantum technologies hold promise to repeat the success of integrated nanophotonic circuits in non-classical applications.Using linear optical elements,quantum optical computations can be performed with integrated optical circuits and can therefore overcome the existing limitations in terms of scalability.In addition to passive optical devices for realizing photonic quantum gates,active elements,such as single-photon sources and single-photon detectors,are essential ingredients for future optical quantum circuits.Material systems that allow for the monolithic integration of all components are particularly attractive,including III-V semiconductors,silicon and diamond.Here,we demonstrate nanophotonic integrated circuits made from high-quality polycrystalline diamond thin films in combination with on-chip single-photon detectors.By using superconducting nanowires that are coupled evanescently to traveling waves,we achieve high detection efficiencies of up to 66%as well as low dark count rates and a timing resolution of 190 ps.Our devices are fully scalable and hold promise for functional diamond photonic quantum devices.
