This study analyzes landfall locations of tropical cyclones(TCs)over the western North Pacific during 1979–2018.Results demonstrate that the landfall locations of TCs over this region have shifted northward during th...This study analyzes landfall locations of tropical cyclones(TCs)over the western North Pacific during 1979–2018.Results demonstrate that the landfall locations of TCs over this region have shifted northward during the last four decades,primarily due to the shift of landfalling TC tracks,with the decreasing/increasing proportion of westward/northward TC tracks.In particular,the northward shift of the landfalling TCs was not related to their formation locations,which have not markedly changed,whereas"no-landed"TCs have significantly shifted northward.TC movement was significantly and positively correlated to the zonal component of the steering flow,while the correlation between TC movement and the meridional component of the steering flow was relatively unobvious.The westward steering flow in the tropical central Pacific that occurred around the formation and early development of the westward TCs was significantly weakened,which was unfavorable for their westward movement,thereby,causing the higher proportions of northward moving tracks.This weakened westward flow was related to the northward shift of the subtropical high ridge,which was caused by significant weakening of the southern part of the subtropical high.The vertical wind shear,sea surface temperature,and convective available potential energy also showed that the northern region of the western North Pacific became more favorable for TC development,whereas the upper divergence,low-layer relative vorticity,and accumulated water vapor content were not obviously related to the northward shift of TCs.展开更多
The South China Sea（SCS） is an eddy-active area. Composite analyses based on 438 mesoscale ocean eddies during 2000–2012 revealed the status of the atmospheric boundary layer is influenced remarkably by such eddies...The South China Sea（SCS） is an eddy-active area. Composite analyses based on 438 mesoscale ocean eddies during 2000–2012 revealed the status of the atmospheric boundary layer is influenced remarkably by such eddies. The results showed cold-core cyclonic（warm-core anticyclonic） eddies tend to cool（warm） the overlying atmosphere and cause surface winds to decelerate（accelerate）. More than 5% of the total variance of turbulent heat fluxes, surface wind speed and evaporation rate are induced by mesoscale eddies. Furthermore, mesoscale eddies locally affect the columnar water vapor, cloud liquid water, and rain rate. Dynamical analyses indicated that both variations of atmospheric boundary layer stability and sea level pressure are responsible for atmospheric anomalies over mesoscale eddies. To reveal further details about the mechanisms of atmospheric responses to mesoscale eddies, atmospheric manifestations over a pair of cold and warm eddies in the southwestern SCS were simulated. Eddy-induced heat flux anomalies lead to changes in atmospheric stability. Thus, anomalous turbulence kinetic energy and friction velocity arise over the eddy dipole, which reduce（enhance） the vertical momentum transport over the cold（warm） eddy, resulting in the decrease（increase） of sea surface wind. Diagnoses of the model＇s momentum balance suggested that wind speed anomalies directly over the eddy dipole are dominated by vertical mixing terms within the atmospheric boundary layer, while wind anomalies on the edges of eddies are produced by atmospheric pressure gradient forces and atmospheric horizontal advection terms.展开更多
The multidimensional morphological characteristics(including scale, horizontal shape and 3 D morphology) of precipitation areas over the Tibetan Plateau in summer were studied using 15 years(1998–2012) of observation...The multidimensional morphological characteristics(including scale, horizontal shape and 3 D morphology) of precipitation areas over the Tibetan Plateau in summer were studied using 15 years(1998–2012) of observational data from the precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. As the scale of the precipitation area increased from 20 to 150 km, the near-surface rain rate(RRav) of the precipitation area increased by up to 78%(from ~1.12 to ~2 mm h~(-1)). Linear precipitation areas had the lowest median RRav(~1 mm h~(-1) over the eastern Tibetan Plateau),whereas square-shaped precipitation areas had the highest median RRav(~1.58 mm h~(-1) over the eastern Tibetan Plateau).The 3D morphology was defined as the ratio of the average vertical scale to the average horizontal scale, where a large value corresponds to thin and tall, and a small value corresponds to plump and short. Thin-and-tall precipitation areas and plump-and-short precipitation areas had a greater median RRav, whereas the precipitation areas with a moderate 3D morphology had the lowest median RRav. The vertical structure of the precipitation-area reflectivity was sensitive to both size and 3D morphology, but was not sensitive to the horizontal shape. The relationship between RRav and the morphological characteristics was most significant over the southern slopes of the Tanggula Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau east of 100°E. The morphological characteristics of precipitation areas are therefore closely related to the intensity of precipitation and could potentially be used to forecast precipitation and verify numerical models.展开更多
The CREB-regulated transcriptional co-activators(CRTCs),including CRTC1,CRTC2 and CRTC3,enhance transcription of CREB-targeted genes.In addition to regulating host gene expression in response to cAMP,CRTCs also increa...The CREB-regulated transcriptional co-activators(CRTCs),including CRTC1,CRTC2 and CRTC3,enhance transcription of CREB-targeted genes.In addition to regulating host gene expression in response to cAMP,CRTCs also increase the infection of several viruses.While human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1)long terminal repeat(LTR)promoter harbors a cAMP response element and activation of the cAMP pathway promotes HIV-1 transcription,it remains unknown whether CRTCs have any effect on HIV-1 transcription and HIV-1 infection.Here,we reported that CRTC2 expression was induced by HIV-1 infection,but CRTC2 suppressed HIV-1 infection and diminished viral RNA expression.Mechanistic studies revealed that CRTC2 inhibited transcription from HIV-1 LTR and diminished RNA PolⅡoccupancy at the LTR independent of its association with CREB.Importantly,CRTC2 inhibits the activation of latent HIV-1.Together,these data suggest that in response to HIV-1 infection,cells increase the expression of CRTC2 which inhibits HIV-1 gene expression and may play a role in driving HIV-1 into latency.展开更多
