The evolution of the S'precipitate in Al−Cu−Mg alloy was investigated using transmission electron microscopy(TEM),high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF−STEM),molecular dynam...The evolution of the S'precipitate in Al−Cu−Mg alloy was investigated using transmission electron microscopy(TEM),high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF−STEM),molecular dynamics(MD)simulations,and other analytical techniques.The precipitation behavior during different aging stages of the supersaturated solid solution formed after rapid cold punching was focused,which induces rapid dissolution of precipitates.The findings reveal that the precipitation sequence is significantly influenced by aging temperature.At higher aging temperatures,which mitigate lattice distortion in the matrix,the precipitation sequence follows the conventional path.Conversely,at lower aging temperatures,where lattice distortion persists,the sequence deviates,suppressing the formation of Guinier−Preston−Bagaryatsky(GPB)zones.MD simulations confirm that the variations in solute atom diffusion rates at different aging temperatures lead to the differences in the S'phase precipitation sequence.展开更多
Growth of high-quality Nb_(3)Sn thin films for superconducting radiofrequency(SRF)applications using the vapor diffusion method requires a uniform distribution of tin nuclei on the niobium(Nb)surface.This study examin...Growth of high-quality Nb_(3)Sn thin films for superconducting radiofrequency(SRF)applications using the vapor diffusion method requires a uniform distribution of tin nuclei on the niobium(Nb)surface.This study examines the mechanism underlying the observed non-uniform distribution of tin nuclei with tin chloride SnCl_(2).Electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis was used to examine the correlation between the nucleation behavior and orientation of niobium grains in the substrate.The findings of the density functional theory(DFT)simulation are in good agreement with the experimental results,showing that the non-uniform distribution of tin nuclei is the result of the adsorption energy of SnCl_(2)molecules by varied niobium grain orientations.Further analysis indicated that the surface roughness and grain size of niobium also played significant roles in the nucleation behavior.This study provides valuable insights into enhancing the surface pretreatment of niobium substrates during the growth of Nb_(3)Sn thin films using the vapor diffusion method.展开更多
Background:Long-term exposure to light has emerged as a novel risk factor for metabolic diseases.The whitening of brown adipose tissue(BAT)may play an important role in metabolic disorders caused by long-term continuo...Background:Long-term exposure to light has emerged as a novel risk factor for metabolic diseases.The whitening of brown adipose tissue(BAT)may play an important role in metabolic disorders caused by long-term continuous light exposure.This study aimed to investigate the morphological and functional alterations in BAT under continuous light conditions and to identify traditional Chinese medicine compounds capable of reversing these changes.Methods:A metabolic disorder model was established by subjecting mice to continuous light exposure for 5 weeks.During this period,body weight,food intake,and body fat percentage were monitored.Serum levels of triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were measured to assess lipid metabolism.Histological changes in BAT were examined using H&E staining.The expression of the thermogenic marker uncoupling protein 1(UCP1)in BAT was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot to evaluate thermogenic function.RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)was employed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)involved in BAT whitening induced by prolonged continuous light exposure.DEGs were analyzed using the connectivity map(CMap)database to identify potential preventive and therapeutic compounds.The therapeutic efficacy of the selected compounds was subsequently evaluated using the above indicators,and key pathways were validated through western blot analysis.Results:After 5 weeks of continuous light exposure,mice exhibited increased body fat percentage and serum levels of TG,impaired mitochondrial function,reduced thermogenic capacity,and whitening of BAT.Gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses indicated that BAT whitening was primarily associated with the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling pathway,fatty acid metabolism,and circadian rhythm.Ten hub genes identified using Cytoscape were mainly related to AMPK signaling and heat shock proteins.In vivo experiments showed that cordycepin significantly attenuated the increase in body fat percentage caused by prolonged light exposure.This effect was mediated by activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α/UCP1 signaling pathway,which restored the multilocular morphology and thermogenic function of BAT.Conclusion:Cordycepin mitigates continuous light-induced BAT whitening and metabolic disturbances by activating the AMPK signaling pathway.展开更多
X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)were used to systematically investigate the ...X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)were used to systematically investigate the impact of rapid cold stamping on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of spray-formed Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys under ambient conditions.The results reveal that the dislocation density increases with successive cold stamping passes,the volume fraction of the secondary phase(Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)_(2))increases from 15.64% to 23.94%,and the average size decreases from 1.41 to 0.75μm.The pinning effect of the secondary phases on dislocations promotes a significant transformation from low-angle grain boundaries to high-angle grain boundaries,resulting in the average grain size decreasing from 5.75 to 0.97μm.The strength and hardness of the samples increase with successive cold stamping passes,which is attributed to the synergistic effects of dislocation strengthening,grain boundary strengthening,and secondary phase strengthening.展开更多
Developing high-efficiency catalyst is crucial for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))to high-value products.In the present work,a three-chamber electrolysis cell has been developed for CO_(2)reductio...Developing high-efficiency catalyst is crucial for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))to high-value products.In the present work,a three-chamber electrolysis cell has been developed for CO_(2)reduction to carbon monoxide(CO)in an organic electrolyte,with sodium hydroxide(NaOH)and chlorine(Cl_(2))produced as byproducts.In order to improve the performance of the three-chamber electrolyzer,a gallium-based(Ga-based)ternary-porous catalyst(Ga-In_(4)Ag_(9))has been fabricated.During the long-term electrolysis process,Ga-In_(4)Ag_(9)catalyst exhibits good performance toward CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),the CO partial current density achieves to 139.21 mA·cm^(-2)at-2.4 V(vs.SHE),with the Faraday efficiency(FE)of CO formation stabled at 92.3%.Density functional theory(DFT)analysis reveals that the position of the d-band center of Ga-In_(4)Ag_(9)is regulated by silver(Ag)atoms,which is beneficial for enhancing the binding ability between the catalyst and the intermediate.Owing to the adsorption of Cl^(-)on the surface of Ga-In_(4)Ag_(9),the reconfiguration of electron density has been altered,which is beneficial for the stabilization of*CO_(2)-intermediate.This work provides valuable insights for designing Ga-based metal catalysts toward CO_(2)electrolysis to produce high-value chemicals.展开更多
