Agricultural water allocation system based on priority rights has caused regional conflicts and downstream ecological degradation. It is the urgent need to introduce the concept of the initial water rights and establi...Agricultural water allocation system based on priority rights has caused regional conflicts and downstream ecological degradation. It is the urgent need to introduce the concept of the initial water rights and establish benefits compensation mechanism to resolve such problems. This paper takes the Shiyang River basin as an example to calculate the opportunity cost of 0.97×10^8 m^3 of agricultural water encroached by the middle reach based on initial water right allocation system under which water is allocated in accordance with the ratio between agricultural population of two different regions concerning the downstream ecological reconstruction needs with Bio-economic model （BEM）. The results suggest that the total economic loss of Minqin County for ecological reconstruction amounts to 2.5 7×10^8 yuan, of which 1.68×10^8 yuan is ecological compensation, representing the economic loss Minqin suffered for ecological reconstruction which shouM burden beneficial groups of ecological reconstruction and 0.89 ×10^8 yuan is the economic loss Minqin suffered due to Liangzhou＇s encroachment behavior which should be compensated by Liangzhou.展开更多
Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce COL emission.Based on input-output model,this article calculated the intensity of CO_(2)emission of different income groups and seven provinces in Chin...Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce COL emission.Based on input-output model,this article calculated the intensity of CO_(2)emission of different income groups and seven provinces in China,and then estimated total CO_(2)emission induced by urban household consumption from 1995 to 2004 in China based on statistic data of household living expenditure.The results show that CO_(2)emission per capita induced by household consumption had increased from 1583 to 2498 kg CO_(2)during 1995-2004.The ratio of consumption-induced CO_(2)emission to total CO_(2)emission had risen from 19%to 30%in the past decade.Indirect CO_(2)emission accounted for an important part of the consumption-induced emission,the ratio of indirect emission to consumption-induced emission had risen from 69%to 79%during the same period.A significant difference in consumption-induced CO_(2)emission across different income groups and different regions has been observed.COs emission per capita of higher income groups and developed regions increased faster than that of lower income groups and developing regions.Changing lifestyle has driven significant increase in CO_(2)emission.Especially,increases in private transport expenditure(for example,vehicle expenditure)and house building expenditure are key driving factors of growth in consumption-induced COL emission.There are big differences in the amount of CO_(2)emission induced by change in lifestyle across different income groups and provinces.It can be expected that lower income households and developing regions will increase consumption to improve their livings with income growth in the future,which may induce much more CO_(2)emission.A reasonable level of CO_(2)emission is necessary to satisfy human needs and to improve living standard,but a noticeable fact is that CO_(2)emission per capita induced by household consumption in developed areas of China had reached a quite high level.Adjustment in lifestyle towards a low-carbon society is in urgent need.展开更多
Land degradation and desertification have become severe environmental problems in arid areas due to excessive use of water resources. It is urgent to reduce agricultural water use for ecological rehabilitation, which ...Land degradation and desertification have become severe environmental problems in arid areas due to excessive use of water resources. It is urgent to reduce agricultural water use for ecological rehabilitation, which may result in a decrease in agricultural production and farmer＇s welfare. This paper focused on the impacts of some main measures including extensions of watersaving irrigation, expanding solar green house and increasing off-farm employment, which are generally recognized to be important to alleviate water shortage and poverty. A bioconomic model is applied taking Minqin Oasis in Gansu Province as a case study site. Simulation results showed that the effect of expanding solar greenhouse was more positive than other ones so it drew more attention. On the view of the different effects between each irrigation zone, mixed policy patterns suitable for them are suggested. In Baqu, expanding solar greenhouse should be the most important, auxiliary with encouraging pipe irrigation. Inversely, with regard to Quanshan, the major attention should be paid to subsidy for pipe irrigation and it would be better to supply the off-farm employment opportunities to the households in Huqu, where the expanding of solar greenhouse should also be summoned. Finally, it should be noted that farmer＇s income would only resume to 90% of the current level in the short run by putting more effort into local policies. Thus, the ecological compensation is needed to ensure farmer＇s welfare.展开更多
This paper examined the impacts of the total energy consumption control policy and energy quota allocation plans on China′s regional economy. This research analyzed the influences of different energy quota allocation...This paper examined the impacts of the total energy consumption control policy and energy quota allocation plans on China′s regional economy. This research analyzed the influences of different energy quota allocation plans with various weights of equity and efficiency, using a dynamic computable general equilibrium(CGE) model for 30 province-level administrative regions. The results show that the efficiency-first allocation plan costs the least but widens regional income gap, whereas the outcomes of equity-first allocation plan and intensity target-based allocation plan are similar and are both opposite to the efficiency-first allocation plan′ outcome. The plan featuring a balance between efficiency and equity is more feasible, which can bring regional economic losses evenly and prevent massive interregional migration of energy-related industries. Furthermore, the effects of possible induced energy technology improvements in different energy quota allocation plans were studied. Induced energy technology improvements can add more feasibility to all allocation plans under the total energy consumption control policy. In the long term, if the policy of the total energy consumption control continues and more market-based tools are implemented to allocate energy quotas, the positive consequences of induced energy technology improvements will become much more obvious.展开更多
基金supported by the "100 Talents Pro-gramme" of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Agricultural water allocation system based on priority rights has caused regional conflicts and downstream ecological degradation. It is the urgent need to introduce the concept of the initial water rights and establish benefits compensation mechanism to resolve such problems. This paper takes the Shiyang River basin as an example to calculate the opportunity cost of 0.97×10^8 m^3 of agricultural water encroached by the middle reach based on initial water right allocation system under which water is allocated in accordance with the ratio between agricultural population of two different regions concerning the downstream ecological reconstruction needs with Bio-economic model （BEM）. The results suggest that the total economic loss of Minqin County for ecological reconstruction amounts to 2.5 7×10^8 yuan, of which 1.68×10^8 yuan is ecological compensation, representing the economic loss Minqin suffered for ecological reconstruction which shouM burden beneficial groups of ecological reconstruction and 0.89 ×10^8 yuan is the economic loss Minqin suffered due to Liangzhou＇s encroachment behavior which should be compensated by Liangzhou.