Variations in the high-frequency oscillations of tropical cyclones （TCs） over the western North Pacific （WNP） are studied in numerical model simulations. Power spectrum analysis of maximum wind speeds at 10 m （MW...Variations in the high-frequency oscillations of tropical cyclones （TCs） over the western North Pacific （WNP） are studied in numerical model simulations. Power spectrum analysis of maximum wind speeds at 10 m （MWS10） from an ensemble of 15 simulated TCs shows that oscillations are significant for all TCs. The magnitudes of oscillations in MWS10 are similar in the WNP and South China Sea （SCS）; however, the mean of the averaged significant periods in the SCS （1.93 h） is shorter than that in the open water of the WNP （2.83 h）. The shorter period in the SCS is examined through an ensemble of simulations, and a case simulation as well as a sensitivity experiment in which the continent is replaced by ocean for Typhoon Hagupit （2008）. The analysis of the convergence efficiency within the boundary layer suggests that the shorter periods in the SCS are possibly due to the stronger terrain effect, which intensifies convergence through greater friction. The enhanced convergence strengthens the disturbance of the gradient and thermal wind balances, and then contributes to the shorter oscillation periods in the SCS.展开更多
Previous studies have recognized reflectivity maxima above the freezing level(RMAF) within stratiform precipitation over mountain slopes, however, quantitative studies are limited due to the lack of adequate identific...Previous studies have recognized reflectivity maxima above the freezing level(RMAF) within stratiform precipitation over mountain slopes, however, quantitative studies are limited due to the lack of adequate identification criteria. Here, we establish an identification method for RMAF precipitation and apply it to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) Precipitation Radar(PR) observations. Using the TRMM 2A25 product from 1998 to 2013, we show that the RMAF structure in reflectivity profiles can be effectively identified. RMAF exists not only in stratiform precipitation but also in convective precipitation. RMAF frequency is positively correlated with elevation, which is thought to be caused by enhanced updrafts in the middle layers of stratiform precipitation, or in the low to middle layers of convective precipitation over mountains. The average RMAF heights in stratiform and convective precipitation were 1.35 and 2.01 km above the freezing level, respectively, which is lower than previous results. In addition, our results indicate that the RMAF structure increased the echo top height and enhanced precipitation processes above the RMAF height, but it suppressed the downward propagation of ice particles and the near-surface rain rate. Future studies of orographic precipitation should take into account the impact of the RMAF structure and its relevant dynamic triggers.展开更多
Brassica oleracea has been developed into many important crops,including cabbage,kale,cauliflower,broccoli and so on.The genome and gene annotation of cabbage(cultivar JZS),a representative morphotype of B.oleracea,ha...Brassica oleracea has been developed into many important crops,including cabbage,kale,cauliflower,broccoli and so on.The genome and gene annotation of cabbage(cultivar JZS),a representative morphotype of B.oleracea,has been widely used as a common reference in biological research.Although its genome assembly has been updated twice,the current gene annotation still lacks information on untranslated regions(UTRs)and alternative splicing(AS).Here,we constructed a high-quality gene annotation(JZSv3)using a full-length transcriptome acquired by nanopore sequencing,yielding a total of 59452 genes and 75684 transcripts.Additionally,we re-analyzed the previously reported transcriptome data related to the development of different tissues and cold response using JZSv3 as a reference,and found that 3843 out of 11908 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)underwent AS during the development of different tissues and 309 out of 903 cold-related genes underwent AS in response to cold stress.Meanwhile,we also identified many AS genes,including BolLHCB5 and BolHSP70,that displayed distinct expression patterns within variant transcripts of the same gene,highlighting the importance of JZSv3 as a pivotal reference for AS analysis.Overall,JZSv3 provides a valuable resource for exploring gene function,especially for obtaining a deeper understanding of AS regulation mechanisms.展开更多
The productive infection of influenza A virus(IAV)requires the functional involvement of host long noncoding ribonucleic acids(lncRNAs).Identification of key cellular lncRNAs and elucidation of their molecular mechani...The productive infection of influenza A virus(IAV)requires the functional involvement of host long noncoding ribonucleic acids(lncRNAs).Identification of key cellular lncRNAs and elucidation of their molecular mechanisms in IAV replication are expected to expand our understanding of virus-host interactions and develop antiviral therapeutics.Our previous work has identified that influenza virus polymerase basic protein 1(PB1)-associated long noncoding RNA(IPAN)associates with and stabilizes viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase PB1 of IAV,warranting efficient viral RNA synthesis.This provides a unique viral strategy of co-opting host lncRNA for replication,whereas the molecular pathways exploited by the virus are unknown.Here,we aim to further investigate the detailed mechanisms underlying IPAN-mediated PB1 stabilization.We employed cellular-level molecular interaction techniques to demonstrate that both retinoic acid-inducible gene I(RIG-I)and tripartite motif-containing protein 25(TRIM25)interacted with PB1 and co-operated to induce its degradation triggered by viral RNA synthesis.The experimental data obtained from RIG-I knockout cell lines and mutational analyses demonstrated RIG-I promoted PB1 degradation independently of its canonical signaling pathway,suggesting an“effector-like”antiviral activity of RIG-I.Furthermore,IPAN knockdown enhanced the association of PB1 with both RIG-I and TRIM25 to restore PB1 stability.These results collectively demonstrated that IAV hijacked host IPAN to protect PB1 from RIG-I/TRIM25-mediated antiviral degradation.Thus,our data reveal a mechanism of RIG-I and TRIM25 against IAV infection by degrading PB1 and highlight how IAV exploits host lncRNAs to evade immune surveillance.展开更多
Dear Editor,Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)is a globally important vegetable crop renowned for its substantial economic and industrial value(Baenas et al.,2019).To advance our understanding of pepper evolution and the gene...Dear Editor,Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)is a globally important vegetable crop renowned for its substantial economic and industrial value(Baenas et al.,2019).To advance our understanding of pepper evolution and the genetic mechanisms underlying horticultural traits,several C.annuum genome assemblies have been reported.These include the short-read-based genome assem-blies for Zunla-1 and CM334 and the long-read-based genome assemblies for G1-36576,CA59,Dempsey,Zhangshugang,and Takanotsume(Kim et al.,2014;Qin et al.,2014;Lee et al.,2022;Liao et al.,2022;Shirasawa et al.,2022;Liu et al.,2023;Chen et al.,2024).展开更多