The intrinsic volume changes(about 300%)of Si anode during the lithiation/delithiation leads to the serious degradation of battery performance despite of theoretical capacity of 3579 mAh g^(-1) of Si.Herein,a three-di...The intrinsic volume changes(about 300%)of Si anode during the lithiation/delithiation leads to the serious degradation of battery performance despite of theoretical capacity of 3579 mAh g^(-1) of Si.Herein,a three-dimensional(3D)conductive polymer binder with adjustable crosslinking density has been designed by employing citric acid(CA)as a crosslinker between the carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)and the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly-(styrene-4-sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)to stabilize Si anode.By adjusting the crosslinking density,the binder can achieve a balance between rigidity and flexibility to adapt the volume expansion upon lithiation and reversible volume recovery after delithiation of Si.Therefore,Si/CMC-CA-PEDOT:PSS(Si/CCP)electrode demonstrates an excellent performance with high capacities of 2792.3 mAh g^(-1) at 0.5 A g^(-1) and a high area capacity above 2.6 mAh cm^(-2) under Si loading of 1.38 mg cm^(-2).The full cell Si/CCP paired with Li(Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1))O_(2) cathode discharges a capacity of 199.0 mAh g^(-1) with 84.3%ICE at 0.1 C and the capacity retention of 95.6%after 100 cycles.This work validates the effectiveness of 3D polymer binder and provides new insights to boost the performance of Si anode.展开更多
In recent years, instance-level-image retrieval has attracted massive attention. Several researchers proposed that the representations learned by convolutional neural network （CNN） can be used for image retrieval ta...In recent years, instance-level-image retrieval has attracted massive attention. Several researchers proposed that the representations learned by convolutional neural network （CNN） can be used for image retrieval task. In this study, the authors propose an effective feature encoder to extract robust information from CNN. It consists of two main steps： the embedding step and the aggregation step. Moreover, they apply the multi-task loss function to train their model in order to make the training process more effective. Finally, this study proposes a novel representation policy that encodes feature vectors extracted from different layers to capture both local patterns and semantic concepts from deep CNN. They call this ＇multi-level-image representation＇, which could further improve the performance. The proposed model is helpful to improve the retrieval performance. For the sake of comprehensively evaluating the performance of their approach, they conducted ablation experiments with various convolutional NN architectures. Furthermore, they apply their approach to a concrete challenge - Alibaba large-scale search challenge. The results show that their model is effective and competitive.展开更多
In recent years, deep networks has achieved outstanding performance in computer vision, especially in the field of face recognition. In terms of the performance for a face recognition model based on deep network, ther...In recent years, deep networks has achieved outstanding performance in computer vision, especially in the field of face recognition. In terms of the performance for a face recognition model based on deep network, there are two main closely related factors： 1） the structure of the deep neural network, and 2） the number and quality of training data. In real applications, illumination change is one of the most important factors that significantly affect the performance of face recognition algorithms. As for deep network models, only if there is sufficient training data that has various illumination intensity could they achieve expected performance. However, such kind of training data is hard to collect in the real world. In this paper, focusing on the illumination change challenge, we propose a deep network model which takes both visible light image and near-infrared image into account to perform face recognition. Near- infrared image, as we know, is much less sensitive to illuminations. Visible light face image contains abundant texture information which is very useful for face recognition. Thus, we design an adaptive score fusion strategy which hardly has information loss and the nearest neighbor algorithm to conduct the final classification. The experimental results demonstrate that the model is very effective in realworld scenarios and perform much better in terms of illumination change than other state-of-the-art models.展开更多
Ulcerative colitis(UC) is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects the colon and rectum. It is believed that genetic factors, host immune system disorders, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and environmental factors...Ulcerative colitis(UC) is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects the colon and rectum. It is believed that genetic factors, host immune system disorders, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of UC. however, studies on the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of UC have been inconclusive. Studies have shown that probiotics improve intestinal mucosa barrier function and immune system function and promote secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, thereby inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria in the intestine. Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) can reduce bowel permeability and thus the severity of disease by increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, which help maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. FMT can also restore immune dysbiosis by inhibiting Th1 differentiation, activity of T cells, leukocyte adhesion, and production of inflammatory factors. Probiotics and FMT are being increasingly used to treat UC, but their use is controversial because of uncertain efficacy. Here, we briefly review the role of intestinal microbiota in thepathogenesis and treatment of UC.展开更多
The aircraft antiskid braking system is an important hydraulic system for preventing tire bursts and ensuring safe take-off and landing. The brake system adjusts the force applied on the brake discs by controlling the...The aircraft antiskid braking system is an important hydraulic system for preventing tire bursts and ensuring safe take-off and landing. The brake system adjusts the force applied on the brake discs by controlling the brake pressure. Traditional aircraft antiskid braking systems achieve antiskid performance by controlling the braking pressure with an electrohydraulic servo valve.Because the pilot stage of an electrohydraulic servo valve is easily blocked by carbonized hydraulic oil, the servo valve would become a dangerous weak point for aircraft safety. This paper proposes a new approach that uses an on-off valve array to replace the servo valve for pressure control. Based on this new pressure control component, an efficient antiskid control algorithm that can utilize this discontinuous feature is proposed. Furthermore, the algorithm has the ability to identify the runway circumstances. To overcome the discontinuity in the process of using an on-off valve array, the Filippov framework is introduced. The conditions of convergence of the system are also discussed.The results of the digital simulations and the hardware-in-the-loop(HIL) braking experiments are used to verify the efficiency and stability of the proposed control algorithm. The method also proves that the on-off valve array can replace the servo valve perfectly as a new type of antiskid braking pressure control component.展开更多
