In accordance with the requirements of expanding Machine-To-Machine communication (M2M), the network overlay is in progress in several domains such as Smart Grid. Consequently, it is predictable that opportunities and...In accordance with the requirements of expanding Machine-To-Machine communication (M2M), the network overlay is in progress in several domains such as Smart Grid. Consequently, it is predictable that opportunities and cases of integrating yielded data from devices such as sensors will increase more. Accordingly, the importance of Ontology and Information Models (IM) which normalize the semantics including sensor expressions, have increased, and the standards of these definitions have been more important as well. So far, there have been multiple initiatives for standardizing the Ontology and IM in regards to the sensors expression such as Sensor Standards Harmonization by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), W3C Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) and the recent W3C IoT-Lite Ontology. However, there is still room to improve the current level of the Ontology and IM on the viewpoint of the implementing structure. This paper presents a set of IMs on abstract sensors and contexts in regards to the phenomenon around these sensors from the point of view of a structure implementing these specified sensors. As several previous studies have pointed out, multiple aspects on the sensors should be modeled. Accordingly, multiple sets of Ontology and IM on these sensors should be defined. Our study has intended to clarify the relationship between configurations and physical measured quantities of the structures implementing a set of sensors. Up to present, they have not been generalized and have remained unformulated. Consequently, due to the result of this analysis, it is expected to implement a more generalized translator module easily, which aggregates the measured data from the sensors on the middleware level managing these Ontology and IM, instead of the layer of user application programs.展开更多
Objective: Targeting mutated EGFR by EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) is a potent approach to a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the response to EGFR-TKI varies in individual cases even...Objective: Targeting mutated EGFR by EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) is a potent approach to a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the response to EGFR-TKI varies in individual cases even among tumors carrying the same?EGFR?mutation, suggesting the involvement of modifying factors. To characterize possible modifiers, we examined mutation state of the?EGFR?and the?KRAS?genes in Japanese NSCLC and compared them with the methylation state of lung tumor suppressors, the?CADM1 and?4.1B,?whose products have potentials to modify the functions of EGFR or KRAS. Materials and methods: A total of 103 Japanese NSCLC and 11 NSCLC cell lines were examined. Genomic DNA of exons 18–21 of the?EGFR?and exons 1 and 2 of the?KRAS?were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing. Methylation status of gene promoters in NSCLC cells were examined by methylation-specific PCR. Results: Mutations of the?EGFR?and?KRAS?were detected mutually exclusively in 27 and 11 out of 103 NSCLC cases, respectively.?EGFR?mutations were observed exclusively in adenocarcinoma (27 of 69, 41%) and preferentially in tumors from female and non-smokers (p < 0.00001). Eight (30%) and 12 (44%) of 27 tumors carrying mutated?EGFR?and 4 (36%) and 8 (73%) of 11 tumors carrying mutated?KRAS?showed methylation of the?CADM1 and 4.1B, respectively.?EGFR-mutated tumors with methylation of either?CADM1 or 4.1B?showed more malignant features than those with unmethylated?CADM1 and 4.1B?(p < 0.05). Conclusion: Methylation state of the?CADM1 and?4.1B?are independent of the mutation status of the?EGFR?or?KRAS?but play roles in the malignant progression of NSCLC. Integration of epigenetic information would be useful for identifying possible modifiers to predict the response or recurrence of lung adenocarcinoma to the EGFR-TKI therapy.展开更多
We have considered a method called Enhanced Rollback Migration Protocol, which potentially has the effects of compressing the period of compensations in a long-lived transaction, since before. In general, a compensati...We have considered a method called Enhanced Rollback Migration Protocol, which potentially has the effects of compressing the period of compensations in a long-lived transaction, since before. In general, a compensation transaction can recover an irregular status of a long-lived transaction into the original status without holding unnecessary resources by making its consistency tentatively loose. However, it has also been pointed out that there is a difficulty of maintaining the isolation between a pair of transactions when executed in parallel. In particular, this could be more prominent under modernized scalable cloud environments. Thus, there is a proposal for concurrency control for the service level. However, there is still another risk that more computer resources will be consumed than actually necessary and an unnecessary stagnation of the processing will be caused if concurrency control is naively applied without careful consideration. Therefore, we need to implement a functionality which can optimize the processing of a long-lived transaction by selecting a suitable method between concurrency control and compensation transactions. In this paper, we propose a method in which optimistic concurrency control is applied for long-lived transactions. Furthermore, a pair of verification phases is carried out. At the beginning from a safe point, an attempt of verification is done. Then if the difficulty of isolation on a long-lived transaction executed under a competitive situation is estimated, concurrency control for the service level is applied. Alternatively, a long-lived transaction without any concurrency control is executed. At the next reachable safe point, another attempt of verification is performed. Then if a failure of serialization is detected, a set of compensation transactions is invoked to recover the original long-lived transaction by returning to the first safe point. We evaluated this approach by using numerical simulations and confirmed the basic features. This approach can realize optimizing and enhancing the performance of a long-lived transaction. We regard this approach applicable even to the modernized scalable cloud environments.展开更多