Debates persist regarding the efficacy and safety of azvudine,particularly its real-world outcomes.This study involved patients aged 60 years who were admitted to 25 hospitals in China's Mainland with confirmed SA...Debates persist regarding the efficacy and safety of azvudine,particularly its real-world outcomes.This study involved patients aged 60 years who were admitted to 25 hospitals in China's Mainland with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between December 1,2022,and February 28,2023.Efficacy outcomes were all-cause mortality during hospitalization,the proportion of patients discharged with recovery,time to nucleic acid-negative conversion(TNANC),time to symptom improvement(TSI),and time of hospital stay(THS).Safety was also assessed.Among the 5884 participants identified,1999 received azvudine,and 1999 matched controls were included after exclusion and propensity score matching.Azvudine recipients exhibited lower all-cause mortality compared with controls in the overall population(13.3%vs.17.1%,RR,0.78;95%CI,0.67e0.90;P = 0.001)and in the severe subgroup(25.7%vs.33.7%;RR,0.76;95%CI,0.66e0.88;P<0.001).A higher proportion of patients discharged with recovery,and a shorter TNANC were associated with azvudine recipients,especially in the severe subgroup.The incidence of adverse events in azvudine recipients was comparable to that in the control group(2.3%vs.1.7%,P = 0.170).In conclusion,azvudine showed efficacy and safety in older patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the SARS-CoV-2 omicron wave in China.展开更多
The Solanaceae family contains many agriculturally important crops,including tomato,potato,pepper,and tobacco,as well as other species with potential for agricultural development,such as the orphan crops groundcherry,...The Solanaceae family contains many agriculturally important crops,including tomato,potato,pepper,and tobacco,as well as other species with potential for agricultural development,such as the orphan crops groundcherry,wolfberry,and pepino.Research progress varies greatly among these species,with model crops like tomato being far ahead.This disparity limits the broader agricultural application of other Solanaceae species.In this study,we constructed an interspecies pan-genome for the Solanaceae family and identified various gene retention patterns.Our findings reveal that the activity of specific transposable elements is closely associated with gene fractionation and transposition.The pan-genome was further resolved at the level of T subgenomes,which were generated by Solanaceae-specific paleohexaploidization(T event).We demonstrate substantial gene fractionation(loss)and divergence events following ancient duplications.For example,all class A and E flower model genes in Solanaceae originated from two tandemly duplicated genes,which expanded through the g and T events before fractionating into 10 genes in tomato,each acquiring distinct functions critical for fruit development.Based on these results,we developed the Solanaceae Pan-Genome Database(SolPGD,http://www.bioinformaticslab.cn/SolPGD),which integrates datasets from both inter-and intra-species pan-genomes of Solanaceae.These findings and resources will facilitate future studies of solanaceous species,including orphan crops.展开更多
Peanut protein was fermented by Lactobacillus pentosus,to study the effects of different protein composition of peanut protein isolate,arachin and concomitant arachin on their molecular structure and thermal propertie...Peanut protein was fermented by Lactobacillus pentosus,to study the effects of different protein composition of peanut protein isolate,arachin and concomitant arachin on their molecular structure and thermal properties during fermentation,the composite gel was prepared by compounding peanut protein with myofibril protein,the rheological properties of the composite emulsion and the texture properties of the composite gel were studied to reveal the molecular mechanism of the effect of L.pentosus on the gel properties of peanut protein.the results showed that the free sulfhydryl content,surface hydrophobicity and denaturation temperature of arachin were increased,β-sheet content and denaturation enthalpy were decreased by L.pentosus fermentation.it can reduce the content of free sulfhydryl group,surface hydrophobicity and denaturation enthalpy of peanut protein isolate and concomitant arachin,the denaturation temperature andα-helix content of peanut protein isolate and arachin were significantly increased.after fermentation,the structure of arachin developed to the maximum and the thermal stability of arachin was higher,which proved that L.pentosus could promote the gel modification of peanut protein.the complex gel formed by fermentation with arachin is easier to form porous structure and has better macro-elasticity than the complex gel prepared by modification of arachin and isolate protein.展开更多
The Clinical Practice Guideline on Acupuncture and Moxibustion:Smoking Cessation(WFAS 007.2-2023),released by the World Federation of Acupuncture Societies(WFAS)on 9 October 2023,is the first clinical practice guideli...The Clinical Practice Guideline on Acupuncture and Moxibustion:Smoking Cessation(WFAS 007.2-2023),released by the World Federation of Acupuncture Societies(WFAS)on 9 October 2023,is the first clinical practice guideline dedicated to smoking cessa using acupuncture.The core of the guideline lies in its recommendations,which provide direct clinical answers.Therefore,this article focuses on the recommendations of the guideline.The recommendations in this guideline are based on the latest systematic evaluations,developed through the modified Delphi Consensus Method and the GRADE Method,and provide 7 recommendations for 7 clinical questions.The dissemination and implementation of this guideline are expected to facilitate the standardization of acupuncture practice for smoking cessation and contribute positively to the advancement of acupuncture as a treatment modality for this condition.It provides evidence-based recommendations and practical therapeutic protocols for acupuncture practitioners worldwide and serves as a reference for the development of subsequent acupuncture smoking cessation guidelines.展开更多
The types of mutations and their corresponding frequencies are difficult to measure in complex genomes. In this study, a high-throughput method was developed to identify spontaneous loss-of-function alleles for the re...The types of mutations and their corresponding frequencies are difficult to measure in complex genomes. In this study, a high-throughput method was developed to identify spontaneous loss-of-function alleles for the resistance gene N and the transgenic avirulence gene P50 in allotetraploid tobacco. A total of 2134 loss- of-function alleles of the N gene were identified after screening 14 million F1 hybrids. Analysis of these mutants revealed striking evolutionary patterns for genes in polyploids. Only 14 of the loss-of-function mutations were caused by spontaneous point mutations or indels, while the others were caused by home- ologous recombination （with a frequency of 1/12 000） or chromosome loss （1/15 000）. Loss of the chromosome with the PS0 insertion occurred at a similar frequency （1/13 000）, and the frequency of spon- taneous segmental deletion in this chromosome was 1/16 000. Both homeologous recombination and chromosome loss considerably decreased the viability of the mutants. Our data suggest that the high mutation rate in polyploids is probably due to the occurrence of homeologous recombination and the toler- ance of large mutations such as chromosome loss in polyploid genomes. Frequent mutations tend to drive polyploids to extinction unless a novel mutation helps the polyploid to effectively compete with diploids or find a new ecological niche.展开更多