As a kind of actuation mechanism for power-by-wire(PBW) actuation systems of more/all electrical aircraft, an electro-hydrostatic actuator(EHA) is a highly integrated local hydraulic actuation system. It is a volume c...As a kind of actuation mechanism for power-by-wire(PBW) actuation systems of more/all electrical aircraft, an electro-hydrostatic actuator(EHA) is a highly integrated local hydraulic actuation system. It is a volume control system consisting of a motor, a pump, an actuator, etc.,which has features of high efficiency and reliability. However, the poor dynamic characteristic is one of the main factors restricting its wide application in aircraft. In this paper, the reason for the poor dynamic characteristic of an EHA is revealed from the perspectives of the natural frequency characteristic and the power requirement, respectively. In other words, the insufficiency of the motor output power at a high frequency is the main factor causing the poor dynamic characteristic of the system, and methods which include increasing the maximum output torque of the motor, reducing the rotational inertia of the motor-pump group, and adopting a double-motorpump group configuration are proposed in this paper, by which the dynamic characteristic of the system can be improved. The feasibility of those methods are verified by simulations. Finally, the dynamic characteristic is tested on an EHA prototype, and results show that saturation of the output torque of the motor is the main factor restricting the dynamic characteristic of the EHA system.展开更多
Traditional hydraulic brake systems require a complex system of pipelines between an aircraft engine driven pump（EDP） and brake actuators, which increases the weight of the aircraft and may even cause serious vibrat...Traditional hydraulic brake systems require a complex system of pipelines between an aircraft engine driven pump（EDP） and brake actuators, which increases the weight of the aircraft and may even cause serious vibration and leakage problems. In order to improve the reliability and safety of more electric aircraft（MEA）, this paper proposes a new integrated self-powered brake system（ISBS） for MEA. It uses a hydraulic pump geared to the main wheel to recover a small part of the kinetic energy of a landing aircraft. The recovered energy then serves as the hydraulic power supply for brake actuators. It does not require additional hydraulic source, thus removing the pipelines between an EDP and brake actuators. In addition, its self-powered characteristic makes it possible to brake as usual even in an emergency situation when the airborne power is lost. This paper introduces the working principle of the ISBS and presents a prototype. The mathematical models of a taxiing aircraft and the ISBS are established. A feedback linearization control algorithm is designed to fulfill the anti-skid control. Simulations are carried out to verify the feasibility of the ISBS, and experiments are conducted on a ground inertia brake test bench. The ISBS presents a good performance and provides a new potential solution in the field of brake systems for MEA.展开更多
The maneuvering time on the ground accounts for 10%–30%of their flight time,and it always exceeds 50%for short-haul aircraft when the ground traffic is congested.Aircraft also contribute significantly to emissions,fu...The maneuvering time on the ground accounts for 10%–30%of their flight time,and it always exceeds 50%for short-haul aircraft when the ground traffic is congested.Aircraft also contribute significantly to emissions,fuel burn,and noise when taxiing on the ground at airports.There is an urgent need to reduce aircraft taxiing time on the ground.However,it is too expensive for airports and aircraft carriers to build and maintain more runways,and it is space-limited to tow the aircraft fast using tractors.Autonomous drive capability is currently the best solution for aircraft,which can save the maneuver time for aircraft.An idea is proposed that the wheels are driven by APU-powered(auxiliary power unit)motors,APU is working on its efficient point;consequently,the emissions,fuel burn,and noise will be reduced significantly.For Front-wheel drive aircraft,the front wheel must provide longitudinal force to tow the plane forward and lateral force to help the aircraft make a turn.Forward traction effects the aircraft’s maximum turning ability,which is difficult to be modeled to guide the controller design.Deep reinforcement learning provides a powerful tool to help us design controllers for black-box models;however,the models of related works are always simplified,fixed,or not easily modified,but that is what we care about most.Only with complex models can the trained controller be intelligent.High-fidelity models that can easily modified are necessary for aircraft ground maneuver controller design.This paper focuses on the maneuvering problem of front-wheel drive aircraft,a high-fidelity aircraft taxiing dynamic model is established,including the 6-DOF airframe,landing gears,and nonlinear tire force model.A deep reinforcement learning based controller was designed to improve the maneuver performance of front-wheel drive aircraft.It is proved that in some conditions,the DRL based controller outperformed conventional look-ahead controllers.展开更多
· AIM: To reconstruct the extensive full-thickness defects of eyelids is a challenge for the plastic surgeon because of their complex anatomy and special functions.This article presents and discusses an improved ...· AIM: To reconstruct the extensive full-thickness defects of eyelids is a challenge for the plastic surgeon because of their complex anatomy and special functions.This article presents and discusses an improved surgical technique in which the orbicularis oculi myocutaneous flap is rotated through a "subcutaneous tunnel" in conjunction with a palatal mucosal graft employed for lining.·METHODS: Data from 22 eyes with extensive full-thickness eyelid defects from various causes between2009 and 2013 were analyzed in this study. After the different layers of eyelid were separated completely, a temporally based orbicularis oculi myocutaneous flap was designed following fishtail lines and was mobilized,leaving the base of the pedicle intact with a submuscular tissue attachment. The flap was then rotated through a "subcutaneous tunnel" to the defect, and the donor site was closed primarily. Posterior lamellar reconstruction was performed with a mucosal graft harvested from the hard palate.·RESULTS: All the flaps were survived without any healing problems. There was no corneal irritation, flap contraction, or significant donor-site morbidity in the follow-up period. The incision scars were almost invisible.The defects were repaired completely, and the evaluations showed satisfactory function and appearance.·CONCLUSION: This technique is an improved singlestage operation and can be applied to repair large, full-thickness eyelid defects from various causes. With our method, the functional and aesthetic results can be obtained in either the upper or lower eyelids.展开更多
Holding a promise of achieving high power and energy densities,Li-ion hybrid electrochemical capacitors present a crucial future direction for energy storage devices.However,technical challenges remain to appropriatel...Holding a promise of achieving high power and energy densities,Li-ion hybrid electrochemical capacitors present a crucial future direction for energy storage devices.However,technical challenges remain to appropriately couple both high-power capacitor-type and high-energy battery-type electrode materials within a same device.In addition,the current electrode materials in the device are usually prepared separately,which leads to lengthy preparation,time-consuming and high-cost.In this work,we report a simple method to prepare porous carbon materials(PC) with and without MnO nanoparticle cores,which function as very unique anode/cathode pairs for very high-performance Li ion hybrid supercapacitor.Taking the respective merits of high Li storage capacity from the MnO@C anode and high-rate performance from the PC cathode,the resulted device exhibits a remarkable energy density of 89 Wh·kg^(-1)(at 48 W·kg^(-1)) and can reach a battery-inaccessible power density of 18 kW·kg^(-1)(at 45Wh·kg^(-1)).展开更多
