Using natural minerals to eliminate harmful Cr(Ⅵ)under sustainable sunshine has significant potential.Herein,Palygorskite nanorods were utilized as carriers for the in-situ synthesis of CaIn_(2)S_(4) photocatalysts t...Using natural minerals to eliminate harmful Cr(Ⅵ)under sustainable sunshine has significant potential.Herein,Palygorskite nanorods were utilized as carriers for the in-situ synthesis of CaIn_(2)S_(4) photocatalysts through a simple one-pot thermal process,enabling the efficient reduction of Cr(Ⅵ).With a Palygorskite to CaIn_(2)S_(4) mass ratio of 5%,the conversion rate of Cr(Ⅵ)reached 98%after 60min of visible-light exposure,with a remarkable reaction rate of 0.0633 min^(-1).The effective integration of CaIn_(2)S_(4) with Palygorskite led to a more uniform dispersion of CaIn_(2)S_(4),exposing more reactive sites.Moreover,the establishment of a heterojunction between CaIn_(2)S_(4) and Palygorskite facilitated the transport of photogenerated electrons from CaIn_(2)S_(4),enhancing the efficiency of charge separation.These factors contribute to the improved photocatalytic performance.Additionally,the developed composite photocatalysts demonstrated excellent stability under light exposure and could be reused efficiently.Trapping tests on active substances revealed that e-played key roles in the Cr(Ⅵ)reduction.This research suggests the potential of using natural minerals to fabricate composite photocatalysts capable of effectively removing pollutants from the environment using solar energy.展开更多
Zinc metal batteries(ZnBs)are poised as the next-generation energy storage solution,complementing lithium-ion batteries,thanks to their costeffectiveness and safety advantages.These benefits originate from the abundan...Zinc metal batteries(ZnBs)are poised as the next-generation energy storage solution,complementing lithium-ion batteries,thanks to their costeffectiveness and safety advantages.These benefits originate from the abundance of zinc and its compatibility with non-flammable aqueous electrolytes.However,the inherent instability of zinc in aqueous environments,manifested through hydrogen evolution reactions(HER)and dendritic growth,has hindered commercialization due to poor cycling stability.Enter potassium polyacrylate(PAAK)-based water-in-polymer salt electrolyte(WiPSE),a novel variant of water-in-salt electrolytes(WiSE),designed to mitigate side reactions associated with water redox processes,thereby enhancing the cyclic stability of ZnBs.In this study,WiPSE was employed in ZnBs featuring lignin and carbon composites as cathode materials.Our research highlights the crucial function of acrylate groups from WiPSE in stabilizing the ionic flux on the surface of the Zn electrode.This stabilization promotes the parallel deposition of Zn along the(002)plane,resulting in a significant reduction in dendritic growth.Notably,our sustainable Zn-lignin battery showcases remarkable cyclic stability,retaining 80%of its initial capacity after 8000 cycles at a high current rate(1 A g^(-1))and maintaining over 75%capacity retention up to 2000 cycles at a low current rate(0.2 A g^(-1)).This study showcases the practical application of WiPSE for the development of low-cost,dendrite-free,and scalable ZnBs.展开更多
Malocclusion,identified by the World Health Organization(WHO)as one of three major oral diseases,profoundly impacts the dental-maxillofacial functions,facial esthetics,and long-term development of~260 million children...Malocclusion,identified by the World Health Organization(WHO)as one of three major oral diseases,profoundly impacts the dental-maxillofacial functions,facial esthetics,and long-term development of~260 million children in China.Beyond its physical manifestations,malocclusion also significantly influences the psycho-social well-being of these children.Timely intervention in malocclusion can foster an environment conducive to dental-maxillofacial development and substantially decrease the incidence of malocclusion or reduce the severity and complexity of malocclusion in the permanent dentition,by mitigating the negative impact of abnormal environmental influences on the growth.Early orthodontic treatment encompasses accurate identification and treatment of dental and maxillofacial morphological and functional abnormalities during various stages of dental-maxillofacial development,ranging from fetal stages to the early permanent dentition phase.From an economic and societal standpoint,the urgency for effective early orthodontic treatments for malocclusions in childhood cannot be overstated,underlining its profound practical and social importance.This consensus paper discusses the characteristics and the detrimental effects of malocclusion in children,emphasizing critical need for early treatment.It elaborates on corresponding core principles and fundamental approaches in early orthodontics,proposing comprehensive guidance for preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment,serving as a reference for clinicians engaged in early orthodontic treatment.展开更多