There are important requirements for the adoption of innovative practices in the medical area. In this context, Personal Health Records have been proposed and some services have already been launched. However so far, ...There are important requirements for the adoption of innovative practices in the medical area. In this context, Personal Health Records have been proposed and some services have already been launched. However so far, there have been only a few studies in regards to applying Cloud architecture for PHR, despite the occurrence of a large volume of data. In particular, the existing studies tend to remain at applying them partly, instead of a full adoption based on the architectural characteristics of the service models. In this paper, we clarify the result of the general architecture design by applying the Cloud components for supporting healthcare record areas and highlight the required conditions to realize it. Through the proposed considerations the requirement for the new techniques of query processing has been identified as one of the critical factors, that are combined with several items such as managing semantic interoperability, managing service level agreement and secret sharing, Accordingly, we propose the primary work for building the standardized, detailed and more sophisticated architecture.展开更多
We implemented a generalized infrastructure for Internet of Things (IoT infrastructure) to be applicable in various areas such as Smart Grid. That IoT infrastructure has two methods to store sensor data. They commonly...We implemented a generalized infrastructure for Internet of Things (IoT infrastructure) to be applicable in various areas such as Smart Grid. That IoT infrastructure has two methods to store sensor data. They commonly have the features of double overlay structure, virtualization of sensors, composite services as federation using publisher/subscriber. And they are implemented as synthesizing the elemental architectures. The two methods majorly have the common architectural elements, however there are differences in how to compose and utilize them. But we observed the non-negligible differences in their achieved performance by the actual implementations due to operational items beyond these architectural elements. In this paper, we present the results of our analysis about the factors of the revealed differences based on the measured performance. In particular, it is clarified that a negative side effect due to combining independent elemental micro solutions naively could be amplified, if maximizing the level of loose coupling is applied as the most prioritized design and operational policy. Primarily, these combinations should be evaluated and verified during the basic design phase. However, the variation of how to synthesize them tends to be a blind spot when adopting the multiple independent architectural elements commonly. As a practical suggestion from this case, the emphasized importance in carrying out a new synthetization with multiple architectures is to make a balance naturally among architectural elements, or solutions based on them, and there is a certain demand to establish a methodology for architectural synthetization, including verification.展开更多
文摘In accordance with the requirements of expanding Machine-To-Machine communication (M2M), the network overlay is in progress in several domains such as Smart Grid. Consequently, it is predictable that opportunities and cases of integrating yielded data from devices such as sensors will increase more. Accordingly, the importance of Ontology and Information Models (IM) which normalize the semantics including sensor expressions, have increased, and the standards of these definitions have been more important as well. So far, there have been multiple initiatives for standardizing the Ontology and IM in regards to the sensors expression such as Sensor Standards Harmonization by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), W3C Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) and the recent W3C IoT-Lite Ontology. However, there is still room to improve the current level of the Ontology and IM on the viewpoint of the implementing structure. This paper presents a set of IMs on abstract sensors and contexts in regards to the phenomenon around these sensors from the point of view of a structure implementing these specified sensors. As several previous studies have pointed out, multiple aspects on the sensors should be modeled. Accordingly, multiple sets of Ontology and IM on these sensors should be defined. Our study has intended to clarify the relationship between configurations and physical measured quantities of the structures implementing a set of sensors. Up to present, they have not been generalized and have remained unformulated. Consequently, due to the result of this analysis, it is expected to implement a more generalized translator module easily, which aggregates the measured data from the sensors on the middleware level managing these Ontology and IM, instead of the layer of user application programs.