Soil degradation through salinization and pollution by toxic compounds such as petroleum hydrocarbons(PHCs) in the coastal wetlands has become a significant threat to ecosystem health, biodiversity, and food security....Soil degradation through salinization and pollution by toxic compounds such as petroleum hydrocarbons(PHCs) in the coastal wetlands has become a significant threat to ecosystem health, biodiversity, and food security. However, traditional remediation technologies can generate secondary pollutants, incur high operating costs, and consume significant quantities of energy. Bioremediation, using plants, biochar, and microbes, is an innovative and cost-effective option to remediate contaminated soils. Biochar, as a plant/microbe growth enhancer, is a promising green approach for the sustainable phytoremediation of PHCs in salinized soils. This review therefore summarizes the effect of plant-and microbe-assisted biochar amendment technology for the remediation of PHCs and salinization. Plant-microbe interactions mediated rhizodegradation despite increasing hydrocarbon sorption. Overall, microbial respiration is more active in biochar amendments, due to faster biodegradation of PHCs and improved soil properties. The use of biochar, plants, and microbes is recommended,as it offers a practical and sustainable option, both ecologically and economically, for the remediation of PHCs and excess salinity. Further development of new green technologies is to be encouraged.展开更多
Hydrogen is a popular clean high-energy-density fuel.However,its utilization is limited by the challenges toward low-cost hydrogen production and safe hydrogen storage.Fortunately,these issues can be addressed using p...Hydrogen is a popular clean high-energy-density fuel.However,its utilization is limited by the challenges toward low-cost hydrogen production and safe hydrogen storage.Fortunately,these issues can be addressed using promising hydrogen storage materials such as B–H compounds.Hydrogen stored in B–H compounds can be released by hydrolysis at room temperature,which requires catalysts to increase the rate of the reaction.Recently,several effective approaches have been developed for hydrogen generation by catalyzing the hydrolysis of B–H compounds.This review summarizes the existing research on the use of nanoparticles loaded on hydrogels as catalysts for the hydrolysis of B–H compounds.First,the factors affecting the hydrolysis rate,such as temperature,p H,reactant concentration,and type of nano particles,were investigated.Further,the preparation methods(in situ reduction,one-pot method,template adsorption,etc.)for the hydrogel catalysts and the types of loaded catalysts were determined.Additionally,the hydrogel catalysts that can respond to magnetic fields,ultrasound fields,optical fields,and other physical fields are introduced.Finally,the issues and future developments of hydrogel-based catalysts are discussed.This review can inspire deeper investigations and provide guidance for the study of hydrogel catalysts in the field of hydrogen production via hydrolysis.展开更多
Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi may help protect plants against herbivores;however,their use for the pest control of woody plants requires further study.Here,we investigated the effect of Glomus mosseae colonization o...Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi may help protect plants against herbivores;however,their use for the pest control of woody plants requires further study.Here,we investigated the effect of Glomus mosseae colonization on the interactions between gypsy moth larvae and Populus alba×P.berolinensis seedlings and deciphered the regulatory mechanisms underlying the mycorrhizal-induced resistance in the leaves of mycorrhizal poplar using RNA-seq and nontargeted metabolomics.The resistance assay showed that AM fungus inoculation protected poplar seedlings against gypsy moth larvae,as evidenced by the decreased larval growth and reduced larval survival.A transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis(lipoxygenase,hydroperoxide dehydratase,and allene oxide cyclase)and signal transduction(jasmonate-ZIM domain and transcription factor MYC2)and identified the genes that were upregulated in mycorrhizal seedlings.Except for chalcone synthase and anthocyanidin synthase,which were downregulated in mycorrhizal seedlings,all DEGs related to flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated,including 4-coumarate-CoA ligase,chalcone isomerase,flavanone 3-hydroxylase,flavonol synthase,and leucoanthocyanidin reductase.The metabolome analysis showed that several metabolites with insecticidal properties,including coumarin,stachydrine,artocarpin,norizalpinin,abietic acid,6-formylumbelliferone,and vanillic acid,were significantly accumulated in the mycorrhizal seedlings.These findings suggest the potential of mycorrhiza-induced resistance for use in pest management of woody plants and demonstrate that the priming of JA-dependent responses in poplar seedlings contributes to mycorrhiza-induced resistance to insect pests.展开更多
Lithium batteries have always played a key role in the field of new energy sources.However,non-controllable lithium dendrites and volume dilatation of metallic lithium in batteries with lithium metal as anodes have li...Lithium batteries have always played a key role in the field of new energy sources.However,non-controllable lithium dendrites and volume dilatation of metallic lithium in batteries with lithium metal as anodes have limited their development.Recently,a large number of studies have shown that the electrochemical performances of lithium batteries can be enhanced through the regulation of external physical fields.Especially,it significantly hinders the growth of lithium dendrites and promoting the reaction kinetics.This review summarizes recent innovations in the investigation of various physical fields of lithium batteries.The application of magnetic field in the synthesis of lithium battery electrode materials is introduced.The influence factors and regulation mechanism of various physical fields on the electrochemical performance of lithium batteries are reviewed emphatically.In addition,the current research status and existing challenges,along with future directions for the evolution of lithium batteries,are minutely discussed and prospected.New strategies for the further evolution of lithium batteries have also been provided.展开更多
基金supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC) Local Cooperation Program (No. 202308430176)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52271177)the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation Regional Joint Fund, China (No. 2023JJ50173)。
文摘The evolution of the S'precipitate in Al−Cu−Mg alloy was investigated using transmission electron microscopy(TEM),high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF−STEM),molecular dynamics(MD)simulations,and other analytical techniques.The precipitation behavior during different aging stages of the supersaturated solid solution formed after rapid cold punching was focused,which induces rapid dissolution of precipitates.The findings reveal that the precipitation sequence is significantly influenced by aging temperature.At higher aging temperatures,which mitigate lattice distortion in the matrix,the precipitation sequence follows the conventional path.Conversely,at lower aging temperatures,where lattice distortion persists,the sequence deviates,suppressing the formation of Guinier−Preston−Bagaryatsky(GPB)zones.MD simulations confirm that the variations in solute atom diffusion rates at different aging temperatures lead to the differences in the S'phase precipitation sequence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12175283)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2020410)Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory(HND20TDSPCD,HND22PTDZD).
