The development of a reliable green chemistry process for the biogenic synthesis of nanomaterials is an important aspect of current nanotechnology research. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used as antimicrobial...The development of a reliable green chemistry process for the biogenic synthesis of nanomaterials is an important aspect of current nanotechnology research. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used as antimicrobial and disinfectant agents. However, there is limited information about its toxicity. Therefore, this study focused on the biosynthesis of AgNPs by the bacterium Proteus mirabilis and on determining its preliminary toxic effect on some aspects of animal physiology. A green method for the synthesis of AgNPs using culture supernatant of Proteus mirabilis has been developed in this study and the synthesized AgNPs were characterized by several techniques. The AgNPs showed a maximum absorbance at 445 nm on ultraviolet-visible spectra. The presence of proteins was identified by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The reduction of Ag+ to elemental silver was characterized by X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The transmission electron micrograph revealed the formation of polydispersed nanoparticles of 5 - 45 nm. The AgNPs were evaluated for their toxic effect on pregnant female albino rat. The result showed that liver enzymes (AST and ALP) were decreased significantly in the group treated with AgNPs. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration also showed significant increase.展开更多
Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have been applied for the analyses of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) and malic (ME) isoenzymes in Arabian camel for racing and production. Two fraction...Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have been applied for the analyses of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) and malic (ME) isoenzymes in Arabian camel for racing and production. Two fractions for each of these isoenzymes have been recorded in the studied breeds. ALP showed very weak patterns without remarkable difference between the two breeds and this is an indication to that the samples used were healthy and being from the same age. The cytosolic Mdh-1 and ME-1 have been recorded in both camel breeds with high intensity. The mitochondrial Mdh-2 and ME-2 have been recorded with small intensity in production breeds commonly. The present data indicate the necessity of the mitochondrialMdh-2 for energy production in racing breed and the responsibility of the cytosolic Mdh-1 for lipogenesis and energy production in both breeds. We therefore may assume that the appearance of both Mdh forms is necessary for both energy and lipid production in the production breeds while Mdh-1 was useful as bioenergetic enzyme necessary for racing. The different expressions are indications of the difference in the physiological adaptations of both camel breeds and are not for a systematic value.展开更多
Genetic variability of Passer domesticus from different localities of Saudi Arabia was investigated. Six hundred and fifty nine nucleotides were sequenced from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. There was a slight d...Genetic variability of Passer domesticus from different localities of Saudi Arabia was investigated. Six hundred and fifty nine nucleotides were sequenced from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. There was a slight difference among the studied haplotypes and most substitutions were synonymous. In some haplotypes at the west of Arabian Peninsula (mountainous habitat), two transitions only were non-synonymous. The data were used to construct the relationship of the Arabian house sparrow to its con specific taxa from Europe and America. Neigh-bor-joining (NJ), maximum-par-simony (MP) and maximum-likelihood (ML) analytical methods were used. The three methods showed clustering of the Arabian haplotypes in one group and their sister relationship with the haplotypes from Netherlands and America. A spanish Haplotypes came basal to both groups. Collecting more samples and more DNA data could be of necessary to clearly address the genetic variability of this rapidly propagated species in Arabia.展开更多
The Arabian;horse Equus caballus is belonging to family Equidae that all of its species are in danger of extinction. We sequenced 1059 nucleotides from three mitochondrial DNA protein coding genes for some breeds of t...The Arabian;horse Equus caballus is belonging to family Equidae that all of its species are in danger of extinction. We sequenced 1059 nucleotides from three mitochondrial DNA protein coding genes for some breeds of the Arabian and English horses designated for race, productivity and longevity in order to investigate their genetic variation. The sequenced genes were NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2), cyto-chrome C oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and ATPase subunit 6 (ATP6). ATP6 discriminated among the different breeds where seven substitutions were recorded of which 2 were non-synonymous. The other loci recoded 8 synonymous substitutions of transitions most of which were among the breeds of longevity. The data of CO1 gene were used to construct the relationship of the Arabian horse to the thoroughbreds. Maximum-likelihood (ML) and Neighbor-joining (NJ) analytical methods were used. The two analytical methods showed clustering of the Arabian breeds in one group and the non-sister relationship within the thoroughbreds. One of the thoroughbreds clustered within the Arabian breeds suggesting the possibility of their out breeding. Increasing tendency in the variation of the studied genes was proportional to the utility of these genes in energy production within the mitochondria. The present study is therefore a preliminary step in the conservational efforts of the Arabian horse of equestrian..展开更多