Pepper(Capsicum spp.)is an important vegetable crop that provides a unique pungent sensation when eaten.Through construction of a pepper variome map,we examined the main groups that emerged during domestication and br...Pepper(Capsicum spp.)is an important vegetable crop that provides a unique pungent sensation when eaten.Through construction of a pepper variome map,we examined the main groups that emerged during domestication and breeding of C.annuum,their relationships and temporal succession,and the molecular events underlying the main transitions.The results showed that the initial differentiation in fruit shape and pungency,increase in fruit weight,and transition from erect to pendent fruits,as well as the recent appearance of large,blocky,sweet fruits(bell peppers),were accompanied by strong selection/fixation of key alleles and introgressions in two large genomic regions.Furthermore,we identified Up,which encodes a BIG GRAIN protein involved in auxin transport,as a key domestication gene that controls erect vs pendent fruit orientation.The up mutation gained increased expression especially in the fruit pedicel through a 579-bp sequence deletion in its 5′upstream region,resulting in the phenotype of pendent fruit.The function of Up was confirmed by virus-induced gene silencing.Taken together,these findings constitute a cornerstone for understanding the domestication and differentiation of a key horticultural crop.展开更多
What is already known about this topic?Enterovirus 71(EV-A71)is the main causative pathogen for severe and fatal patients with Hand,Foot,and Mouth Disease(HFMD)in China's Mainland from 2008 to 2017.Non-EV-A71 and ...What is already known about this topic?Enterovirus 71(EV-A71)is the main causative pathogen for severe and fatal patients with Hand,Foot,and Mouth Disease(HFMD)in China's Mainland from 2008 to 2017.Non-EV-A71 and non-CV-A16(other enterovirus)serotypes were the major causativeserotypes for mild HFMD in years of 2013,2015,and 2017.What is added by this report?In 2018,other enterovirus serotypes replaced EV-A71 for the first time as the major cause of severe HFMD with a proportion of 70.7%.However,at the national level,only a small proportion of the other enterovirus serotypes were further identified as CV-A6 and CVA10.What are the limitations for public health practice?Further identification of other enterovirus serotypes is highly recommended for provincial CDCs,especially for severe HFMD.Studies contributing to a multivalent vaccine for HFMD should be prioritized.展开更多
Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)is an economically important vegetable crop throughout the world,especially in Asia.High-quality genome sequences are available for Chinese cabbage,but gene functional stud...Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)is an economically important vegetable crop throughout the world,especially in Asia.High-quality genome sequences are available for Chinese cabbage,but gene functional studies remain challenging.To promote functional genomic studies of Chinese cabbage,we generated an ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)mutant population of~8000 M_(2) plants using the double haploid inbred line A03 as the parent.The genome of A03 was sequenced and used as a reference for high-throughput functional characterization of gene mutations at the whole-genome level.A total of 300 M_(2) to M_(5) EMS mutants were phenotypically screened and then sequenced,revealing 750629 SNPs and 46272 InDel mutations that cover 98.27%of all predicted genes in the A03 genome.A forward-genetics approach was successfully used to identify two genes with chloroplast-related functions that are responsible for the yellow leaf mutant trait.A reverse-genetics approach was also used to identify associations between mutations in five genes of the glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway and variations in glucosinolate content of the mutant plants.In addition,we built the Chinese cabbage EMS mutation database(CCEMD,www.bioinformaticslab.cn/EMSmutation/home)to increase the usability of this mutant population resource.In summary,we performed large-scale screening of a heading Chinese cabbage EMS mutant collection at the phenotypic and genotypic levels,which will facilitate gene mining of Chinese cabbage and might also be useful for the study of other Brassica crops.展开更多
To the Editor:The fusion gene E2A::HLF(TCF3::HLF)is formed by t(17;19)(q21-22;p13),which presents in<1%of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(B-ALL)and mainly occurs in older children and adolescents.[1]Such patien...To the Editor:The fusion gene E2A::HLF(TCF3::HLF)is formed by t(17;19)(q21-22;p13),which presents in<1%of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(B-ALL)and mainly occurs in older children and adolescents.[1]Such patients were often accompanied by drug resistance and early relapse,which confer an extremely poor prognosis,and even intensive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT)cannot improve their survival.[2]A few studies suggested that chimeric antigen receptor T(CAR-T)cell therapy or BCL-2 inhibitors might benefit such patients.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of the Special Program for Key Research and Development of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2019B111101002)Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project(Grant No.201903010036)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2020M683021)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42075004,41875021,and 41830533)Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System(Sun Yat-sen University),Ministry of Education。
文摘This study analyzes landfall locations of tropical cyclones(TCs)over the western North Pacific during 1979–2018.Results demonstrate that the landfall locations of TCs over this region have shifted northward during the last four decades,primarily due to the shift of landfalling TC tracks,with the decreasing/increasing proportion of westward/northward TC tracks.In particular,the northward shift of the landfalling TCs was not related to their formation locations,which have not markedly changed,whereas"no-landed"TCs have significantly shifted northward.TC movement was significantly and positively correlated to the zonal component of the steering flow,while the correlation between TC movement and the meridional component of the steering flow was relatively unobvious.The westward steering flow in the tropical central Pacific that occurred around the formation and early development of the westward TCs was significantly weakened,which was unfavorable for their westward movement,thereby,causing the higher proportions of northward moving tracks.This weakened westward flow was related to the northward shift of the subtropical high ridge,which was caused by significant weakening of the southern part of the subtropical high.The vertical wind shear,sea surface temperature,and convective available potential energy also showed that the northern region of the western North Pacific became more favorable for TC development,whereas the upper divergence,low-layer relative vorticity,and accumulated water vapor content were not obviously related to the northward shift of TCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41675043 and 41375050)