文摘Growth of high-quality Nb_(3)Sn thin films for superconducting radiofrequency(SRF)applications using the vapor diffusion method requires a uniform distribution of tin nuclei on the niobium(Nb)surface.This study examines the mechanism underlying the observed non-uniform distribution of tin nuclei with tin chloride SnCl_(2).Electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis was used to examine the correlation between the nucleation behavior and orientation of niobium grains in the substrate.The findings of the density functional theory(DFT)simulation are in good agreement with the experimental results,showing that the non-uniform distribution of tin nuclei is the result of the adsorption energy of SnCl_(2)molecules by varied niobium grain orientations.Further analysis indicated that the surface roughness and grain size of niobium also played significant roles in the nucleation behavior.This study provides valuable insights into enhancing the surface pretreatment of niobium substrates during the growth of Nb_(3)Sn thin films using the vapor diffusion method.
文摘Background:Long-term exposure to light has emerged as a novel risk factor for metabolic diseases.The whitening of brown adipose tissue(BAT)may play an important role in metabolic disorders caused by long-term continuous light exposure.This study aimed to investigate the morphological and functional alterations in BAT under continuous light conditions and to identify traditional Chinese medicine compounds capable of reversing these changes.Methods:A metabolic disorder model was established by subjecting mice to continuous light exposure for 5 weeks.During this period,body weight,food intake,and body fat percentage were monitored.Serum levels of triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were measured to assess lipid metabolism.Histological changes in BAT were examined using H&E staining.The expression of the thermogenic marker uncoupling protein 1(UCP1)in BAT was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot to evaluate thermogenic function.RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)was employed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)involved in BAT whitening induced by prolonged continuous light exposure.DEGs were analyzed using the connectivity map(CMap)database to identify potential preventive and therapeutic compounds.The therapeutic efficacy of the selected compounds was subsequently evaluated using the above indicators,and key pathways were validated through western blot analysis.Results:After 5 weeks of continuous light exposure,mice exhibited increased body fat percentage and serum levels of TG,impaired mitochondrial function,reduced thermogenic capacity,and whitening of BAT.Gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses indicated that BAT whitening was primarily associated with the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling pathway,fatty acid metabolism,and circadian rhythm.Ten hub genes identified using Cytoscape were mainly related to AMPK signaling and heat shock proteins.In vivo experiments showed that cordycepin significantly attenuated the increase in body fat percentage caused by prolonged light exposure.This effect was mediated by activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α/UCP1 signaling pathway,which restored the multilocular morphology and thermogenic function of BAT.Conclusion:Cordycepin mitigates continuous light-induced BAT whitening and metabolic disturbances by activating the AMPK signaling pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52271177).
文摘X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)were used to systematically investigate the impact of rapid cold stamping on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of spray-formed Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys under ambient conditions.The results reveal that the dislocation density increases with successive cold stamping passes,the volume fraction of the secondary phase(Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)_(2))increases from 15.64% to 23.94%,and the average size decreases from 1.41 to 0.75μm.The pinning effect of the secondary phases on dislocations promotes a significant transformation from low-angle grain boundaries to high-angle grain boundaries,resulting in the average grain size decreasing from 5.75 to 0.97μm.The strength and hardness of the samples increase with successive cold stamping passes,which is attributed to the synergistic effects of dislocation strengthening,grain boundary strengthening,and secondary phase strengthening.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52164048 and 52067012)the Natural Science Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology(No.KKZ3202437105)the Analysis and Testing Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology(No.2023P20221102026).
文摘Developing high-efficiency catalyst is crucial for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))to high-value products.In the present work,a three-chamber electrolysis cell has been developed for CO_(2)reduction to carbon monoxide(CO)in an organic electrolyte,with sodium hydroxide(NaOH)and chlorine(Cl_(2))produced as byproducts.In order to improve the performance of the three-chamber electrolyzer,a gallium-based(Ga-based)ternary-porous catalyst(Ga-In_(4)Ag_(9))has been fabricated.During the long-term electrolysis process,Ga-In_(4)Ag_(9)catalyst exhibits good performance toward CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),the CO partial current density achieves to 139.21 mA·cm^(-2)at-2.4 V(vs.SHE),with the Faraday efficiency(FE)of CO formation stabled at 92.3%.Density functional theory(DFT)analysis reveals that the position of the d-band center of Ga-In_(4)Ag_(9)is regulated by silver(Ag)atoms,which is beneficial for enhancing the binding ability between the catalyst and the intermediate.Owing to the adsorption of Cl^(-)on the surface of Ga-In_(4)Ag_(9),the reconfiguration of electron density has been altered,which is beneficial for the stabilization of*CO_(2)-intermediate.This work provides valuable insights for designing Ga-based metal catalysts toward CO_(2)electrolysis to produce high-value chemicals.