Malate dehydrogenase, α-esterase and β-esterase isoenzymes have been analyzed by native polyacryla-mide gel electrophoresis in different tissues (liver, kidney, muscle and hump) of the Arabian Camel, Camelus dromeda...Malate dehydrogenase, α-esterase and β-esterase isoenzymes have been analyzed by native polyacryla-mide gel electrophoresis in different tissues (liver, kidney, muscle and hump) of the Arabian Camel, Camelus dromedaries in order to study the tissue specificity of these isoenzymes. Malate dehy-drogenase recorded three fractions while both este-rases recorded two fractions in different studied tissues. Malate dehydrogenase was considered as a key isoenzyme in discriminating among the different studied tissues. The percentage amount of both Mdh-1 and Mdh-2 showed significant difference among the different tissues while Mdh-3 recorded significant variation between muscle and hump tissues. The significant variation in the amount of Mdh isoenzyme (on the level of either total or fractions) among the different studied tissues may reflect the role of this enzyme for energy production in this desert animal. With respect to esterases, the percentage amount for both fractions and the total enzyme did not show significant difference among different tissues except β-Est-2 which was significantly higher in hump than in muscle. This enzyme showed higher thickness and intensity in both liver and kidney than in the muscle and hump indicating its greater activity in both liver and kidney.展开更多
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses for malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) and beta-esterase (β-Est) isoenzymes were conducted for biochemical differentiation between two Stenodactylus gekkonid species inhabiting North Sinai ...Polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses for malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) and beta-esterase (β-Est) isoenzymes were conducted for biochemical differentiation between two Stenodactylus gekkonid species inhabiting North Sinai of Egypt. Total lipids and proteins of liver and muscle tissues in both species were also analyzed. A total of three Mdh isoforms were recorded in the analysis, in which the activity of Mdh-2 and Mdh-3 seemed to be higher in S. petrii than in S. sthenodactylus. This high activity could be supported by the significant increase in the total lipids and proteins in liver and muscle tissues of the species. It may thus be reasonable to suppose that S. petrii is more active, energetic and adaptable in the desert habitat than S. sthenodactylus. β-Est showed six fractions in S. petrii and only one fraction in S. sthenodactylus. It is therefore noticeable that β-Est is more highly expressed in S. petrii than in S. sthenodactylus.展开更多
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been widely used as anti-inflammatory and anti-toxic agent. The present study used Bacillus tequilensis for biosynthesizing SeNPs from sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and investigated its...Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been widely used as anti-inflammatory and anti-toxic agent. The present study used Bacillus tequilensis for biosynthesizing SeNPs from sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and investigated its ameliorative effects on acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity in male mice. The results indicated that Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) significantly elevated in mice treated with APAP, while other liver markers (total proteins and albumin) did not change. SeNPs either alone or in combination with APAP showed ameliorative effects on liver enzymes to some extents where their activities decreased to be insignificant with those of normal group. A slight variation was shown in total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Histopathologically, the hepatocytes of the mice treated with APAP showed cloudy swelling and vacuolar degeneration, while those treated with SeNPs or both SeNPs and APAP appeared more or less histologically normal. In conclusion, SeNPs can be used to improve or replace today’s therapies of APAP hepatotoxicity.展开更多
Aegilops has been considered a complex genus with as many as 22 species in Syria. The current study has used 585 nucleotides from 5.8S nuclear ribosomal DNA gene and internal transcribed spacer 2 for these different s...Aegilops has been considered a complex genus with as many as 22 species in Syria. The current study has used 585 nucleotides from 5.8S nuclear ribosomal DNA gene and internal transcribed spacer 2 for these different species. These data were aligned manually and subjected to bioinformatics manipulation in order to construct the genetic relationship among these species. Three statistical methods (maximum-parsimony-MP, maximum-likelihood-ML and neighborjoining-NJ) were used to execute the most likely relationship. The constructed genetic relationship showed homogeneinty in clustering of the species of the same plant type (A, B or C) with each other. A single NJ tree and a single ML tree were obtained with slight difference in topology within each plant type. Both trees disagreed with our previous finding in that A. searsii, speltoides and A. longissima clustered in one group and the first two species were sisters while A. caudata was out. Therefore, A. speltoides was not the oldest among them and these differences could be related to the difference in taxon sampling size. This study, however, supported our previous molecular finding and did not support the previous karyotypic study in that A. searsii was not the oldest, A. caudata was not recently originated and both A. longissima and A. speltoides were not intermediate. The molecular markers and taxon sampling size are therefore mandatory in clarifying the genetic diversity of closely related species, particularly, those which possess an economic importance like Aegilops.展开更多