The mechanical properties and microstructures of Al_(2)O_(3)whiskers and graphene nano-platelets(GNPs)co-reinforced Cu-matrix composites were studied.Cu-matrix composites with a variation of GNPs amount were fabricate...The mechanical properties and microstructures of Al_(2)O_(3)whiskers and graphene nano-platelets(GNPs)co-reinforced Cu-matrix composites were studied.Cu-matrix composites with a variation of GNPs amount were fabricated by mechanical alloying followed by vacuum hot-pressing sintering and hot isostatic pressing.The Cu-matrix composite with 0.5 wt.%GNPs(GNPs-0.5)suggests a good interfacial bonding of both Cu/C and Cu/Al_(2)O_(3)interfaces.Both the hardness and compressive strength of Cu-matrix composites show a consistent tendency that firstly increases to a critical value and then decreases with increasing GNPs amount.It is suggested that the most possible strengthening mechanisms of both GNPs and Al_(2)O_(3)whisker working in the Cu-matrix composites involve energy dissipating and load transfer,as well as grain refinements for GNPs.The synergetic effect of GNPs and Al_(2)O_(3)whiskers is highlighted that the embedded GNPs would hinder the crack path generated at the Al_(2)O_(3)/Cu interface and enhance the already outstanding strengthening effect that Al_(2)O_(3)whiskers provide.展开更多
S-boxes can be the core component of block ciphers,and how to efficiently generate S-boxes with strong cryptographic properties appears to be an important task in the design of block ciphers.In this work,an optimized ...S-boxes can be the core component of block ciphers,and how to efficiently generate S-boxes with strong cryptographic properties appears to be an important task in the design of block ciphers.In this work,an optimized model based on the generative adversarial network(GAN)is proposed to generate 8-bit S-boxes.The central idea of this optimized model is to use loss function constraints for GAN.More specially,the Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)S-box is used to construct the sample dataset via the affine equivalence property.Then,three models are respectively built and cross-trained to generate 8-bit S-boxes based on three extended frameworks of GAN,i.e.,Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Networks(DCGAN),Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks(WGAN),and WassersteinGenerativeAdversarial NetworkwithGradient Penalty(WGANGP).Besides,an optimized model based onWGAN-GP referred to asWGPIM is also proposed,which adds the loss function constraints to the generator network of the WGAN-GP model,including bijection loss,differential uniformity loss,and nonlinearity loss.In this case,8-bit S-boxes can be generated with cross-training.Experimental results illustrate that the WGP-IM model can generate S-boxes with excellent cryptographic properties.In particular,the optimal differential uniformity of the generated S-boxes can be reduced to 8,and the nonlinearity can be up to 104.Compared with previous S-box generation methods,this new method is simpler and it can generate S-boxes with excellent cryptographic properties.展开更多
Tungsten(W)is a promising candidate material for the plasma-facing components in future fusion reactors.However,it has issues regarding the intrinsic brittleness as well as operational embrittlement.Tungsten fiber rei...Tungsten(W)is a promising candidate material for the plasma-facing components in future fusion reactors.However,it has issues regarding the intrinsic brittleness as well as operational embrittlement.Tungsten fiber reinforced tungsten(W_(f)/W)composites overcome these issues by using extrinsic toughening mechanisms.Due to neutron irradiation and high-temperature recrystallization during fusion operation,the ductility of the fibers may degrade over a long period of service.Therefore,it is necessary to investigate the fracture behavior of W_(f)/W composites with brittle fibers.In the present work,the tungsten fibers were embrittled by carbonization.Subsequently,the continuous brittle W_(f)/W composite with yttrium oxide(Y_(2)O_(3))interface was fabricated by the field-assisted sintering technology process.The microstructure of the prepared W_(f)/W composites was characterized.The fracture behavior and toughening mechanisms were discussed in detail based on the experimental results of 3-point bending tests and the corresponding finite element simulation.The composites show a pseudo-ductile fracture behavior.Cracks are hindered and deflected by the de-bonded fiber-matrix interface.The extrinsic toughening mechanisms of interface de-bonding,crack bridging,and fiber pull-out are active.This indicates the reinforcement concept still works even though all components in the W_(f)/W are brittle.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22206065 and 22109059)the Jinling Institute of Technology's Doctor Start-up Fund(No.jitb-202024)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20221167).
