The effect of the thermal treatment of waste oyster(Crassostrea belcheri)shells on different properties was explored.In this preliminary work,the waste oyster shells were collected from Muar River,Malaysia.All samples...The effect of the thermal treatment of waste oyster(Crassostrea belcheri)shells on different properties was explored.In this preliminary work,the waste oyster shells were collected from Muar River,Malaysia.All samples were cleaned,dried,and subjected to a simple heat treatment in air at 500–1200°C.All heat-treated samples were characterized to determine their mass loss,chemical composition,crystalline phase,surface morphology,and powder density properties.Changing the temperature from 500 to 1200°C increases the calcium(Ca)food content in oyster shells.Furthermore,the decomposition of calcium carbonate(CaCO_(3))from 98.15 wt.%to 99.07 wt.%was completed at 682°C with 45 wt.%mass loss in a controlled nitrogen environment.When heat treatment processes are conducted in air,only 14.74 wt.%mass loss is recorded.The X-ray diffraction results confirmed that CaCO_(3) successfully transformedαpeak(CaO_(4))toγpeak andηpeak(CaO)at an angle(θ)of 30°and at above 800°C.The Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)Result revealed changes in functional groups as the temperature increased.The phase transformation and morphological analysis agree with measured powder density values from 2.63 to 2.30 g·cm^(−3).All these findings indicate that heated waste oyster shells are a potential source of calcium minerals and can be used for biomaterial products.展开更多
This work presents the development of a test rig(tractor pulled)for measurement of motion resistance of towed narrow wheels with a view to obtaining new design information to enhance the use of narrow wheels as tracti...This work presents the development of a test rig(tractor pulled)for measurement of motion resistance of towed narrow wheels with a view to obtaining new design information to enhance the use of narrow wheels as traction members for low cost agricultural machines affordable by the low income earners or rural populace whose occupation is predominantly farming.The narrow wheels that can be used on the developed test rig are pneumatic bicycle wheels of different sizes,rigid bicycle wheel,motorcycle wheel and lugged-rigid wheel for a planting machine.The towing force which is equal to the motion resistance will be measured by the Mecmesin Basic Force Gauge(BFG)with a maximum capacity of 2.5 kN installed on the test rig.The gauge is connected to a notebook with a Dataplot program to record the towing force and import the measured force per unit time to the spread sheet for further analyses.The test rig comprises two parts,one part holding the wheel and the second part hitched to the tractor,in between the two is the BFG to measure the towing force and it is RS-232 interfaced to notebook PC.The test rig is designed for field use on different terrains to make comparison and obtain enough data to assist in the design and development of narrow wheel agricultural machinery.The effect of the different wheel sizes,axle loads and inflation pressures on the motion resistance of the test wheels can be investigated easily using the developed test rig.展开更多
基金financial support under the UTHM contract grant H518
文摘The effect of the thermal treatment of waste oyster(Crassostrea belcheri)shells on different properties was explored.In this preliminary work,the waste oyster shells were collected from Muar River,Malaysia.All samples were cleaned,dried,and subjected to a simple heat treatment in air at 500–1200°C.All heat-treated samples were characterized to determine their mass loss,chemical composition,crystalline phase,surface morphology,and powder density properties.Changing the temperature from 500 to 1200°C increases the calcium(Ca)food content in oyster shells.Furthermore,the decomposition of calcium carbonate(CaCO_(3))from 98.15 wt.%to 99.07 wt.%was completed at 682°C with 45 wt.%mass loss in a controlled nitrogen environment.When heat treatment processes are conducted in air,only 14.74 wt.%mass loss is recorded.The X-ray diffraction results confirmed that CaCO_(3) successfully transformedαpeak(CaO_(4))toγpeak andηpeak(CaO)at an angle(θ)of 30°and at above 800°C.The Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)Result revealed changes in functional groups as the temperature increased.The phase transformation and morphological analysis agree with measured powder density values from 2.63 to 2.30 g·cm^(−3).All these findings indicate that heated waste oyster shells are a potential source of calcium minerals and can be used for biomaterial products.
基金This research project is classified under Institute of Higher Learning,IHL(FRGS-Fundamental Research Grant Scheme)1/2007 KOS 55235435.ihlrm7 IRPA Project No.01-02-04.The authors are very grateful to the authority of the University Putra Malaysia for granting the fund for this research project.
文摘This work presents the development of a test rig(tractor pulled)for measurement of motion resistance of towed narrow wheels with a view to obtaining new design information to enhance the use of narrow wheels as traction members for low cost agricultural machines affordable by the low income earners or rural populace whose occupation is predominantly farming.The narrow wheels that can be used on the developed test rig are pneumatic bicycle wheels of different sizes,rigid bicycle wheel,motorcycle wheel and lugged-rigid wheel for a planting machine.The towing force which is equal to the motion resistance will be measured by the Mecmesin Basic Force Gauge(BFG)with a maximum capacity of 2.5 kN installed on the test rig.The gauge is connected to a notebook with a Dataplot program to record the towing force and import the measured force per unit time to the spread sheet for further analyses.The test rig comprises two parts,one part holding the wheel and the second part hitched to the tractor,in between the two is the BFG to measure the towing force and it is RS-232 interfaced to notebook PC.The test rig is designed for field use on different terrains to make comparison and obtain enough data to assist in the design and development of narrow wheel agricultural machinery.The effect of the different wheel sizes,axle loads and inflation pressures on the motion resistance of the test wheels can be investigated easily using the developed test rig.