文摘The development of a reliable green chemistry process for the biogenic synthesis of nanomaterials is an important aspect of current nanotechnology research. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used as antimicrobial and disinfectant agents. However, there is limited information about its toxicity. Therefore, this study focused on the biosynthesis of AgNPs by the bacterium Proteus mirabilis and on determining its preliminary toxic effect on some aspects of animal physiology. A green method for the synthesis of AgNPs using culture supernatant of Proteus mirabilis has been developed in this study and the synthesized AgNPs were characterized by several techniques. The AgNPs showed a maximum absorbance at 445 nm on ultraviolet-visible spectra. The presence of proteins was identified by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The reduction of Ag+ to elemental silver was characterized by X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The transmission electron micrograph revealed the formation of polydispersed nanoparticles of 5 - 45 nm. The AgNPs were evaluated for their toxic effect on pregnant female albino rat. The result showed that liver enzymes (AST and ALP) were decreased significantly in the group treated with AgNPs. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration also showed significant increase.
文摘Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have been applied for the analyses of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) and malic (ME) isoenzymes in Arabian camel for racing and production. Two fractions for each of these isoenzymes have been recorded in the studied breeds. ALP showed very weak patterns without remarkable difference between the two breeds and this is an indication to that the samples used were healthy and being from the same age. The cytosolic Mdh-1 and ME-1 have been recorded in both camel breeds with high intensity. The mitochondrial Mdh-2 and ME-2 have been recorded with small intensity in production breeds commonly. The present data indicate the necessity of the mitochondrialMdh-2 for energy production in racing breed and the responsibility of the cytosolic Mdh-1 for lipogenesis and energy production in both breeds. We therefore may assume that the appearance of both Mdh forms is necessary for both energy and lipid production in the production breeds while Mdh-1 was useful as bioenergetic enzyme necessary for racing. The different expressions are indications of the difference in the physiological adaptations of both camel breeds and are not for a systematic value.
文摘Genetic variability of Passer domesticus from different localities of Saudi Arabia was investigated. Six hundred and fifty nine nucleotides were sequenced from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. There was a slight difference among the studied haplotypes and most substitutions were synonymous. In some haplotypes at the west of Arabian Peninsula (mountainous habitat), two transitions only were non-synonymous. The data were used to construct the relationship of the Arabian house sparrow to its con specific taxa from Europe and America. Neigh-bor-joining (NJ), maximum-par-simony (MP) and maximum-likelihood (ML) analytical methods were used. The three methods showed clustering of the Arabian haplotypes in one group and their sister relationship with the haplotypes from Netherlands and America. A spanish Haplotypes came basal to both groups. Collecting more samples and more DNA data could be of necessary to clearly address the genetic variability of this rapidly propagated species in Arabia.
文摘The Arabian;horse Equus caballus is belonging to family Equidae that all of its species are in danger of extinction. We sequenced 1059 nucleotides from three mitochondrial DNA protein coding genes for some breeds of the Arabian and English horses designated for race, productivity and longevity in order to investigate their genetic variation. The sequenced genes were NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2), cyto-chrome C oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and ATPase subunit 6 (ATP6). ATP6 discriminated among the different breeds where seven substitutions were recorded of which 2 were non-synonymous. The other loci recoded 8 synonymous substitutions of transitions most of which were among the breeds of longevity. The data of CO1 gene were used to construct the relationship of the Arabian horse to the thoroughbreds. Maximum-likelihood (ML) and Neighbor-joining (NJ) analytical methods were used. The two analytical methods showed clustering of the Arabian breeds in one group and the non-sister relationship within the thoroughbreds. One of the thoroughbreds clustered within the Arabian breeds suggesting the possibility of their out breeding. Increasing tendency in the variation of the studied genes was proportional to the utility of these genes in energy production within the mitochondria. The present study is therefore a preliminary step in the conservational efforts of the Arabian horse of equestrian..