文摘Objective: Targeting mutated EGFR by EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) is a potent approach to a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the response to EGFR-TKI varies in individual cases even among tumors carrying the same?EGFR?mutation, suggesting the involvement of modifying factors. To characterize possible modifiers, we examined mutation state of the?EGFR?and the?KRAS?genes in Japanese NSCLC and compared them with the methylation state of lung tumor suppressors, the?CADM1 and?4.1B,?whose products have potentials to modify the functions of EGFR or KRAS. Materials and methods: A total of 103 Japanese NSCLC and 11 NSCLC cell lines were examined. Genomic DNA of exons 18–21 of the?EGFR?and exons 1 and 2 of the?KRAS?were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing. Methylation status of gene promoters in NSCLC cells were examined by methylation-specific PCR. Results: Mutations of the?EGFR?and?KRAS?were detected mutually exclusively in 27 and 11 out of 103 NSCLC cases, respectively.?EGFR?mutations were observed exclusively in adenocarcinoma (27 of 69, 41%) and preferentially in tumors from female and non-smokers (p < 0.00001). Eight (30%) and 12 (44%) of 27 tumors carrying mutated?EGFR?and 4 (36%) and 8 (73%) of 11 tumors carrying mutated?KRAS?showed methylation of the?CADM1 and 4.1B, respectively.?EGFR-mutated tumors with methylation of either?CADM1 or 4.1B?showed more malignant features than those with unmethylated?CADM1 and 4.1B?(p < 0.05). Conclusion: Methylation state of the?CADM1 and?4.1B?are independent of the mutation status of the?EGFR?or?KRAS?but play roles in the malignant progression of NSCLC. Integration of epigenetic information would be useful for identifying possible modifiers to predict the response or recurrence of lung adenocarcinoma to the EGFR-TKI therapy.
文摘We have considered a method called Enhanced Rollback Migration Protocol, which potentially has the effects of compressing the period of compensations in a long-lived transaction, since before. In general, a compensation transaction can recover an irregular status of a long-lived transaction into the original status without holding unnecessary resources by making its consistency tentatively loose. However, it has also been pointed out that there is a difficulty of maintaining the isolation between a pair of transactions when executed in parallel. In particular, this could be more prominent under modernized scalable cloud environments. Thus, there is a proposal for concurrency control for the service level. However, there is still another risk that more computer resources will be consumed than actually necessary and an unnecessary stagnation of the processing will be caused if concurrency control is naively applied without careful consideration. Therefore, we need to implement a functionality which can optimize the processing of a long-lived transaction by selecting a suitable method between concurrency control and compensation transactions. In this paper, we propose a method in which optimistic concurrency control is applied for long-lived transactions. Furthermore, a pair of verification phases is carried out. At the beginning from a safe point, an attempt of verification is done. Then if the difficulty of isolation on a long-lived transaction executed under a competitive situation is estimated, concurrency control for the service level is applied. Alternatively, a long-lived transaction without any concurrency control is executed. At the next reachable safe point, another attempt of verification is performed. Then if a failure of serialization is detected, a set of compensation transactions is invoked to recover the original long-lived transaction by returning to the first safe point. We evaluated this approach by using numerical simulations and confirmed the basic features. This approach can realize optimizing and enhancing the performance of a long-lived transaction. We regard this approach applicable even to the modernized scalable cloud environments.
文摘There are important requirements for the adoption of innovative practices in the medical area. In this context, Personal Health Records have been proposed and some services have already been launched. However so far, there have been only a few studies in regards to applying Cloud architecture for PHR, despite the occurrence of a large volume of data. In particular, the existing studies tend to remain at applying them partly, instead of a full adoption based on the architectural characteristics of the service models. In this paper, we clarify the result of the general architecture design by applying the Cloud components for supporting healthcare record areas and highlight the required conditions to realize it. Through the proposed considerations the requirement for the new techniques of query processing has been identified as one of the critical factors, that are combined with several items such as managing semantic interoperability, managing service level agreement and secret sharing, Accordingly, we propose the primary work for building the standardized, detailed and more sophisticated architecture.
文摘We implemented a generalized infrastructure for Internet of Things (IoT infrastructure) to be applicable in various areas such as Smart Grid. That IoT infrastructure has two methods to store sensor data. They commonly have the features of double overlay structure, virtualization of sensors, composite services as federation using publisher/subscriber. And they are implemented as synthesizing the elemental architectures. The two methods majorly have the common architectural elements, however there are differences in how to compose and utilize them. But we observed the non-negligible differences in their achieved performance by the actual implementations due to operational items beyond these architectural elements. In this paper, we present the results of our analysis about the factors of the revealed differences based on the measured performance. In particular, it is clarified that a negative side effect due to combining independent elemental micro solutions naively could be amplified, if maximizing the level of loose coupling is applied as the most prioritized design and operational policy. Primarily, these combinations should be evaluated and verified during the basic design phase. However, the variation of how to synthesize them tends to be a blind spot when adopting the multiple independent architectural elements commonly. As a practical suggestion from this case, the emphasized importance in carrying out a new synthetization with multiple architectures is to make a balance naturally among architectural elements, or solutions based on them, and there is a certain demand to establish a methodology for architectural synthetization, including verification.
