The World Health Organisation reported that over 20 % of the global disease burden and deaths are caused by environmental factors such as air and dust pollution. Legacy organic pollutants (LOPs) and emerging organic p...The World Health Organisation reported that over 20 % of the global disease burden and deaths are caused by environmental factors such as air and dust pollution. Legacy organic pollutants (LOPs) and emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) are among the biggest contributors to this burden. Herein we reviewed literature published for the period 2000–2023 on selected LOPs and EOPs in indoor dust and outdoor air in Africa to understand the occurrence, associated human health risks and common analytical techniques used to identify and quantify these contaminants. The findings revealed generally lower contamination levels for most pollutants than that in most regions outside Africa except for PCBs in outdoor air and OCPs in indoor settled dust. Apart from a few studies for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), most studies reported hazard index (HI) values less than 1 for outdoor air and indoor dust exposure, which suggested negligible non-carcinogenic risks in children and adults. Gas Chromatography and mass spectrometry were the most frequently used analytical techniques for both air and dust probably due to their sensitivity and selectivity in detecting chemical traces at the pg m^(−3) and ng g^(−1) levels. Although the current contamination levels are generally low, their synergistic and cumulative effects may in the long run affect the environment and human health. There is also a paucity of data on most contaminants, especially for PCNs, and PFASs in both outdoor air and dust. Coordinated efforts are needed to limit the trade, importation, and disposal of products containing LOPs and EOPs in Africa.展开更多
Over the past two decades,rapid urbanization and industrialization in Uganda have generated wastewater containing emerging contaminants including per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances(PFASs).This study assessed PFASs co...Over the past two decades,rapid urbanization and industrialization in Uganda have generated wastewater containing emerging contaminants including per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances(PFASs).This study assessed PFASs contamination of wastewater from Bugolobi(Kampala)and Kirinya(Jinja)wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)by analyzing 80 influent and effluent samples for 15 PFASs using LC-MS/MS.We quantified 10 PFASs,with levels ranging from non-detectable(n.d)up to 372.4 ng/L(mean:20.94±0.42 ng/L).At Bugolobi WWTP,influent levels ranged from n.d to 190.01 ng/L(60.85±1.03 ng/L)while effluents varied from n.d to 372.4 ng/L(237.91±7.06 ng/L).At Kirinya WWTP,influent levels ranged from n.d to 29.37 ng/L(17.58±3.54 ng/L)and effluents up to 30.21 ng/L(7.79±0.85 ng/L).Short-chain PFASs(PFBS,PFBA)were more predominant,suggesting their possible use or degradation of the long-chain PFASs.Total mass loadings were higher at Bugolobi WWTP(5353.56 mg/day),serving the more densely populated Kampala,than at Kirinya WWTP(93.62 mg/day).PFSAs exhibited higher removal(72.45%Bugolobi;36.45%Kirinya)than PFCAs(-127.38%Bugolobi;-20.50% Kirinya),which could be attributed to their stronger hydrophobic adsorption and partial biodegradation.Bugolobi,with ~82.59% total removal outperformed Kirinya(~25.19%)due to its advanced conventional treatment.Ecological risk assessment revealed higher risks at lower trophic levels at Bugolobi compared to Kirinya,likely due to lower influx and partial mitigation by its pondbased system.These findings highlight the role of WWTPs as critical point sources of PFASs,posing ecological risks to aquatic ecosystems.展开更多
文摘The World Health Organisation reported that over 20 % of the global disease burden and deaths are caused by environmental factors such as air and dust pollution. Legacy organic pollutants (LOPs) and emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) are among the biggest contributors to this burden. Herein we reviewed literature published for the period 2000–2023 on selected LOPs and EOPs in indoor dust and outdoor air in Africa to understand the occurrence, associated human health risks and common analytical techniques used to identify and quantify these contaminants. The findings revealed generally lower contamination levels for most pollutants than that in most regions outside Africa except for PCBs in outdoor air and OCPs in indoor settled dust. Apart from a few studies for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), most studies reported hazard index (HI) values less than 1 for outdoor air and indoor dust exposure, which suggested negligible non-carcinogenic risks in children and adults. Gas Chromatography and mass spectrometry were the most frequently used analytical techniques for both air and dust probably due to their sensitivity and selectivity in detecting chemical traces at the pg m^(−3) and ng g^(−1) levels. Although the current contamination levels are generally low, their synergistic and cumulative effects may in the long run affect the environment and human health. There is also a paucity of data on most contaminants, especially for PCNs, and PFASs in both outdoor air and dust. Coordinated efforts are needed to limit the trade, importation, and disposal of products containing LOPs and EOPs in Africa.
基金supported by the Makerere University Research and Innovation Fund(Grant No.RIF/080/22,MAKRIF/CH/01/21,MAKRIF/CH/02/21)Slovak Research and Development Agency(Grant No.APVV-21-0178)+4 种基金Alexander von Humboldt Foundation(Grant No.UGA-1185413-GF-E)Austrian Partnership Programme in Higher Education and Research(APPEAR)under project 249-Environmental Chemistry for Sustainable Development(ECSDevelop)Erasmus+International Credit Mobility programme(Grant No.2022-1-SK01-KA171-HED-000077735)African Water Resources Mobility Network(Grant No.20191973/004-001)the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures(ESFRI)for project EIRENE(Grant No.101079789).
文摘Over the past two decades,rapid urbanization and industrialization in Uganda have generated wastewater containing emerging contaminants including per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances(PFASs).This study assessed PFASs contamination of wastewater from Bugolobi(Kampala)and Kirinya(Jinja)wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)by analyzing 80 influent and effluent samples for 15 PFASs using LC-MS/MS.We quantified 10 PFASs,with levels ranging from non-detectable(n.d)up to 372.4 ng/L(mean:20.94±0.42 ng/L).At Bugolobi WWTP,influent levels ranged from n.d to 190.01 ng/L(60.85±1.03 ng/L)while effluents varied from n.d to 372.4 ng/L(237.91±7.06 ng/L).At Kirinya WWTP,influent levels ranged from n.d to 29.37 ng/L(17.58±3.54 ng/L)and effluents up to 30.21 ng/L(7.79±0.85 ng/L).Short-chain PFASs(PFBS,PFBA)were more predominant,suggesting their possible use or degradation of the long-chain PFASs.Total mass loadings were higher at Bugolobi WWTP(5353.56 mg/day),serving the more densely populated Kampala,than at Kirinya WWTP(93.62 mg/day).PFSAs exhibited higher removal(72.45%Bugolobi;36.45%Kirinya)than PFCAs(-127.38%Bugolobi;-20.50% Kirinya),which could be attributed to their stronger hydrophobic adsorption and partial biodegradation.Bugolobi,with ~82.59% total removal outperformed Kirinya(~25.19%)due to its advanced conventional treatment.Ecological risk assessment revealed higher risks at lower trophic levels at Bugolobi compared to Kirinya,likely due to lower influx and partial mitigation by its pondbased system.These findings highlight the role of WWTPs as critical point sources of PFASs,posing ecological risks to aquatic ecosystems.
