Sonam was the last woman I interviewed in Tibet.In her workplace,a big plastic tent planted with flowers, I met her while she was pruning carnations.This slim lady farmer from the suburbs of Lhasa Municipality looked ...Sonam was the last woman I interviewed in Tibet.In her workplace,a big plastic tent planted with flowers, I met her while she was pruning carnations.This slim lady farmer from the suburbs of Lhasa Municipality looked a little depressed.Sure enough,later in the interview,she revealed she was divorced and a single mother.Due to the language barrier,our communication had to rely on the translation by a technician who could understand Chinese perfectively.Sonam’s voice was very low but she spoke at a rapid pace,pouring out her thoughts to us.Unfortunately,the translation from the technician turned out to only amount to a couple of sentences.Though the communication between us was quite difficult,we gradually felt that she was very strong展开更多
Mêdog,located at the entrance of the water vapour channel of the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon,and it has the highest rainfall and lowest elevation on the Tibetan Plateau(TP).The droplet size distribution(DSD)and m...Mêdog,located at the entrance of the water vapour channel of the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon,and it has the highest rainfall and lowest elevation on the Tibetan Plateau(TP).The droplet size distribution(DSD)and microphysical processes associated with rainfall usually exhibit different characteristics under different synoptic patterns.In this study,an objective classification method is used to categorize the synoptic patterns that affect heavy rainfall(daily rainfall amounts>10 mm)in Mêdog into four patterns:southwest airflow(SWA),southern-branch trough(SBT),intense baroclinicity(IBC),and terrain-forced precipitation(TFP).SWA occurs most frequently(approximately 70%)with a mean daily rainfall of~22 mm,while TFP has the lowest occurrence frequency(7.7%)but the highest mean daily rainfall(29 mm).Both SBT and IBC exhibit occurrence frequencies around 12%.Among these patterns,the SWA pattern predominantly occurs during the monsoon season with abundant moisture and the lowest concentration of small raindrops.In contrast,the TFP pattern exhibits the highest concentration of large raindrops and the widest DSD spectrum,which can be attributed to the frequent convective activities in this area.As a result,compared with those of the other three synoptic patterns,the TFP pattern exhibits a larger mass-weighted mean diameter(D_(m))and higher rain rate(R).For stratiform rainfall,the difference in D_(m)among the four synoptic patterns can be neglected.The largest(smallest)average lgNW-value is observed in the SWA(IBC)pattern.Regarding convective rainfall,IBC dominated by northerly cold air exhibits mixed-phase processes characterized by larger raindrops and lower concentrations,resembling continental-like rainfall.In contrast,SWA occurring in monsoon season shows high concentrations of small raindrops,deeming it similar to maritime-like rainfall.In terms of the derived relationships,there are significant differences in the D_(m)-R andμ-Λrelationships among the four synoptic patterns.In addition,the diurnal variation in the DSD is analyzed in terms of the four synoptic patterns.These findings can improve the understanding of the microphysical processes of heavy rainfall events under different synoptic patterns and provide a reference for microphysical parameterizations of numerical models.展开更多
Every river basin is characterised by an evolutionary history,which may be analysed at different time scales.This study provides a geological and geomorphic history of different river basins of India at different time...Every river basin is characterised by an evolutionary history,which may be analysed at different time scales.This study provides a geological and geomorphic history of different river basins of India at different time scales ranging from millions of years to millennial time scales.The river basins in India are divided into six different groups on the basis of different tectono-climatic settings and geomorphic characteristics.The evolutionary trajectories in the past strongly govern the modern day geomorphic characteristics and processes in a river basin.The basin scale data compiled in this paper highlights the role of geological inheritance and‘landscape memory’in the evolution of river systems of India.展开更多
On July 31,2011,I read from that day’s Tibet Daily that on July 24,in the 1st National Plateau Championships in Long-Distance Track Events held in Kunming,Yunnan,the 15- year-old girl Nuzin Wangmo from Ngari,Tibet, w...On July 31,2011,I read from that day’s Tibet Daily that on July 24,in the 1st National Plateau Championships in Long-Distance Track Events held in Kunming,Yunnan,the 15- year-old girl Nuzin Wangmo from Ngari,Tibet, won the 3,000 meters and 6,000 meters races;Mikyo Nyima placed 5th in 5,000 meters,6th in 10,000 meters;and Tobgyal finished 8th in 5,000 meters. This competition was sponsored by the Track展开更多
According to the older generation,the sun in winter has its own master,in particularly in Tibet.This is a good season to enjoy drinking tea while basking in sunlight and listening to stories.In the winter of 2009,I ma...According to the older generation,the sun in winter has its own master,in particularly in Tibet.This is a good season to enjoy drinking tea while basking in sunlight and listening to stories.In the winter of 2009,I made an appointment with Tsering,Lhadon,Mr.Liu and Mr. Qian who had all previously served with the Lhasa Transportation Company.We sat together in the garden of the former transportation company "chatting in the sun" about the life of drivers who we called the "True men of Tibet" or "Emperors behind the steering wheel".They are a mysterious group of people and of course,I believe they are the "Kings of the road". Tsering and Lhagpa Dondrup are typical elderly Tibetans.Mr.Qian originated from Shandong Province,somebody called him "Driver Car",which is the same name as the boy in the movie Zhang Garzhi.On seeing him,people have the same idea.Driver Qian is a short man with a loud voice.On his head he usually has an unfashionable English Jockey cap.On seeing me,he presented me with a roughly made name-card with Chinese characters:"Qian Xingyi,a retiree with a full knowledge of roads".I had heard he had rich experience of transportation in Tibet. Listen to him speaking of his own stories is a good choice.展开更多
文摘Sonam was the last woman I interviewed in Tibet.In her workplace,a big plastic tent planted with flowers, I met her while she was pruning carnations.This slim lady farmer from the suburbs of Lhasa Municipality looked a little depressed.Sure enough,later in the interview,she revealed she was divorced and a single mother.Due to the language barrier,our communication had to rely on the translation by a technician who could understand Chinese perfectively.Sonam’s voice was very low but she spoke at a rapid pace,pouring out her thoughts to us.Unfortunately,the translation from the technician turned out to only amount to a couple of sentences.Though the communication between us was quite difficult,we gradually felt that she was very strong
基金funded by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program,Grant No.2019QZKK0105Basic Research Fund of CAMS(2023Z009)Science and Technology Development Fund of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2023KJ041).
