The dangerous Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV),an encapsulated negative-sense RNA virus of the family Nairoviridae,is transmitted from person to person via ticks.With a case fatality rate between 10%to 40%...The dangerous Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV),an encapsulated negative-sense RNA virus of the family Nairoviridae,is transmitted from person to person via ticks.With a case fatality rate between 10%to 40%,the most common ways that the disease may spread to humans are via tick bites or coming into touch with infected animals'blood or tissues.Furthermore,the transfer of bodily fluids between individuals is another potential route of infection.There is a wide range of symptoms experienced by patients throughout each stage,from myalgia and fever to extreme bruising and excess bleeding.Tick management measures include minimising the spread of ticks from one species to another and from people to animals via the use of protective clothing,repellents,and proper animal handling.In order to prevent the spread of illness,healthcare workers must adhere to stringent protocols.Despite the lack of an authorised vaccine,the main components of treatment now consist of preventative measures and supportive care,which may include the antiviral medicine ribavirin.We still don't know very much about the virus's mechanisms,even though advances in molecular virology and animal models have improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of CCHFV.A critical need for vaccination that is both safe and effective,as well as for quick diagnosis and efficient treatments to lessen the disease's impact in areas where it is most prevalent.Important steps towards lowering Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever mortality and morbidity rates were to anticipatethe future availability of immunoglobulin products.展开更多
The Marburg virus(MARV)is a dangerous infection that causes a deadly sickness known as MARV disease.This severe hemorrhagic fever is a major concern for people all over the world.Since the initial identification in 19...The Marburg virus(MARV)is a dangerous infection that causes a deadly sickness known as MARV disease.This severe hemorrhagic fever is a major concern for people all over the world.Since the initial identification in 1967 during simultaneous outbreaks in Germany and Serbia,MARV has caused recurrent epidemics predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa with fatality rates ranging from 24%to 90%as a result of differences in virus strains,healthcare infrastructure,and the quality of patient treatment.Like Ebola virus,MARV causes a viral hemorrhagic fever identified in some of the same principles of clinical and epidemiological concern.However,MARV has unique biologic characteristics that require specialized research and response by public health and among researchers.Diagnosis relies on molecular tools such as real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,as well as clinical and epidemiological assessments.Despite advancements in understanding MARV biology,no vaccines or antiviral therapies have been approved,with treatment limited to supportive care.Experimental therapeutics,monoclonal antibodies,RNA-based drugs,and adenovirus-based vaccines,show promise but require further validation.Current efforts in outbreak containment include surveillance,rapid diagnostics,case isolation,and safe burial practices.However,gaps in understanding MARV pathogenesis,limited diagnostic tools,and the absence of regulatoryapproved vaccines underscore the urgent need for global collaboration and investment in research.Bridging these gaps is critical to mitigating the public health impact of MARV,ensuring effective response strategies for future outbreaks.展开更多
Lassa fever(LF)is a serious acute viral hemorrhagic illness that is endemic to West Africa where it affects an estimated two million people and results in up to 10000 deaths each year.The disease is caused by the Lass...Lassa fever(LF)is a serious acute viral hemorrhagic illness that is endemic to West Africa where it affects an estimated two million people and results in up to 10000 deaths each year.The disease is caused by the Lassa virus(LASV),part of the Arenaviridae family,and is primarily transmitted through contact with urine or feces of infected Mastomys natalensis rodents.Human-to-human transmission,particularly in healthcare and community settings,further amplifies the risk of spread.Since its discovery in 1969,LF continues to be a neglected tropical disease with significant health impacts,especially in vulnerable populations such as pregnant females and those with weakened immune systems.The clinical spectrum of LF varies from mild,flu-like symptoms to severe complications including bleeding,brain inflammation,and multiple organ dysfunction with neonates and pregnant female showing the highest fatality rates.Accurate diagnosis is hindered by symptom overlap with common regional illnesses such as malaria and typhoid,underlining the urgent need for strengthened diagnostic infrastructure and rapid testing methods.While ribavirin remains the main antiviral treatment,its effectiveness depends heavily on early administration.Currently,no approved vaccine exists;however,promising candidates like vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV)ΔG-LASVGPC,INO-4500,and measles virusbased(MV)-LASV are undergoing preclinical and early-phase clinical evaluation,exhibiting encouraging immune responses in animal and human studies.A comprehensive strategy combining public health education,rodent control measures,robust infection prevention in clinical settings,and international cooperation in vaccine and drug research is essential to curb the impact of LF.展开更多