文摘The South China Sea（SCS） is an eddy-active area. Composite analyses based on 438 mesoscale ocean eddies during 2000–2012 revealed the status of the atmospheric boundary layer is influenced remarkably by such eddies. The results showed cold-core cyclonic（warm-core anticyclonic） eddies tend to cool（warm） the overlying atmosphere and cause surface winds to decelerate（accelerate）. More than 5% of the total variance of turbulent heat fluxes, surface wind speed and evaporation rate are induced by mesoscale eddies. Furthermore, mesoscale eddies locally affect the columnar water vapor, cloud liquid water, and rain rate. Dynamical analyses indicated that both variations of atmospheric boundary layer stability and sea level pressure are responsible for atmospheric anomalies over mesoscale eddies. To reveal further details about the mechanisms of atmospheric responses to mesoscale eddies, atmospheric manifestations over a pair of cold and warm eddies in the southwestern SCS were simulated. Eddy-induced heat flux anomalies lead to changes in atmospheric stability. Thus, anomalous turbulence kinetic energy and friction velocity arise over the eddy dipole, which reduce（enhance） the vertical momentum transport over the cold（warm） eddy, resulting in the decrease（increase） of sea surface wind. Diagnoses of the model＇s momentum balance suggested that wind speed anomalies directly over the eddy dipole are dominated by vertical mixing terms within the atmospheric boundary layer, while wind anomalies on the edges of eddies are produced by atmospheric pressure gradient forces and atmospheric horizontal advection terms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91837310, 41675041, 41620104009 and 41675043)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (Grant No. 2019QZKK0104)+3 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan project (Grant No. 201903010036)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities from Sun Yat-Sen University (Grant No. 20lgpy19)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2020M672943)the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies (Grant No. 2020B1212060025)。
文摘The multidimensional morphological characteristics(including scale, horizontal shape and 3 D morphology) of precipitation areas over the Tibetan Plateau in summer were studied using 15 years(1998–2012) of observational data from the precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. As the scale of the precipitation area increased from 20 to 150 km, the near-surface rain rate(RRav) of the precipitation area increased by up to 78%(from ~1.12 to ~2 mm h~(-1)). Linear precipitation areas had the lowest median RRav(~1 mm h~(-1) over the eastern Tibetan Plateau),whereas square-shaped precipitation areas had the highest median RRav(~1.58 mm h~(-1) over the eastern Tibetan Plateau).The 3D morphology was defined as the ratio of the average vertical scale to the average horizontal scale, where a large value corresponds to thin and tall, and a small value corresponds to plump and short. Thin-and-tall precipitation areas and plump-and-short precipitation areas had a greater median RRav, whereas the precipitation areas with a moderate 3D morphology had the lowest median RRav. The vertical structure of the precipitation-area reflectivity was sensitive to both size and 3D morphology, but was not sensitive to the horizontal shape. The relationship between RRav and the morphological characteristics was most significant over the southern slopes of the Tanggula Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau east of 100°E. The morphological characteristics of precipitation areas are therefore closely related to the intensity of precipitation and could potentially be used to forecast precipitation and verify numerical models.
基金We thank National Infrastructure of Microbial Resources(NIMR-2014-3)for providing valuable reagentsThis work was supported by the National Mega-Project for Infectious Disease(2018ZX10301408 SC)+4 种基金the National Key Research and Development program of China(2018YFE0107600 SC)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81903679 LM)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81772205 SC)Peking Union Medical College Youth Fund(332017075 LM)CAMS innovation fund for Medical Sciences(2018-I2M-3-004 SC).
文摘The CREB-regulated transcriptional co-activators(CRTCs),including CRTC1,CRTC2 and CRTC3,enhance transcription of CREB-targeted genes.In addition to regulating host gene expression in response to cAMP,CRTCs also increase the infection of several viruses.While human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1)long terminal repeat(LTR)promoter harbors a cAMP response element and activation of the cAMP pathway promotes HIV-1 transcription,it remains unknown whether CRTCs have any effect on HIV-1 transcription and HIV-1 infection.Here,we reported that CRTC2 expression was induced by HIV-1 infection,but CRTC2 suppressed HIV-1 infection and diminished viral RNA expression.Mechanistic studies revealed that CRTC2 inhibited transcription from HIV-1 LTR and diminished RNA PolⅡoccupancy at the LTR independent of its association with CREB.Importantly,CRTC2 inhibits the activation of latent HIV-1.Together,these data suggest that in response to HIV-1 infection,cells increase the expression of CRTC2 which inhibits HIV-1 gene expression and may play a role in driving HIV-1 into latency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41405048, 41675043, 41375050, 41205032 and 41775094)Independent Research Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography (Grant No. LTOZZ1603)
文摘Variations in the high-frequency oscillations of tropical cyclones （TCs） over the western North Pacific （WNP） are studied in numerical model simulations. Power spectrum analysis of maximum wind speeds at 10 m （MWS10） from an ensemble of 15 simulated TCs shows that oscillations are significant for all TCs. The magnitudes of oscillations in MWS10 are similar in the WNP and South China Sea （SCS）; however, the mean of the averaged significant periods in the SCS （1.93 h） is shorter than that in the open water of the WNP （2.83 h）. The shorter period in the SCS is examined through an ensemble of simulations, and a case simulation as well as a sensitivity experiment in which the continent is replaced by ocean for Typhoon Hagupit （2008）. The analysis of the convergence efficiency within the boundary layer suggests that the shorter periods in the SCS are possibly due to the stronger terrain effect, which intensifies convergence through greater friction. The enhanced convergence strengthens the disturbance of the gradient and thermal wind balances, and then contributes to the shorter oscillation periods in the SCS.