文摘Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce COL emission.Based on input-output model,this article calculated the intensity of CO_(2)emission of different income groups and seven provinces in China,and then estimated total CO_(2)emission induced by urban household consumption from 1995 to 2004 in China based on statistic data of household living expenditure.The results show that CO_(2)emission per capita induced by household consumption had increased from 1583 to 2498 kg CO_(2)during 1995-2004.The ratio of consumption-induced CO_(2)emission to total CO_(2)emission had risen from 19%to 30%in the past decade.Indirect CO_(2)emission accounted for an important part of the consumption-induced emission,the ratio of indirect emission to consumption-induced emission had risen from 69%to 79%during the same period.A significant difference in consumption-induced CO_(2)emission across different income groups and different regions has been observed.COs emission per capita of higher income groups and developed regions increased faster than that of lower income groups and developing regions.Changing lifestyle has driven significant increase in CO_(2)emission.Especially,increases in private transport expenditure(for example,vehicle expenditure)and house building expenditure are key driving factors of growth in consumption-induced COL emission.There are big differences in the amount of CO_(2)emission induced by change in lifestyle across different income groups and provinces.It can be expected that lower income households and developing regions will increase consumption to improve their livings with income growth in the future,which may induce much more CO_(2)emission.A reasonable level of CO_(2)emission is necessary to satisfy human needs and to improve living standard,but a noticeable fact is that CO_(2)emission per capita induced by household consumption in developed areas of China had reached a quite high level.Adjustment in lifestyle towards a low-carbon society is in urgent need.
基金the Grant for Outstanding Hundred Scholars of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Land degradation and desertification have become severe environmental problems in arid areas due to excessive use of water resources. It is urgent to reduce agricultural water use for ecological rehabilitation, which may result in a decrease in agricultural production and farmer＇s welfare. This paper focused on the impacts of some main measures including extensions of watersaving irrigation, expanding solar green house and increasing off-farm employment, which are generally recognized to be important to alleviate water shortage and poverty. A bioconomic model is applied taking Minqin Oasis in Gansu Province as a case study site. Simulation results showed that the effect of expanding solar greenhouse was more positive than other ones so it drew more attention. On the view of the different effects between each irrigation zone, mixed policy patterns suitable for them are suggested. In Baqu, expanding solar greenhouse should be the most important, auxiliary with encouraging pipe irrigation. Inversely, with regard to Quanshan, the major attention should be paid to subsidy for pipe irrigation and it would be better to supply the off-farm employment opportunities to the households in Huqu, where the expanding of solar greenhouse should also be summoned. Finally, it should be noted that farmer＇s income would only resume to 90% of the current level in the short run by putting more effort into local policies. Thus, the ecological compensation is needed to ensure farmer＇s welfare.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41101556,71173212,71203215)
文摘This paper examined the impacts of the total energy consumption control policy and energy quota allocation plans on China′s regional economy. This research analyzed the influences of different energy quota allocation plans with various weights of equity and efficiency, using a dynamic computable general equilibrium(CGE) model for 30 province-level administrative regions. The results show that the efficiency-first allocation plan costs the least but widens regional income gap, whereas the outcomes of equity-first allocation plan and intensity target-based allocation plan are similar and are both opposite to the efficiency-first allocation plan′ outcome. The plan featuring a balance between efficiency and equity is more feasible, which can bring regional economic losses evenly and prevent massive interregional migration of energy-related industries. Furthermore, the effects of possible induced energy technology improvements in different energy quota allocation plans were studied. Induced energy technology improvements can add more feasibility to all allocation plans under the total energy consumption control policy. In the long term, if the policy of the total energy consumption control continues and more market-based tools are implemented to allocate energy quotas, the positive consequences of induced energy technology improvements will become much more obvious.