基金Financial support by the NSFC no. 52371224, 51972156, and 51872131
文摘The intrinsic volume changes(about 300%)of Si anode during the lithiation/delithiation leads to the serious degradation of battery performance despite of theoretical capacity of 3579 mAh g^(-1) of Si.Herein,a three-dimensional(3D)conductive polymer binder with adjustable crosslinking density has been designed by employing citric acid(CA)as a crosslinker between the carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)and the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly-(styrene-4-sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)to stabilize Si anode.By adjusting the crosslinking density,the binder can achieve a balance between rigidity and flexibility to adapt the volume expansion upon lithiation and reversible volume recovery after delithiation of Si.Therefore,Si/CMC-CA-PEDOT:PSS(Si/CCP)electrode demonstrates an excellent performance with high capacities of 2792.3 mAh g^(-1) at 0.5 A g^(-1) and a high area capacity above 2.6 mAh cm^(-2) under Si loading of 1.38 mg cm^(-2).The full cell Si/CCP paired with Li(Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1))O_(2) cathode discharges a capacity of 199.0 mAh g^(-1) with 84.3%ICE at 0.1 C and the capacity retention of 95.6%after 100 cycles.This work validates the effectiveness of 3D polymer binder and provides new insights to boost the performance of Si anode.
文摘In recent years, instance-level-image retrieval has attracted massive attention. Several researchers proposed that the representations learned by convolutional neural network （CNN） can be used for image retrieval task. In this study, the authors propose an effective feature encoder to extract robust information from CNN. It consists of two main steps： the embedding step and the aggregation step. Moreover, they apply the multi-task loss function to train their model in order to make the training process more effective. Finally, this study proposes a novel representation policy that encodes feature vectors extracted from different layers to capture both local patterns and semantic concepts from deep CNN. They call this ＇multi-level-image representation＇, which could further improve the performance. The proposed model is helpful to improve the retrieval performance. For the sake of comprehensively evaluating the performance of their approach, they conducted ablation experiments with various convolutional NN architectures. Furthermore, they apply their approach to a concrete challenge - Alibaba large-scale search challenge. The results show that their model is effective and competitive.
文摘In recent years, deep networks has achieved outstanding performance in computer vision, especially in the field of face recognition. In terms of the performance for a face recognition model based on deep network, there are two main closely related factors： 1） the structure of the deep neural network, and 2） the number and quality of training data. In real applications, illumination change is one of the most important factors that significantly affect the performance of face recognition algorithms. As for deep network models, only if there is sufficient training data that has various illumination intensity could they achieve expected performance. However, such kind of training data is hard to collect in the real world. In this paper, focusing on the illumination change challenge, we propose a deep network model which takes both visible light image and near-infrared image into account to perform face recognition. Near- infrared image, as we know, is much less sensitive to illuminations. Visible light face image contains abundant texture information which is very useful for face recognition. Thus, we design an adaptive score fusion strategy which hardly has information loss and the nearest neighbor algorithm to conduct the final classification. The experimental results demonstrate that the model is very effective in realworld scenarios and perform much better in terms of illumination change than other state-of-the-art models.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81670504 and No.81472287the New Xiangya Talent Project of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University,No.20150308
文摘Ulcerative colitis(UC) is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects the colon and rectum. It is believed that genetic factors, host immune system disorders, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of UC. however, studies on the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of UC have been inconclusive. Studies have shown that probiotics improve intestinal mucosa barrier function and immune system function and promote secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, thereby inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria in the intestine. Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) can reduce bowel permeability and thus the severity of disease by increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, which help maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. FMT can also restore immune dysbiosis by inhibiting Th1 differentiation, activity of T cells, leukocyte adhesion, and production of inflammatory factors. Probiotics and FMT are being increasingly used to treat UC, but their use is controversial because of uncertain efficacy. Here, we briefly review the role of intestinal microbiota in thepathogenesis and treatment of UC.
基金the Science and Technology on Aircraft Control Laboratorythe National Nature Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51775014 and 51890882)
文摘The aircraft antiskid braking system is an important hydraulic system for preventing tire bursts and ensuring safe take-off and landing. The brake system adjusts the force applied on the brake discs by controlling the brake pressure. Traditional aircraft antiskid braking systems achieve antiskid performance by controlling the braking pressure with an electrohydraulic servo valve.Because the pilot stage of an electrohydraulic servo valve is easily blocked by carbonized hydraulic oil, the servo valve would become a dangerous weak point for aircraft safety. This paper proposes a new approach that uses an on-off valve array to replace the servo valve for pressure control. Based on this new pressure control component, an efficient antiskid control algorithm that can utilize this discontinuous feature is proposed. Furthermore, the algorithm has the ability to identify the runway circumstances. To overcome the discontinuity in the process of using an on-off valve array, the Filippov framework is introduced. The conditions of convergence of the system are also discussed.The results of the digital simulations and the hardware-in-the-loop(HIL) braking experiments are used to verify the efficiency and stability of the proposed control algorithm. The method also proves that the on-off valve array can replace the servo valve perfectly as a new type of antiskid braking pressure control component.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51475020)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB046400)
文摘As a kind of actuation mechanism for power-by-wire(PBW) actuation systems of more/all electrical aircraft, an electro-hydrostatic actuator(EHA) is a highly integrated local hydraulic actuation system. It is a volume control system consisting of a motor, a pump, an actuator, etc.,which has features of high efficiency and reliability. However, the poor dynamic characteristic is one of the main factors restricting its wide application in aircraft. In this paper, the reason for the poor dynamic characteristic of an EHA is revealed from the perspectives of the natural frequency characteristic and the power requirement, respectively. In other words, the insufficiency of the motor output power at a high frequency is the main factor causing the poor dynamic characteristic of the system, and methods which include increasing the maximum output torque of the motor, reducing the rotational inertia of the motor-pump group, and adopting a double-motorpump group configuration are proposed in this paper, by which the dynamic characteristic of the system can be improved. The feasibility of those methods are verified by simulations. Finally, the dynamic characteristic is tested on an EHA prototype, and results show that saturation of the output torque of the motor is the main factor restricting the dynamic characteristic of the EHA system.