文摘Mêdog,located at the entrance of the water vapour channel of the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon,and it has the highest rainfall and lowest elevation on the Tibetan Plateau(TP).The droplet size distribution(DSD)and microphysical processes associated with rainfall usually exhibit different characteristics under different synoptic patterns.In this study,an objective classification method is used to categorize the synoptic patterns that affect heavy rainfall(daily rainfall amounts>10 mm)in Mêdog into four patterns:southwest airflow(SWA),southern-branch trough(SBT),intense baroclinicity(IBC),and terrain-forced precipitation(TFP).SWA occurs most frequently(approximately 70%)with a mean daily rainfall of~22 mm,while TFP has the lowest occurrence frequency(7.7%)but the highest mean daily rainfall(29 mm).Both SBT and IBC exhibit occurrence frequencies around 12%.Among these patterns,the SWA pattern predominantly occurs during the monsoon season with abundant moisture and the lowest concentration of small raindrops.In contrast,the TFP pattern exhibits the highest concentration of large raindrops and the widest DSD spectrum,which can be attributed to the frequent convective activities in this area.As a result,compared with those of the other three synoptic patterns,the TFP pattern exhibits a larger mass-weighted mean diameter(D_(m))and higher rain rate(R).For stratiform rainfall,the difference in D_(m)among the four synoptic patterns can be neglected.The largest(smallest)average lgNW-value is observed in the SWA(IBC)pattern.Regarding convective rainfall,IBC dominated by northerly cold air exhibits mixed-phase processes characterized by larger raindrops and lower concentrations,resembling continental-like rainfall.In contrast,SWA occurring in monsoon season shows high concentrations of small raindrops,deeming it similar to maritime-like rainfall.In terms of the derived relationships,there are significant differences in the D_(m)-R andμ-Λrelationships among the four synoptic patterns.In addition,the diurnal variation in the DSD is analyzed in terms of the four synoptic patterns.These findings can improve the understanding of the microphysical processes of heavy rainfall events under different synoptic patterns and provide a reference for microphysical parameterizations of numerical models.
基金supported by COFUND fellowship at Durham University,UKSonam was supported by PhD fellowship provided by CSIR-UGC,India(Fellowship No.061320507-23/06/2013(i)EU-V).
文摘Every river basin is characterised by an evolutionary history,which may be analysed at different time scales.This study provides a geological and geomorphic history of different river basins of India at different time scales ranging from millions of years to millennial time scales.The river basins in India are divided into six different groups on the basis of different tectono-climatic settings and geomorphic characteristics.The evolutionary trajectories in the past strongly govern the modern day geomorphic characteristics and processes in a river basin.The basin scale data compiled in this paper highlights the role of geological inheritance and‘landscape memory’in the evolution of river systems of India.
文摘On July 31,2011,I read from that day’s Tibet Daily that on July 24,in the 1st National Plateau Championships in Long-Distance Track Events held in Kunming,Yunnan,the 15- year-old girl Nuzin Wangmo from Ngari,Tibet, won the 3,000 meters and 6,000 meters races;Mikyo Nyima placed 5th in 5,000 meters,6th in 10,000 meters;and Tobgyal finished 8th in 5,000 meters. This competition was sponsored by the Track
文摘According to the older generation,the sun in winter has its own master,in particularly in Tibet.This is a good season to enjoy drinking tea while basking in sunlight and listening to stories.In the winter of 2009,I made an appointment with Tsering,Lhadon,Mr.Liu and Mr. Qian who had all previously served with the Lhasa Transportation Company.We sat together in the garden of the former transportation company "chatting in the sun" about the life of drivers who we called the "True men of Tibet" or "Emperors behind the steering wheel".They are a mysterious group of people and of course,I believe they are the "Kings of the road". Tsering and Lhagpa Dondrup are typical elderly Tibetans.Mr.Qian originated from Shandong Province,somebody called him "Driver Car",which is the same name as the boy in the movie Zhang Garzhi.On seeing him,people have the same idea.Driver Qian is a short man with a loud voice.On his head he usually has an unfashionable English Jockey cap.On seeing me,he presented me with a roughly made name-card with Chinese characters:"Qian Xingyi,a retiree with a full knowledge of roads".I had heard he had rich experience of transportation in Tibet. Listen to him speaking of his own stories is a good choice.