基金supported by the Special Program for Key Research and Development of Guangdong Province (Grant Number 2019B111101002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan project (Grant Number 201903010036)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers 41675043, 41775094, and 42005062)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Number 20lgpy27)。
文摘Previous studies have recognized reflectivity maxima above the freezing level(RMAF) within stratiform precipitation over mountain slopes, however, quantitative studies are limited due to the lack of adequate identification criteria. Here, we establish an identification method for RMAF precipitation and apply it to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) Precipitation Radar(PR) observations. Using the TRMM 2A25 product from 1998 to 2013, we show that the RMAF structure in reflectivity profiles can be effectively identified. RMAF exists not only in stratiform precipitation but also in convective precipitation. RMAF frequency is positively correlated with elevation, which is thought to be caused by enhanced updrafts in the middle layers of stratiform precipitation, or in the low to middle layers of convective precipitation over mountains. The average RMAF heights in stratiform and convective precipitation were 1.35 and 2.01 km above the freezing level, respectively, which is lower than previous results. In addition, our results indicate that the RMAF structure increased the echo top height and enhanced precipitation processes above the RMAF height, but it suppressed the downward propagation of ice particles and the near-surface rain rate. Future studies of orographic precipitation should take into account the impact of the RMAF structure and its relevant dynamic triggers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.31972411,31722048,and 31630068)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (Grant No.Y2022PT23)+1 种基金the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,P.R.Chinasupported by NIFA,the Department of Agriculture,via UC-Berkeley,USA。
文摘Brassica oleracea has been developed into many important crops,including cabbage,kale,cauliflower,broccoli and so on.The genome and gene annotation of cabbage(cultivar JZS),a representative morphotype of B.oleracea,has been widely used as a common reference in biological research.Although its genome assembly has been updated twice,the current gene annotation still lacks information on untranslated regions(UTRs)and alternative splicing(AS).Here,we constructed a high-quality gene annotation(JZSv3)using a full-length transcriptome acquired by nanopore sequencing,yielding a total of 59452 genes and 75684 transcripts.Additionally,we re-analyzed the previously reported transcriptome data related to the development of different tissues and cold response using JZSv3 as a reference,and found that 3843 out of 11908 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)underwent AS during the development of different tissues and 309 out of 903 cold-related genes underwent AS in response to cold stress.Meanwhile,we also identified many AS genes,including BolLHCB5 and BolHSP70,that displayed distinct expression patterns within variant transcripts of the same gene,highlighting the importance of JZSv3 as a pivotal reference for AS analysis.Overall,JZSv3 provides a valuable resource for exploring gene function,especially for obtaining a deeper understanding of AS regulation mechanisms.
基金supported by Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-038,2022-I2M-2-002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81971950)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022QH321)the National Microbial Resource Center(NMRC-2020-3)the CAMS Collection Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms(CAMS-CCPM-A)for providing valuable reagents.
文摘The productive infection of influenza A virus(IAV)requires the functional involvement of host long noncoding ribonucleic acids(lncRNAs).Identification of key cellular lncRNAs and elucidation of their molecular mechanisms in IAV replication are expected to expand our understanding of virus-host interactions and develop antiviral therapeutics.Our previous work has identified that influenza virus polymerase basic protein 1(PB1)-associated long noncoding RNA(IPAN)associates with and stabilizes viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase PB1 of IAV,warranting efficient viral RNA synthesis.This provides a unique viral strategy of co-opting host lncRNA for replication,whereas the molecular pathways exploited by the virus are unknown.Here,we aim to further investigate the detailed mechanisms underlying IPAN-mediated PB1 stabilization.We employed cellular-level molecular interaction techniques to demonstrate that both retinoic acid-inducible gene I(RIG-I)and tripartite motif-containing protein 25(TRIM25)interacted with PB1 and co-operated to induce its degradation triggered by viral RNA synthesis.The experimental data obtained from RIG-I knockout cell lines and mutational analyses demonstrated RIG-I promoted PB1 degradation independently of its canonical signaling pathway,suggesting an“effector-like”antiviral activity of RIG-I.Furthermore,IPAN knockdown enhanced the association of PB1 with both RIG-I and TRIM25 to restore PB1 stability.These results collectively demonstrated that IAV hijacked host IPAN to protect PB1 from RIG-I/TRIM25-mediated antiviral degradation.Thus,our data reveal a mechanism of RIG-I and TRIM25 against IAV infection by degrading PB1 and highlight how IAV exploits host lncRNAs to evade immune surveillance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC grants U23A20210,32102382,32102386)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2022PT23,Y2022GH04,IVF-BRF2021015)+1 种基金the China Agricultural Research System(CARS-23-A15)the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China.