基金supports from the Science and Technology on Aircraft Control Laboratory and Aviation Key Laboratory of Scienceco-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51475020)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB046401)
文摘Traditional hydraulic brake systems require a complex system of pipelines between an aircraft engine driven pump（EDP） and brake actuators, which increases the weight of the aircraft and may even cause serious vibration and leakage problems. In order to improve the reliability and safety of more electric aircraft（MEA）, this paper proposes a new integrated self-powered brake system（ISBS） for MEA. It uses a hydraulic pump geared to the main wheel to recover a small part of the kinetic energy of a landing aircraft. The recovered energy then serves as the hydraulic power supply for brake actuators. It does not require additional hydraulic source, thus removing the pipelines between an EDP and brake actuators. In addition, its self-powered characteristic makes it possible to brake as usual even in an emergency situation when the airborne power is lost. This paper introduces the working principle of the ISBS and presents a prototype. The mathematical models of a taxiing aircraft and the ISBS are established. A feedback linearization control algorithm is designed to fulfill the anti-skid control. Simulations are carried out to verify the feasibility of the ISBS, and experiments are conducted on a ground inertia brake test bench. The ISBS presents a good performance and provides a new potential solution in the field of brake systems for MEA.
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51775014)Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems of China(No.GZKF-202010)+1 种基金National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFB2004503)the Science and Technology on Aircraft Control Laboratory of China。
文摘The maneuvering time on the ground accounts for 10%–30%of their flight time,and it always exceeds 50%for short-haul aircraft when the ground traffic is congested.Aircraft also contribute significantly to emissions,fuel burn,and noise when taxiing on the ground at airports.There is an urgent need to reduce aircraft taxiing time on the ground.However,it is too expensive for airports and aircraft carriers to build and maintain more runways,and it is space-limited to tow the aircraft fast using tractors.Autonomous drive capability is currently the best solution for aircraft,which can save the maneuver time for aircraft.An idea is proposed that the wheels are driven by APU-powered(auxiliary power unit)motors,APU is working on its efficient point;consequently,the emissions,fuel burn,and noise will be reduced significantly.For Front-wheel drive aircraft,the front wheel must provide longitudinal force to tow the plane forward and lateral force to help the aircraft make a turn.Forward traction effects the aircraft’s maximum turning ability,which is difficult to be modeled to guide the controller design.Deep reinforcement learning provides a powerful tool to help us design controllers for black-box models;however,the models of related works are always simplified,fixed,or not easily modified,but that is what we care about most.Only with complex models can the trained controller be intelligent.High-fidelity models that can easily modified are necessary for aircraft ground maneuver controller design.This paper focuses on the maneuvering problem of front-wheel drive aircraft,a high-fidelity aircraft taxiing dynamic model is established,including the 6-DOF airframe,landing gears,and nonlinear tire force model.A deep reinforcement learning based controller was designed to improve the maneuver performance of front-wheel drive aircraft.It is proved that in some conditions,the DRL based controller outperformed conventional look-ahead controllers.
基金Supported by Jilin Province Science and Techology Development Plan Project(No.20150414032GH)
文摘· AIM: To reconstruct the extensive full-thickness defects of eyelids is a challenge for the plastic surgeon because of their complex anatomy and special functions.This article presents and discusses an improved surgical technique in which the orbicularis oculi myocutaneous flap is rotated through a "subcutaneous tunnel" in conjunction with a palatal mucosal graft employed for lining.·METHODS: Data from 22 eyes with extensive full-thickness eyelid defects from various causes between2009 and 2013 were analyzed in this study. After the different layers of eyelid were separated completely, a temporally based orbicularis oculi myocutaneous flap was designed following fishtail lines and was mobilized,leaving the base of the pedicle intact with a submuscular tissue attachment. The flap was then rotated through a "subcutaneous tunnel" to the defect, and the donor site was closed primarily. Posterior lamellar reconstruction was performed with a mucosal graft harvested from the hard palate.·RESULTS: All the flaps were survived without any healing problems. There was no corneal irritation, flap contraction, or significant donor-site morbidity in the follow-up period. The incision scars were almost invisible.The defects were repaired completely, and the evaluations showed satisfactory function and appearance.·CONCLUSION: This technique is an improved singlestage operation and can be applied to repair large, full-thickness eyelid defects from various causes. With our method, the functional and aesthetic results can be obtained in either the upper or lower eyelids.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.11632004, 52005151 and U1864208)the Research Program of Local Science and Technology Development under the Guidance of Central (No. 216Z4402G)+6 种基金the National Science and Technology Major Project (No.2017-Ⅶ-0011-0106)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Tianjin (No.20ZYJDJC00030)the Key Program of Research and Development of Hebei Province (No. 202030507040009)the Fund for Innovative Research Groups of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No.A2020202002)the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (No. S20ZDF077)support from the Open Project Found of Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green(No.GATRI2021F01005B)support from "Yuanguang" Scholar Program of Hebei University of Technology。
文摘Holding a promise of achieving high power and energy densities,Li-ion hybrid electrochemical capacitors present a crucial future direction for energy storage devices.However,technical challenges remain to appropriately couple both high-power capacitor-type and high-energy battery-type electrode materials within a same device.In addition,the current electrode materials in the device are usually prepared separately,which leads to lengthy preparation,time-consuming and high-cost.In this work,we report a simple method to prepare porous carbon materials(PC) with and without MnO nanoparticle cores,which function as very unique anode/cathode pairs for very high-performance Li ion hybrid supercapacitor.Taking the respective merits of high Li storage capacity from the MnO@C anode and high-rate performance from the PC cathode,the resulted device exhibits a remarkable energy density of 89 Wh·kg^(-1)(at 48 W·kg^(-1)) and can reach a battery-inaccessible power density of 18 kW·kg^(-1)(at 45Wh·kg^(-1)).
