This paper proposes an improved hybrid beamforming system based on multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(MIMO-OFDM)system.The proposed beamforming system improves energy efficiency ...This paper proposes an improved hybrid beamforming system based on multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(MIMO-OFDM)system.The proposed beamforming system improves energy efficiency compared to the conventional hybrid beamforming system.Both sub-connected and full-connected structure are considered to apply the proposed algorithm.In the conventional hybrid beamforming,the usage of radio frequency(RF)chains and phase shifter(PS)gives high power and hardware complexity.In this paper,the phase over sampling(POS)with switches(SW)is used in hybrid beamforming system to improve the energy efficiency.The POS-SW structure samples the value of analog beamformer to make lower resolution than conventional system.The number of output data in POS is decided by the resolution of POS system.The limited number of POS decides the resolution of antenna array and the values of POSs are designed from maximum and minimum phase angle antenna array.Energy efficiency without the phase shifter is high although channel capacity is nearly similar with conventional system.Also,the amplifier with POS-SW system is proposed to improve the BER performance.According to the data bits,the output signals of POS are decided.The system with 2,3 and 4 bits is simulated to prove the proposed algorithm.In order to overcome the loss of low-resolution system,the amplifier with POS-SW system using channel information is proposed.The average sum-rate of 4 bits system shows the similar performance with the conventional hybrid beamforming system.This structure can play an important role by increasing the energy efficiency of the wireless communication system that many antennas are used.It is shown that the BER,average sum rate and energy efficiency of the proposed scheme are more improved than the conventional hybrid beamforming system.展开更多
Alfalfa and fenugreek sprouts are healthy foods,but they are occasionally contaminated with bacterial pathogens and serve as vehicles for transmitting foodborne illnesses.This study examined the efficacy of ascaroside...Alfalfa and fenugreek sprouts are healthy foods,but they are occasionally contaminated with bacterial pathogens and serve as vehicles for transmitting foodborne illnesses.This study examined the efficacy of ascaroside(ascr)#18 treatment for the control of enterohemorrhagic E.coli(EHEC)growth on sprouts.Commercial alfalfa and fenugreek seeds were decontaminated with 20,000 ppm of NaClO,and residual chlorine was neutralized with Dey-Engley broth.Decontaminated seeds were treated with 1 mM or 1μM ascr#18,a plant immunity modulator,before being dried and mixed with sandy soil inoculated with E.coli F4546 or BAA-2326 at 10^(4)-10^(5)CFU/g.The inoculated seeds were sprouted on 1%water agar at 25◦C for 7 days in the dark.Seed or sprout samples were collected on days 0,1,3,5,and 7 for enumeration of bacterial populations.Data was fit into the general linear model and analyzed using Fisher’s least significant different test of the statistical analysis software.Treatment with ascr#18 significantly(P≤0.05)reduced the cell population of EHEC on sprouts.The mean EHEC populations in the 1 mM or 1μM treatment groups were 3.31 or 1.56 log CFU/g lower compared to the control groups.Besides treatment,sprout seed type and sprouting time were also significant independent variables influencing the growth of EHEC,according to the results of type III error analysis.However,EHEC strain type was not a significant independent variable.The study suggests that ascr#18 could be potentially used to control EHEC contamination and improve the microbial safety of sprouts.展开更多
基金supported in part by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(2020R1A6A1A03038540)in part by R&D Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(NRF2020M3C1C1A02086427).
文摘This paper proposes an improved hybrid beamforming system based on multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(MIMO-OFDM)system.The proposed beamforming system improves energy efficiency compared to the conventional hybrid beamforming system.Both sub-connected and full-connected structure are considered to apply the proposed algorithm.In the conventional hybrid beamforming,the usage of radio frequency(RF)chains and phase shifter(PS)gives high power and hardware complexity.In this paper,the phase over sampling(POS)with switches(SW)is used in hybrid beamforming system to improve the energy efficiency.The POS-SW structure samples the value of analog beamformer to make lower resolution than conventional system.The number of output data in POS is decided by the resolution of POS system.The limited number of POS decides the resolution of antenna array and the values of POSs are designed from maximum and minimum phase angle antenna array.Energy efficiency without the phase shifter is high although channel capacity is nearly similar with conventional system.Also,the amplifier with POS-SW system is proposed to improve the BER performance.According to the data bits,the output signals of POS are decided.The system with 2,3 and 4 bits is simulated to prove the proposed algorithm.In order to overcome the loss of low-resolution system,the amplifier with POS-SW system using channel information is proposed.The average sum-rate of 4 bits system shows the similar performance with the conventional hybrid beamforming system.This structure can play an important role by increasing the energy efficiency of the wireless communication system that many antennas are used.It is shown that the BER,average sum rate and energy efficiency of the proposed scheme are more improved than the conventional hybrid beamforming system.
基金supported by the Small Business Technology Transfer Program of the Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health,United States.The grant number is 1R41AI152915-01.
文摘Alfalfa and fenugreek sprouts are healthy foods,but they are occasionally contaminated with bacterial pathogens and serve as vehicles for transmitting foodborne illnesses.This study examined the efficacy of ascaroside(ascr)#18 treatment for the control of enterohemorrhagic E.coli(EHEC)growth on sprouts.Commercial alfalfa and fenugreek seeds were decontaminated with 20,000 ppm of NaClO,and residual chlorine was neutralized with Dey-Engley broth.Decontaminated seeds were treated with 1 mM or 1μM ascr#18,a plant immunity modulator,before being dried and mixed with sandy soil inoculated with E.coli F4546 or BAA-2326 at 10^(4)-10^(5)CFU/g.The inoculated seeds were sprouted on 1%water agar at 25◦C for 7 days in the dark.Seed or sprout samples were collected on days 0,1,3,5,and 7 for enumeration of bacterial populations.Data was fit into the general linear model and analyzed using Fisher’s least significant different test of the statistical analysis software.Treatment with ascr#18 significantly(P≤0.05)reduced the cell population of EHEC on sprouts.The mean EHEC populations in the 1 mM or 1μM treatment groups were 3.31 or 1.56 log CFU/g lower compared to the control groups.Besides treatment,sprout seed type and sprouting time were also significant independent variables influencing the growth of EHEC,according to the results of type III error analysis.However,EHEC strain type was not a significant independent variable.The study suggests that ascr#18 could be potentially used to control EHEC contamination and improve the microbial safety of sprouts.