文摘Dear Editor,Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)is a globally important vegetable crop renowned for its substantial economic and industrial value(Baenas et al.,2019).To advance our understanding of pepper evolution and the genetic mechanisms underlying horticultural traits,several C.annuum genome assemblies have been reported.These include the short-read-based genome assem-blies for Zunla-1 and CM334 and the long-read-based genome assemblies for G1-36576,CA59,Dempsey,Zhangshugang,and Takanotsume(Kim et al.,2014;Qin et al.,2014;Lee et al.,2022;Liao et al.,2022;Shirasawa et al.,2022;Liu et al.,2023;Chen et al.,2024).
基金funded by National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(BJ-2022-173,China)National Health Commission Clinical Research Projects for Innovative Drugs(WKZX2023CX210007,China).
文摘Debates persist regarding the efficacy and safety of azvudine,particularly its real-world outcomes.This study involved patients aged 60 years who were admitted to 25 hospitals in China's Mainland with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between December 1,2022,and February 28,2023.Efficacy outcomes were all-cause mortality during hospitalization,the proportion of patients discharged with recovery,time to nucleic acid-negative conversion(TNANC),time to symptom improvement(TSI),and time of hospital stay(THS).Safety was also assessed.Among the 5884 participants identified,1999 received azvudine,and 1999 matched controls were included after exclusion and propensity score matching.Azvudine recipients exhibited lower all-cause mortality compared with controls in the overall population(13.3%vs.17.1%,RR,0.78;95%CI,0.67e0.90;P = 0.001)and in the severe subgroup(25.7%vs.33.7%;RR,0.76;95%CI,0.66e0.88;P<0.001).A higher proportion of patients discharged with recovery,and a shorter TNANC were associated with azvudine recipients,especially in the severe subgroup.The incidence of adverse events in azvudine recipients was comparable to that in the control group(2.3%vs.1.7%,P = 0.170).In conclusion,azvudine showed efficacy and safety in older patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the SARS-CoV-2 omicron wave in China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC grants U23A20210,32102382,and 32102386)the China Agricultural Research System(CARS-23-A15)+1 种基金the Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2024QC05)the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China.
文摘The Solanaceae family contains many agriculturally important crops,including tomato,potato,pepper,and tobacco,as well as other species with potential for agricultural development,such as the orphan crops groundcherry,wolfberry,and pepino.Research progress varies greatly among these species,with model crops like tomato being far ahead.This disparity limits the broader agricultural application of other Solanaceae species.In this study,we constructed an interspecies pan-genome for the Solanaceae family and identified various gene retention patterns.Our findings reveal that the activity of specific transposable elements is closely associated with gene fractionation and transposition.The pan-genome was further resolved at the level of T subgenomes,which were generated by Solanaceae-specific paleohexaploidization(T event).We demonstrate substantial gene fractionation(loss)and divergence events following ancient duplications.For example,all class A and E flower model genes in Solanaceae originated from two tandemly duplicated genes,which expanded through the g and T events before fractionating into 10 genes in tomato,each acquiring distinct functions critical for fruit development.Based on these results,we developed the Solanaceae Pan-Genome Database(SolPGD,http://www.bioinformaticslab.cn/SolPGD),which integrates datasets from both inter-and intra-species pan-genomes of Solanaceae.These findings and resources will facilitate future studies of solanaceous species,including orphan crops.
基金supported by the foundation for Natural Science Foundation of China(31901643)the foundation for Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2022CFB452)the foundation for National innovation and Entrepreneurship Center for College Students(CSiE)of China(20230100115).
文摘Peanut protein was fermented by Lactobacillus pentosus,to study the effects of different protein composition of peanut protein isolate,arachin and concomitant arachin on their molecular structure and thermal properties during fermentation,the composite gel was prepared by compounding peanut protein with myofibril protein,the rheological properties of the composite emulsion and the texture properties of the composite gel were studied to reveal the molecular mechanism of the effect of L.pentosus on the gel properties of peanut protein.the results showed that the free sulfhydryl content,surface hydrophobicity and denaturation temperature of arachin were increased,β-sheet content and denaturation enthalpy were decreased by L.pentosus fermentation.it can reduce the content of free sulfhydryl group,surface hydrophobicity and denaturation enthalpy of peanut protein isolate and concomitant arachin,the denaturation temperature andα-helix content of peanut protein isolate and arachin were significantly increased.after fermentation,the structure of arachin developed to the maximum and the thermal stability of arachin was higher,which proved that L.pentosus could promote the gel modification of peanut protein.the complex gel formed by fermentation with arachin is easier to form porous structure and has better macro-elasticity than the complex gel prepared by modification of arachin and isolate protein.
基金Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(Innovation program,2024-2-4372)—Efficacy Evaluation of acupuncture in reducing smoking craving in acute tobacco withdrawal periodCapital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(Key program,2022-1-4281)—Research on development and clinical application of wrist acupuncture smoking cessation instrumentScience and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2021A03506).
文摘The Clinical Practice Guideline on Acupuncture and Moxibustion:Smoking Cessation(WFAS 007.2-2023),released by the World Federation of Acupuncture Societies(WFAS)on 9 October 2023,is the first clinical practice guideline dedicated to smoking cessa using acupuncture.The core of the guideline lies in its recommendations,which provide direct clinical answers.Therefore,this article focuses on the recommendations of the guideline.The recommendations in this guideline are based on the latest systematic evaluations,developed through the modified Delphi Consensus Method and the GRADE Method,and provide 7 recommendations for 7 clinical questions.The dissemination and implementation of this guideline are expected to facilitate the standardization of acupuncture practice for smoking cessation and contribute positively to the advancement of acupuncture as a treatment modality for this condition.It provides evidence-based recommendations and practical therapeutic protocols for acupuncture practitioners worldwide and serves as a reference for the development of subsequent acupuncture smoking cessation guidelines.
