Rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries(AIBs)possess a higher theoretical volumetric capacity than lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and offer a sustainable,low-cost alternative.However,the performance of AIBs fails to meet comm...Rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries(AIBs)possess a higher theoretical volumetric capacity than lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and offer a sustainable,low-cost alternative.However,the performance of AIBs fails to meet commercial standards due to the challenges experienced including volume changes caused by interfacial issues,side reactions of the electrolyte with electrode,and low cyclic stability.These issues are attributed to the inability of existing cathode materials to perform effectively.To address these challenges,1-dimensional(1D)structures,especially nanofiber(NF)cathodes offer a promising solution due to their higher aspect ratios,specific surface area,flexibility,and quantum scale effects.To date,there has been no comparative analysis of the electrochemical and structural performances of NF based cathodes in AIBs.Thus,this review focuses on the recent developments in various transition metal oxides and chalcogenides of(Mo,V,Mn,Ni,Cu,W,Se,and Co)along with carbon-based NFs as cathodes for AIBs.Challenges were observed in adopting trivalent Al3+cations as charge carriers and maintaining the structural integrity of the cathode.Several novel approaches have been developed to enhance electrical conductivity,including the incorporation of the metal oxides/chalcogenides with the carbon NF substrates,crystallizing the nanoparticles at high temperatures,and using self-assembly and templating techniques to create multidimensional NF films.Other battery components such as separators were replaced with carbonaceous structures in the MnSe based cathodes to increase ion mobility,and Mo current collectors to prevent dendrites.This review includes prospects aimed at improving performance and functionality,based on observations from the discussed work and innovations in AIBs such as compositing,surface functionalization,and defect engineering through ion doping.展开更多
A precision measurment of inclusive electron scattering cross sections is carried out at Jefferson Lab in the quasi-elastic region for 4 He, 12 C, 56 Fe and 208 Pb targets. The longitudinal （R L ） and transverse （R...A precision measurment of inclusive electron scattering cross sections is carried out at Jefferson Lab in the quasi-elastic region for 4 He, 12 C, 56 Fe and 208 Pb targets. The longitudinal （R L ） and transverse （R T ） response functions of the nucleon need to be extracted precisely in the momentum transfer range 0.55 GeV/c≤ ｜ q ｜ ≤1.0 GeV/c. To achieve the above goal, a NaI （Tl） calorimeter is used to distinguish good electrons from background, including pions and low energy electrons rescattered from the walls of the spectrometer magnets. Due to a large set of kinematics and changes in HV settings, a number of calibrations are performed for the NaI （Tl） detector. Corrections for a few blocks of NaI （Tl） with bad or no signal are applied. The resolution of the NaI （Tl） detector after calibration reached δE/E^（1/2） ≈ 3% at E=1 GeV. The performance of the NaI （Tl） detector is compared with a simulation. The good calibration and background analysis for the NaI（Tl） detector are very important for the reduction of the systematic error of cross sections and the separation of R L and R T .展开更多
基金supported by the NUS Resilience and Growth Fund for the Development of Li-ion rechargeable batteries(A-0000065–54-00)Electrodes for Green Hydrogen Production(A-cy0065-99–99)+2 种基金supported by the Ministry of Education(Singapore)through the Research Centre of Excellence program(grant EDUN C-33–18-279-V12,I-FIM)supported by the Ministry of Education,Singapore,under its Academic Research Fund Tier 2(MOE-T2EP50122-0012)supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the Office of Naval Research Global under award number FA8655-21–1-7026.
文摘Rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries(AIBs)possess a higher theoretical volumetric capacity than lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and offer a sustainable,low-cost alternative.However,the performance of AIBs fails to meet commercial standards due to the challenges experienced including volume changes caused by interfacial issues,side reactions of the electrolyte with electrode,and low cyclic stability.These issues are attributed to the inability of existing cathode materials to perform effectively.To address these challenges,1-dimensional(1D)structures,especially nanofiber(NF)cathodes offer a promising solution due to their higher aspect ratios,specific surface area,flexibility,and quantum scale effects.To date,there has been no comparative analysis of the electrochemical and structural performances of NF based cathodes in AIBs.Thus,this review focuses on the recent developments in various transition metal oxides and chalcogenides of(Mo,V,Mn,Ni,Cu,W,Se,and Co)along with carbon-based NFs as cathodes for AIBs.Challenges were observed in adopting trivalent Al3+cations as charge carriers and maintaining the structural integrity of the cathode.Several novel approaches have been developed to enhance electrical conductivity,including the incorporation of the metal oxides/chalcogenides with the carbon NF substrates,crystallizing the nanoparticles at high temperatures,and using self-assembly and templating techniques to create multidimensional NF films.Other battery components such as separators were replaced with carbonaceous structures in the MnSe based cathodes to increase ion mobility,and Mo current collectors to prevent dendrites.This review includes prospects aimed at improving performance and functionality,based on observations from the discussed work and innovations in AIBs such as compositing,surface functionalization,and defect engineering through ion doping.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10605022,10875053)US Department of Energy (DE-AC05-84ER-40150) under which Jefferson Science Associates operates the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
文摘A precision measurment of inclusive electron scattering cross sections is carried out at Jefferson Lab in the quasi-elastic region for 4 He, 12 C, 56 Fe and 208 Pb targets. The longitudinal （R L ） and transverse （R T ） response functions of the nucleon need to be extracted precisely in the momentum transfer range 0.55 GeV/c≤ ｜ q ｜ ≤1.0 GeV/c. To achieve the above goal, a NaI （Tl） calorimeter is used to distinguish good electrons from background, including pions and low energy electrons rescattered from the walls of the spectrometer magnets. Due to a large set of kinematics and changes in HV settings, a number of calibrations are performed for the NaI （Tl） detector. Corrections for a few blocks of NaI （Tl） with bad or no signal are applied. The resolution of the NaI （Tl） detector after calibration reached δE/E^（1/2） ≈ 3% at E=1 GeV. The performance of the NaI （Tl） detector is compared with a simulation. The good calibration and background analysis for the NaI（Tl） detector are very important for the reduction of the systematic error of cross sections and the separation of R L and R T .
