Diet plays a major role in the body physiology and metabolism. The quantity, nature and stability of the macronutrients present in the diet have a major impact on the composition of gut microbiota. Gut microbiota play...Diet plays a major role in the body physiology and metabolism. The quantity, nature and stability of the macronutrients present in the diet have a major impact on the composition of gut microbiota. Gut microbiota plays a major role in the body metabolism and leads to obese or lean phenotype. Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria are the major microbes that inhabit in the region of the gut. We made an attempt to study the effects of Cafeteria (CAF) diets and normal chow diets on diet consumption, weight gain, metabolism and composition of gut microbiota in fecal and cecum samples from three weeks old Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 18/group) using 16S rDNA high throughput sequencing. Results revealed that distinctive diet based phenotypical changes were observed in some of the Cafeteria diet fed rats. Interestingly, some weight gain resistant (WGR) animals in Cafeteria diet fed groups show similar trend like that of control normal chow fed rats. Fecal microbiome analysis indicates that the ratio of Bacteriodetes is higher than the Firmicutes in cecum samples of Cafeteria diet fed rats whereas no significant difference is found in fecal samples of Cafeteria diet fed rats and as well as in control rats. Further analysis of other taxa at the level of family and genus of microbial abundance are also discussed. Our study suggests that contribution of gut microbiota towards obesity is not at the phylum level, and microbiome composition even at the level of species or strain may exert impact on the metabolism of the Cafeteria diet.展开更多
Cadmium is a known environmental pollutant targeting various organs. Often implicated in cadmium toxicology is the formation of reactive oxygen species, overwhelming the free radical scavenging mechanisms and inducing...Cadmium is a known environmental pollutant targeting various organs. Often implicated in cadmium toxicology is the formation of reactive oxygen species, overwhelming the free radical scavenging mechanisms and inducing oxidative stress. Acute cadmium intoxication has been shown to reduce antioxidant enzyme activity and induce oxidative stress. However, chronic intoxication has obscure outcomes in oxidative stress while the cell makes adjustments to overcome the toxicant load. Also linked with the occurrence of oxidative stress is inflammation. Stimulation of acute or chronic inflammation is mediated by different cascades. However, key events include activation of transcription factor, NF-κB and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Both oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated simultaneously in pathogenesis and induction of multi-organ tissue damage under cadmium exposure. This article reviews the impact of acute and chronic cadmium intoxication on inducing oxidative stress, inflammation and thereby inflicting tissue damage.展开更多
文摘Diet plays a major role in the body physiology and metabolism. The quantity, nature and stability of the macronutrients present in the diet have a major impact on the composition of gut microbiota. Gut microbiota plays a major role in the body metabolism and leads to obese or lean phenotype. Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria are the major microbes that inhabit in the region of the gut. We made an attempt to study the effects of Cafeteria (CAF) diets and normal chow diets on diet consumption, weight gain, metabolism and composition of gut microbiota in fecal and cecum samples from three weeks old Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 18/group) using 16S rDNA high throughput sequencing. Results revealed that distinctive diet based phenotypical changes were observed in some of the Cafeteria diet fed rats. Interestingly, some weight gain resistant (WGR) animals in Cafeteria diet fed groups show similar trend like that of control normal chow fed rats. Fecal microbiome analysis indicates that the ratio of Bacteriodetes is higher than the Firmicutes in cecum samples of Cafeteria diet fed rats whereas no significant difference is found in fecal samples of Cafeteria diet fed rats and as well as in control rats. Further analysis of other taxa at the level of family and genus of microbial abundance are also discussed. Our study suggests that contribution of gut microbiota towards obesity is not at the phylum level, and microbiome composition even at the level of species or strain may exert impact on the metabolism of the Cafeteria diet.
文摘Cadmium is a known environmental pollutant targeting various organs. Often implicated in cadmium toxicology is the formation of reactive oxygen species, overwhelming the free radical scavenging mechanisms and inducing oxidative stress. Acute cadmium intoxication has been shown to reduce antioxidant enzyme activity and induce oxidative stress. However, chronic intoxication has obscure outcomes in oxidative stress while the cell makes adjustments to overcome the toxicant load. Also linked with the occurrence of oxidative stress is inflammation. Stimulation of acute or chronic inflammation is mediated by different cascades. However, key events include activation of transcription factor, NF-κB and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Both oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated simultaneously in pathogenesis and induction of multi-organ tissue damage under cadmium exposure. This article reviews the impact of acute and chronic cadmium intoxication on inducing oxidative stress, inflammation and thereby inflicting tissue damage.
