AIM: To investigate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction(ED) and its association with depression in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.METHODS: This single center cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2...AIM: To investigate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction(ED) and its association with depression in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.METHODS: This single center cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2013 through January 2014. All outpatients with chronic viral hepatitis in our liver clinic between 18 and 80 years of age were considered eligible for this study. The exclusion criteria included well-established causes of ED, such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, alcohol abuse, liver cirrhosis, ischemic heart disease, renal disease, neurologic disease, and malignancy. We also excluded the patients who had incompletely answered the questionnaires. ED was assessed using the validated Korean version of the International Index of Erectile Function(IIEF-5) scale. The Korean version of the self-administered Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) scale was used to assess depression in the patients. Demographic and medical data were obtained from the patients' medical records. Current or past history of psychiatric diagnosis and drug history including the use of an antiviral agent and an antidepressant were also recorded. RESULTS: A total of 727 patients met the initial eligibility criteria. Six hundred seventeen patients were excluded because their medical records contained one or more of the previously determined exclusion criteria. The remaining 110 patients were assessed based on the BDI and IIEF-5 questionnaires. Based on the IIEF-5 scale, the prevalence of ED among patients with chronic viral hepatitis was 40%. Compared with the non-ED group, patients in the ED group were older. The proportion of patients in the ED group who had a job or who were na?ve peg-interferon users was lower than that in patients in the non-ED group. Patients with ED had significantly lower scores on the IIEF-5 scale than patients without ED(11.75 ± 4.88 vs 21.33 ± 1.86, P = 0.000). Patients with ED rated significantly higher scores on the BDI scale compared with patients without ED(12.59 ± 7.08 vs 5.30 ± 4.00, P = 0.000). Also, the IIEF-5 scores were negatively correlated with age, employment, and BDI scores. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, age and depression were independently associated with erectile dysfunction(P =0.019 and 0.000,respectively).CONCLUSION:Patients with chronic viral hepatitis have a high prevalence of ED.Age and depression are independent factors for ED in male patients with chronic viral hepatitis.展开更多
韩国设计师李尚金（Sang Jin Lee）的“拉链灯”是一个典型的后现代设计，拉链灯具备了所有后现代设计的典型元素。霍金说过：“上帝也掷骰子”，新的产生是因为厌倦了旧的，历史是偶发的必然，划时代的设计也许是天才那年刚好毕业。看...韩国设计师李尚金（Sang Jin Lee）的“拉链灯”是一个典型的后现代设计，拉链灯具备了所有后现代设计的典型元素。霍金说过：“上帝也掷骰子”，新的产生是因为厌倦了旧的，历史是偶发的必然，划时代的设计也许是天才那年刚好毕业。看看这个灯，塑料拉链所彰显的工业感可是一点手工的味道都没有，多么直观的现代感啊！这就是现代的、工业感的、批量生产的东西，能就此把“拉链灯”归为现代主义的产品吗？展开更多
文摘AIM: To investigate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction(ED) and its association with depression in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.METHODS: This single center cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2013 through January 2014. All outpatients with chronic viral hepatitis in our liver clinic between 18 and 80 years of age were considered eligible for this study. The exclusion criteria included well-established causes of ED, such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, alcohol abuse, liver cirrhosis, ischemic heart disease, renal disease, neurologic disease, and malignancy. We also excluded the patients who had incompletely answered the questionnaires. ED was assessed using the validated Korean version of the International Index of Erectile Function(IIEF-5) scale. The Korean version of the self-administered Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) scale was used to assess depression in the patients. Demographic and medical data were obtained from the patients' medical records. Current or past history of psychiatric diagnosis and drug history including the use of an antiviral agent and an antidepressant were also recorded. RESULTS: A total of 727 patients met the initial eligibility criteria. Six hundred seventeen patients were excluded because their medical records contained one or more of the previously determined exclusion criteria. The remaining 110 patients were assessed based on the BDI and IIEF-5 questionnaires. Based on the IIEF-5 scale, the prevalence of ED among patients with chronic viral hepatitis was 40%. Compared with the non-ED group, patients in the ED group were older. The proportion of patients in the ED group who had a job or who were na?ve peg-interferon users was lower than that in patients in the non-ED group. Patients with ED had significantly lower scores on the IIEF-5 scale than patients without ED(11.75 ± 4.88 vs 21.33 ± 1.86, P = 0.000). Patients with ED rated significantly higher scores on the BDI scale compared with patients without ED(12.59 ± 7.08 vs 5.30 ± 4.00, P = 0.000). Also, the IIEF-5 scores were negatively correlated with age, employment, and BDI scores. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, age and depression were independently associated with erectile dysfunction(P =0.019 and 0.000,respectively).CONCLUSION:Patients with chronic viral hepatitis have a high prevalence of ED.Age and depression are independent factors for ED in male patients with chronic viral hepatitis.
文摘韩国设计师李尚金（Sang Jin Lee）的“拉链灯”是一个典型的后现代设计，拉链灯具备了所有后现代设计的典型元素。霍金说过：“上帝也掷骰子”，新的产生是因为厌倦了旧的，历史是偶发的必然，划时代的设计也许是天才那年刚好毕业。看看这个灯，塑料拉链所彰显的工业感可是一点手工的味道都没有，多么直观的现代感啊！这就是现代的、工业感的、批量生产的东西，能就此把“拉链灯”归为现代主义的产品吗？
