The toxic effects of chromium and tin salts on growth, ^(14)C uptake, heterocyst differentiation, and nitrate reductase. nitrogenase, and glutamine synthetase activities of Anabaena doliolum and their regulation by pH...The toxic effects of chromium and tin salts on growth, ^(14)C uptake, heterocyst differentiation, and nitrate reductase. nitrogenase, and glutamine synthetase activities of Anabaena doliolum and their regulation by pH. salinity, extracellular metabolites (spent), and organic acids have been studied. The toxicity of the test metals was lowered at alkaline pH and increased at acidic pH. NaCl at 20 mM was found to decrease metal toxicity. Extracellular metabolites (spent) in a 1:1 ratio(v/v) with fresh culture medium and organic acids were found to reduce metal toxicity. Among the various organic acids studied, humic acid was the most effective in regulating metal toxicity, apparently due to its multiple binding sites for metal cations. This study demonstrated that environmental factors.such as pH, salinity, extracellular metabolites, and organic acids, can mediate the toxicity of heavy metals to A. doliolum in a laboratory microcosm, (C)1990 Academic Press. Inc.展开更多
This study presents the structural characteristics and regeneration potential of mangrove patches in the estuarine and coastal areas of Kerala, a tropical maritime state in India. Field surveys were carried out at 46 ...This study presents the structural characteristics and regeneration potential of mangrove patches in the estuarine and coastal areas of Kerala, a tropical maritime state in India. Field surveys were carried out at 46 selected sites during August 2015 to May 2016. In each site, the vegetative structure and regeneration status were assessed using the quadrat method. Altogether 219 quadrates were laid out and a total of 13 true mangrove species, belonging to 5 families and 8 genera, were recorded. The total tree density and stand basal area of the study region was1678.08/ha and 20.33 m^2/ha respectively. The low basal areas indicate the reduced structural development in mangroves. Of the 13 tree species, Avicennia constitutes 56%of the total Important Value Index(IVI) and Avicennia officinalis represents 41% of the IVI in Kerala, followed by Avicennia marina(15%), Rhizophora mucronata(15%),Sonneratia alba(8%) Rhizophora apiculata(7%) and Excoecaria agallocha(7%). The diameter at breast height(DBH) in the study area revealed that 47% of the tree species came under the 1–10 cm DBH class. Total sapling and seedling density in Kerala was 2238.35 and 3232.42 individuals/ha respectively. Density of young plants(seedlings ? saplings) was only 31% greater of tree density and varied from 3–63%, which indicates poor regeneration potential. The Maturity index value(MIV) and complexity index(Ic) value of mangroves were 18.30 and 109.81 respectively. However, the low Ic value(\ 10) observed in seven out of ten coastal districts indicated poor structural development of mangroves in Kerala. Therefore, locationspecific conservation and management measures, guided by the knowledge on spatial distribution and habitat requirements of mangrove varieties should be taken to preserve the mangrove diversity of Kerala.展开更多
The effects of chromium and tin on survival, growth, carbon fixation, nitrate reduction, ammonia assimilation, and nitrogenase activity of a N_2-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena doliolum, and their amelioration by synt...The effects of chromium and tin on survival, growth, carbon fixation, nitrate reduction, ammonia assimilation, and nitrogenase activity of a N_2-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena doliolum, and their amelioration by synthetic and natural complexans, viz., EDTA, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PDA), and citrate, have been studied. Chromium proved to be much more toxic than tin, as it inhibited growth yield (49%), carbon fixation (53%), and nitrate reductase (79%), glutamine synthetase (30%), and nitrogenase activities (77%) at its sublethal concentration, whereas tin induced less inhibition of growth yield (42%), carbon fixation (50%). and nitrate reductase (66%), glutamine synthetase (32.4%), and nitrogenase activities (70%). Despite its inhibitory effects at 10μml^(-1), EDTA supplementation in metal-spiked medium counteracted the toxicity of chromium and tin more significantly than NTA, PDA, and citrate. When supplemented with LD_(50) of Cr, EDTA protected growth, carbon fixation, NR, GS. and Noase, respectively, by 32.6, 50.0, 33.3. 17.7. and 65.4%. However, EDTA-induced restoration of the above parameters at a sublethal concentration of tin was only 30.2, 50.0,28.1, 27.7, and 61.5%, respectively. Although NTA and citrate at 10/μgml^(-1) each were stimulatory to various processes of test cyanobacterium, they were comparatively less effective than EDTA in the amelioration of metal toxicity. On the basis of these observations, a generalized hierarchical sequence of protective efficiency of synthetic and natural cornplexing ligands may be given as EDTA > NTA > citrate > PDA. It seems plausible that the toxicity of various heavy metals may be regulated by a large array of organic complexing agents of the aquatic environment because they possess various metal binding sites. (c) 1989 Academic Press,lnc.展开更多
文摘The toxic effects of chromium and tin salts on growth, ^(14)C uptake, heterocyst differentiation, and nitrate reductase. nitrogenase, and glutamine synthetase activities of Anabaena doliolum and their regulation by pH. salinity, extracellular metabolites (spent), and organic acids have been studied. The toxicity of the test metals was lowered at alkaline pH and increased at acidic pH. NaCl at 20 mM was found to decrease metal toxicity. Extracellular metabolites (spent) in a 1:1 ratio(v/v) with fresh culture medium and organic acids were found to reduce metal toxicity. Among the various organic acids studied, humic acid was the most effective in regulating metal toxicity, apparently due to its multiple binding sites for metal cations. This study demonstrated that environmental factors.such as pH, salinity, extracellular metabolites, and organic acids, can mediate the toxicity of heavy metals to A. doliolum in a laboratory microcosm, (C)1990 Academic Press. Inc.