文摘The types of mutations and their corresponding frequencies are difficult to measure in complex genomes. In this study, a high-throughput method was developed to identify spontaneous loss-of-function alleles for the resistance gene N and the transgenic avirulence gene P50 in allotetraploid tobacco. A total of 2134 loss- of-function alleles of the N gene were identified after screening 14 million F1 hybrids. Analysis of these mutants revealed striking evolutionary patterns for genes in polyploids. Only 14 of the loss-of-function mutations were caused by spontaneous point mutations or indels, while the others were caused by home- ologous recombination （with a frequency of 1/12 000） or chromosome loss （1/15 000）. Loss of the chromosome with the PS0 insertion occurred at a similar frequency （1/13 000）, and the frequency of spon- taneous segmental deletion in this chromosome was 1/16 000. Both homeologous recombination and chromosome loss considerably decreased the viability of the mutants. Our data suggest that the high mutation rate in polyploids is probably due to the occurrence of homeologous recombination and the toler- ance of large mutations such as chromosome loss in polyploid genomes. Frequent mutations tend to drive polyploids to extinction unless a novel mutation helps the polyploid to effectively compete with diploids or find a new ecological niche.
基金China National Key Technology Research and Development Program(2016YFD0100200,2016YFD0101700,2018YFD1000800,and 2020YFD1001100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC grants 31722048,31972411,3170110879,32102382,and 32102386)+5 种基金Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2022GH04,IVF-BRF2021015)Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS)Earmarked Fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-25)CAAS-GAAS Coordinated Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2019)Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,P.R.ChinaHorizon 2020 G2P-SOL project(grant no.677379)from the EU.
文摘Pepper(Capsicum spp.)is an important vegetable crop that provides a unique pungent sensation when eaten.Through construction of a pepper variome map,we examined the main groups that emerged during domestication and breeding of C.annuum,their relationships and temporal succession,and the molecular events underlying the main transitions.The results showed that the initial differentiation in fruit shape and pungency,increase in fruit weight,and transition from erect to pendent fruits,as well as the recent appearance of large,blocky,sweet fruits(bell peppers),were accompanied by strong selection/fixation of key alleles and introgressions in two large genomic regions.Furthermore,we identified Up,which encodes a BIG GRAIN protein involved in auxin transport,as a key domestication gene that controls erect vs pendent fruit orientation.The up mutation gained increased expression especially in the fruit pedicel through a 579-bp sequence deletion in its 5′upstream region,resulting in the phenotype of pendent fruit.The function of Up was confirmed by virus-induced gene silencing.Taken together,these findings constitute a cornerstone for understanding the domestication and differentiation of a key horticultural crop.
文摘What is already known about this topic?Enterovirus 71(EV-A71)is the main causative pathogen for severe and fatal patients with Hand,Foot,and Mouth Disease(HFMD)in China's Mainland from 2008 to 2017.Non-EV-A71 and non-CV-A16(other enterovirus)serotypes were the major causativeserotypes for mild HFMD in years of 2013,2015,and 2017.What is added by this report?In 2018,other enterovirus serotypes replaced EV-A71 for the first time as the major cause of severe HFMD with a proportion of 70.7%.However,at the national level,only a small proportion of the other enterovirus serotypes were further identified as CV-A6 and CVA10.What are the limitations for public health practice?Further identification of other enterovirus serotypes is highly recommended for provincial CDCs,especially for severe HFMD.Studies contributing to a multivalent vaccine for HFMD should be prioritized.
基金supported by the Innovative Research Group Project of Hebei Natural Science Foundation(grant no.C2020204111)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.32002054,31902005,31930098,31972411,31722048,31872947)+7 种基金the International Science and Technology Cooperation base Special Project of Hebei(grant no.20592901D)Key R&D Project of Hebei(grant no.21326344D)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei(grant nos.C2020204122,C2021204163)the Introducing Foreign Intellectual Project of Hebei(grant no.2019YX023A)the Post doctoral Science Foundation of China(grant no.2020M680901)the Science and Technology Research Project of University in Hebei(grant no.BJ2019020)the Post-graduate's Innovation Fund Project of Hebei(grant no.CXZZBS2017069)the State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation(NCCIR20202KF-2).
文摘Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)is an economically important vegetable crop throughout the world,especially in Asia.High-quality genome sequences are available for Chinese cabbage,but gene functional studies remain challenging.To promote functional genomic studies of Chinese cabbage,we generated an ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)mutant population of~8000 M_(2) plants using the double haploid inbred line A03 as the parent.The genome of A03 was sequenced and used as a reference for high-throughput functional characterization of gene mutations at the whole-genome level.A total of 300 M_(2) to M_(5) EMS mutants were phenotypically screened and then sequenced,revealing 750629 SNPs and 46272 InDel mutations that cover 98.27%of all predicted genes in the A03 genome.A forward-genetics approach was successfully used to identify two genes with chloroplast-related functions that are responsible for the yellow leaf mutant trait.A reverse-genetics approach was also used to identify associations between mutations in five genes of the glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway and variations in glucosinolate content of the mutant plants.In addition,we built the Chinese cabbage EMS mutation database(CCEMD,www.bioinformaticslab.cn/EMSmutation/home)to increase the usability of this mutant population resource.In summary,we performed large-scale screening of a heading Chinese cabbage EMS mutant collection at the phenotypic and genotypic levels,which will facilitate gene mining of Chinese cabbage and might also be useful for the study of other Brassica crops.
文摘To the Editor:The fusion gene E2A::HLF(TCF3::HLF)is formed by t(17;19)(q21-22;p13),which presents in<1%of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(B-ALL)and mainly occurs in older children and adolescents.[1]Such patients were often accompanied by drug resistance and early relapse,which confer an extremely poor prognosis,and even intensive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT)cannot improve their survival.[2]A few studies suggested that chimeric antigen receptor T(CAR-T)cell therapy or BCL-2 inhibitors might benefit such patients.