文摘The dangerous Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV),an encapsulated negative-sense RNA virus of the family Nairoviridae,is transmitted from person to person via ticks.With a case fatality rate between 10%to 40%,the most common ways that the disease may spread to humans are via tick bites or coming into touch with infected animals'blood or tissues.Furthermore,the transfer of bodily fluids between individuals is another potential route of infection.There is a wide range of symptoms experienced by patients throughout each stage,from myalgia and fever to extreme bruising and excess bleeding.Tick management measures include minimising the spread of ticks from one species to another and from people to animals via the use of protective clothing,repellents,and proper animal handling.In order to prevent the spread of illness,healthcare workers must adhere to stringent protocols.Despite the lack of an authorised vaccine,the main components of treatment now consist of preventative measures and supportive care,which may include the antiviral medicine ribavirin.We still don't know very much about the virus's mechanisms,even though advances in molecular virology and animal models have improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of CCHFV.A critical need for vaccination that is both safe and effective,as well as for quick diagnosis and efficient treatments to lessen the disease's impact in areas where it is most prevalent.Important steps towards lowering Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever mortality and morbidity rates were to anticipatethe future availability of immunoglobulin products.
文摘The Marburg virus(MARV)is a dangerous infection that causes a deadly sickness known as MARV disease.This severe hemorrhagic fever is a major concern for people all over the world.Since the initial identification in 1967 during simultaneous outbreaks in Germany and Serbia,MARV has caused recurrent epidemics predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa with fatality rates ranging from 24%to 90%as a result of differences in virus strains,healthcare infrastructure,and the quality of patient treatment.Like Ebola virus,MARV causes a viral hemorrhagic fever identified in some of the same principles of clinical and epidemiological concern.However,MARV has unique biologic characteristics that require specialized research and response by public health and among researchers.Diagnosis relies on molecular tools such as real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,as well as clinical and epidemiological assessments.Despite advancements in understanding MARV biology,no vaccines or antiviral therapies have been approved,with treatment limited to supportive care.Experimental therapeutics,monoclonal antibodies,RNA-based drugs,and adenovirus-based vaccines,show promise but require further validation.Current efforts in outbreak containment include surveillance,rapid diagnostics,case isolation,and safe burial practices.However,gaps in understanding MARV pathogenesis,limited diagnostic tools,and the absence of regulatoryapproved vaccines underscore the urgent need for global collaboration and investment in research.Bridging these gaps is critical to mitigating the public health impact of MARV,ensuring effective response strategies for future outbreaks.
文摘Lassa fever(LF)is a serious acute viral hemorrhagic illness that is endemic to West Africa where it affects an estimated two million people and results in up to 10000 deaths each year.The disease is caused by the Lassa virus(LASV),part of the Arenaviridae family,and is primarily transmitted through contact with urine or feces of infected Mastomys natalensis rodents.Human-to-human transmission,particularly in healthcare and community settings,further amplifies the risk of spread.Since its discovery in 1969,LF continues to be a neglected tropical disease with significant health impacts,especially in vulnerable populations such as pregnant females and those with weakened immune systems.The clinical spectrum of LF varies from mild,flu-like symptoms to severe complications including bleeding,brain inflammation,and multiple organ dysfunction with neonates and pregnant female showing the highest fatality rates.Accurate diagnosis is hindered by symptom overlap with common regional illnesses such as malaria and typhoid,underlining the urgent need for strengthened diagnostic infrastructure and rapid testing methods.While ribavirin remains the main antiviral treatment,its effectiveness depends heavily on early administration.Currently,no approved vaccine exists;however,promising candidates like vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV)ΔG-LASVGPC,INO-4500,and measles virusbased(MV)-LASV are undergoing preclinical and early-phase clinical evaluation,exhibiting encouraging immune responses in animal and human studies.A comprehensive strategy combining public health education,rodent control measures,robust infection prevention in clinical settings,and international cooperation in vaccine and drug research is essential to curb the impact of LF.