基金supported by the Society for Integrated Coastal Management(SICOM)Ministry of Environment,Forest and Climate Change(MoEFCC)Government of India,New Delhi
文摘This study presents the structural characteristics and regeneration potential of mangrove patches in the estuarine and coastal areas of Kerala, a tropical maritime state in India. Field surveys were carried out at 46 selected sites during August 2015 to May 2016. In each site, the vegetative structure and regeneration status were assessed using the quadrat method. Altogether 219 quadrates were laid out and a total of 13 true mangrove species, belonging to 5 families and 8 genera, were recorded. The total tree density and stand basal area of the study region was1678.08/ha and 20.33 m^2/ha respectively. The low basal areas indicate the reduced structural development in mangroves. Of the 13 tree species, Avicennia constitutes 56%of the total Important Value Index(IVI) and Avicennia officinalis represents 41% of the IVI in Kerala, followed by Avicennia marina(15%), Rhizophora mucronata(15%),Sonneratia alba(8%) Rhizophora apiculata(7%) and Excoecaria agallocha(7%). The diameter at breast height(DBH) in the study area revealed that 47% of the tree species came under the 1–10 cm DBH class. Total sapling and seedling density in Kerala was 2238.35 and 3232.42 individuals/ha respectively. Density of young plants(seedlings ? saplings) was only 31% greater of tree density and varied from 3–63%, which indicates poor regeneration potential. The Maturity index value(MIV) and complexity index(Ic) value of mangroves were 18.30 and 109.81 respectively. However, the low Ic value(\ 10) observed in seven out of ten coastal districts indicated poor structural development of mangroves in Kerala. Therefore, locationspecific conservation and management measures, guided by the knowledge on spatial distribution and habitat requirements of mangrove varieties should be taken to preserve the mangrove diversity of Kerala.
文摘The effects of chromium and tin on survival, growth, carbon fixation, nitrate reduction, ammonia assimilation, and nitrogenase activity of a N_2-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena doliolum, and their amelioration by synthetic and natural complexans, viz., EDTA, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PDA), and citrate, have been studied. Chromium proved to be much more toxic than tin, as it inhibited growth yield (49%), carbon fixation (53%), and nitrate reductase (79%), glutamine synthetase (30%), and nitrogenase activities (77%) at its sublethal concentration, whereas tin induced less inhibition of growth yield (42%), carbon fixation (50%). and nitrate reductase (66%), glutamine synthetase (32.4%), and nitrogenase activities (70%). Despite its inhibitory effects at 10μml^(-1), EDTA supplementation in metal-spiked medium counteracted the toxicity of chromium and tin more significantly than NTA, PDA, and citrate. When supplemented with LD_(50) of Cr, EDTA protected growth, carbon fixation, NR, GS. and Noase, respectively, by 32.6, 50.0, 33.3. 17.7. and 65.4%. However, EDTA-induced restoration of the above parameters at a sublethal concentration of tin was only 30.2, 50.0,28.1, 27.7, and 61.5%, respectively. Although NTA and citrate at 10/μgml^(-1) each were stimulatory to various processes of test cyanobacterium, they were comparatively less effective than EDTA in the amelioration of metal toxicity. On the basis of these observations, a generalized hierarchical sequence of protective efficiency of synthetic and natural cornplexing ligands may be given as EDTA > NTA > citrate > PDA. It seems plausible that the toxicity of various heavy metals may be regulated by a large array of organic complexing agents of the aquatic environment because they possess various metal binding sites. (c) 1989 Academic Press,lnc.