文摘Malate dehydrogenase, α-esterase and β-esterase isoenzymes have been analyzed by native polyacryla-mide gel electrophoresis in different tissues (liver, kidney, muscle and hump) of the Arabian Camel, Camelus dromedaries in order to study the tissue specificity of these isoenzymes. Malate dehy-drogenase recorded three fractions while both este-rases recorded two fractions in different studied tissues. Malate dehydrogenase was considered as a key isoenzyme in discriminating among the different studied tissues. The percentage amount of both Mdh-1 and Mdh-2 showed significant difference among the different tissues while Mdh-3 recorded significant variation between muscle and hump tissues. The significant variation in the amount of Mdh isoenzyme (on the level of either total or fractions) among the different studied tissues may reflect the role of this enzyme for energy production in this desert animal. With respect to esterases, the percentage amount for both fractions and the total enzyme did not show significant difference among different tissues except β-Est-2 which was significantly higher in hump than in muscle. This enzyme showed higher thickness and intensity in both liver and kidney than in the muscle and hump indicating its greater activity in both liver and kidney.
文摘Polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses for malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) and beta-esterase (β-Est) isoenzymes were conducted for biochemical differentiation between two Stenodactylus gekkonid species inhabiting North Sinai of Egypt. Total lipids and proteins of liver and muscle tissues in both species were also analyzed. A total of three Mdh isoforms were recorded in the analysis, in which the activity of Mdh-2 and Mdh-3 seemed to be higher in S. petrii than in S. sthenodactylus. This high activity could be supported by the significant increase in the total lipids and proteins in liver and muscle tissues of the species. It may thus be reasonable to suppose that S. petrii is more active, energetic and adaptable in the desert habitat than S. sthenodactylus. β-Est showed six fractions in S. petrii and only one fraction in S. sthenodactylus. It is therefore noticeable that β-Est is more highly expressed in S. petrii than in S. sthenodactylus.
文摘Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been widely used as anti-inflammatory and anti-toxic agent. The present study used Bacillus tequilensis for biosynthesizing SeNPs from sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and investigated its ameliorative effects on acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity in male mice. The results indicated that Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) significantly elevated in mice treated with APAP, while other liver markers (total proteins and albumin) did not change. SeNPs either alone or in combination with APAP showed ameliorative effects on liver enzymes to some extents where their activities decreased to be insignificant with those of normal group. A slight variation was shown in total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Histopathologically, the hepatocytes of the mice treated with APAP showed cloudy swelling and vacuolar degeneration, while those treated with SeNPs or both SeNPs and APAP appeared more or less histologically normal. In conclusion, SeNPs can be used to improve or replace today’s therapies of APAP hepatotoxicity.
文摘Aegilops has been considered a complex genus with as many as 22 species in Syria. The current study has used 585 nucleotides from 5.8S nuclear ribosomal DNA gene and internal transcribed spacer 2 for these different species. These data were aligned manually and subjected to bioinformatics manipulation in order to construct the genetic relationship among these species. Three statistical methods (maximum-parsimony-MP, maximum-likelihood-ML and neighborjoining-NJ) were used to execute the most likely relationship. The constructed genetic relationship showed homogeneinty in clustering of the species of the same plant type (A, B or C) with each other. A single NJ tree and a single ML tree were obtained with slight difference in topology within each plant type. Both trees disagreed with our previous finding in that A. searsii, speltoides and A. longissima clustered in one group and the first two species were sisters while A. caudata was out. Therefore, A. speltoides was not the oldest among them and these differences could be related to the difference in taxon sampling size. This study, however, supported our previous molecular finding and did not support the previous karyotypic study in that A. searsii was not the oldest, A. caudata was not recently originated and both A. longissima and A. speltoides were not intermediate. The molecular markers and taxon sampling size are therefore mandatory in clarifying the genetic diversity of closely related species, particularly, those which possess an economic importance like Aegilops.