基金supported by the Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program of China— Major Science and Technology Innovation Project (No. 2018CXGC0304)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. ZR2019MD017)the Chinese Government Scholarship (CSC)。
文摘Soil degradation through salinization and pollution by toxic compounds such as petroleum hydrocarbons(PHCs) in the coastal wetlands has become a significant threat to ecosystem health, biodiversity, and food security. However, traditional remediation technologies can generate secondary pollutants, incur high operating costs, and consume significant quantities of energy. Bioremediation, using plants, biochar, and microbes, is an innovative and cost-effective option to remediate contaminated soils. Biochar, as a plant/microbe growth enhancer, is a promising green approach for the sustainable phytoremediation of PHCs in salinized soils. This review therefore summarizes the effect of plant-and microbe-assisted biochar amendment technology for the remediation of PHCs and salinization. Plant-microbe interactions mediated rhizodegradation despite increasing hydrocarbon sorption. Overall, microbial respiration is more active in biochar amendments, due to faster biodegradation of PHCs and improved soil properties. The use of biochar, plants, and microbes is recommended,as it offers a practical and sustainable option, both ecologically and economically, for the remediation of PHCs and excess salinity. Further development of new green technologies is to be encouraged.
基金supported by National Natural Science Fund of China(Grant No.12172118,52071125)the Research Program of Local Science and Technology Development under the Guidance of Central(216Z4402G)+1 种基金Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(BJK2022015)support from“Yuanguang”Scholar Program of Hebei University of Technology。
文摘Hydrogen is a popular clean high-energy-density fuel.However,its utilization is limited by the challenges toward low-cost hydrogen production and safe hydrogen storage.Fortunately,these issues can be addressed using promising hydrogen storage materials such as B–H compounds.Hydrogen stored in B–H compounds can be released by hydrolysis at room temperature,which requires catalysts to increase the rate of the reaction.Recently,several effective approaches have been developed for hydrogen generation by catalyzing the hydrolysis of B–H compounds.This review summarizes the existing research on the use of nanoparticles loaded on hydrogels as catalysts for the hydrolysis of B–H compounds.First,the factors affecting the hydrolysis rate,such as temperature,p H,reactant concentration,and type of nano particles,were investigated.Further,the preparation methods(in situ reduction,one-pot method,template adsorption,etc.)for the hydrogel catalysts and the types of loaded catalysts were determined.Additionally,the hydrogel catalysts that can respond to magnetic fields,ultrasound fields,optical fields,and other physical fields are introduced.Finally,the issues and future developments of hydrogel-based catalysts are discussed.This review can inspire deeper investigations and provide guidance for the study of hydrogel catalysts in the field of hydrogen production via hydrolysis.
基金This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1200400).
文摘Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi may help protect plants against herbivores;however,their use for the pest control of woody plants requires further study.Here,we investigated the effect of Glomus mosseae colonization on the interactions between gypsy moth larvae and Populus alba×P.berolinensis seedlings and deciphered the regulatory mechanisms underlying the mycorrhizal-induced resistance in the leaves of mycorrhizal poplar using RNA-seq and nontargeted metabolomics.The resistance assay showed that AM fungus inoculation protected poplar seedlings against gypsy moth larvae,as evidenced by the decreased larval growth and reduced larval survival.A transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis(lipoxygenase,hydroperoxide dehydratase,and allene oxide cyclase)and signal transduction(jasmonate-ZIM domain and transcription factor MYC2)and identified the genes that were upregulated in mycorrhizal seedlings.Except for chalcone synthase and anthocyanidin synthase,which were downregulated in mycorrhizal seedlings,all DEGs related to flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated,including 4-coumarate-CoA ligase,chalcone isomerase,flavanone 3-hydroxylase,flavonol synthase,and leucoanthocyanidin reductase.The metabolome analysis showed that several metabolites with insecticidal properties,including coumarin,stachydrine,artocarpin,norizalpinin,abietic acid,6-formylumbelliferone,and vanillic acid,were significantly accumulated in the mycorrhizal seedlings.These findings suggest the potential of mycorrhiza-induced resistance for use in pest management of woody plants and demonstrate that the priming of JA-dependent responses in poplar seedlings contributes to mycorrhiza-induced resistance to insect pests.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(Nos.12172118 and 12172205)the Research Program of Local Science Research Development under the Guidance of Central(No.216Z4402G)+1 种基金Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department(No.JZX2023004)support from"Yuanguang"Scholar Program of Hebei University of Technology。
文摘Lithium batteries have always played a key role in the field of new energy sources.However,non-controllable lithium dendrites and volume dilatation of metallic lithium in batteries with lithium metal as anodes have limited their development.Recently,a large number of studies have shown that the electrochemical performances of lithium batteries can be enhanced through the regulation of external physical fields.Especially,it significantly hinders the growth of lithium dendrites and promoting the reaction kinetics.This review summarizes recent innovations in the investigation of various physical fields of lithium batteries.The application of magnetic field in the synthesis of lithium battery electrode materials is introduced.The influence factors and regulation mechanism of various physical fields on the electrochemical performance of lithium batteries are reviewed emphatically.In addition,the current research status and existing challenges,along with future directions for the evolution of lithium batteries,are minutely discussed and prospected.New strategies for the further evolution of lithium batteries have also been provided.