文摘Using natural minerals to eliminate harmful Cr(Ⅵ)under sustainable sunshine has significant potential.Herein,Palygorskite nanorods were utilized as carriers for the in-situ synthesis of CaIn_(2)S_(4) photocatalysts through a simple one-pot thermal process,enabling the efficient reduction of Cr(Ⅵ).With a Palygorskite to CaIn_(2)S_(4) mass ratio of 5%,the conversion rate of Cr(Ⅵ)reached 98%after 60min of visible-light exposure,with a remarkable reaction rate of 0.0633 min^(-1).The effective integration of CaIn_(2)S_(4) with Palygorskite led to a more uniform dispersion of CaIn_(2)S_(4),exposing more reactive sites.Moreover,the establishment of a heterojunction between CaIn_(2)S_(4) and Palygorskite facilitated the transport of photogenerated electrons from CaIn_(2)S_(4),enhancing the efficiency of charge separation.These factors contribute to the improved photocatalytic performance.Additionally,the developed composite photocatalysts demonstrated excellent stability under light exposure and could be reused efficiently.Trapping tests on active substances revealed that e-played key roles in the Cr(Ⅵ)reduction.This research suggests the potential of using natural minerals to fabricate composite photocatalysts capable of effectively removing pollutants from the environment using solar energy.
基金primarily supported by the Proof-of-Concept project “high-voltage aqueous electrolytes (KAW 2020.0174)”the “Wood Wal enberg Science Center” funded by Knut and Alice Wal enberg (KAW) foundation+6 种基金supported by the Swedish Research Council (2016-05990)the Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-Li U No. 2009-00971)the competence center Fun Mat-II funded by the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova, grant no 2016-05156)Aforsk foundation for the project “anode free Zn-ion battery (21-130)” and “Zn-lignin battery (22-134)”Swedish Electricity Storage and Balancing Centre (SESBC) funded by Energyimyndigghetenthe Swedish Research Council VR International Postdoc Grant 2022-00213“STand UP for energy col aboration and Swedish Research Council (2020-05223)”
文摘Zinc metal batteries(ZnBs)are poised as the next-generation energy storage solution,complementing lithium-ion batteries,thanks to their costeffectiveness and safety advantages.These benefits originate from the abundance of zinc and its compatibility with non-flammable aqueous electrolytes.However,the inherent instability of zinc in aqueous environments,manifested through hydrogen evolution reactions(HER)and dendritic growth,has hindered commercialization due to poor cycling stability.Enter potassium polyacrylate(PAAK)-based water-in-polymer salt electrolyte(WiPSE),a novel variant of water-in-salt electrolytes(WiSE),designed to mitigate side reactions associated with water redox processes,thereby enhancing the cyclic stability of ZnBs.In this study,WiPSE was employed in ZnBs featuring lignin and carbon composites as cathode materials.Our research highlights the crucial function of acrylate groups from WiPSE in stabilizing the ionic flux on the surface of the Zn electrode.This stabilization promotes the parallel deposition of Zn along the(002)plane,resulting in a significant reduction in dendritic growth.Notably,our sustainable Zn-lignin battery showcases remarkable cyclic stability,retaining 80%of its initial capacity after 8000 cycles at a high current rate(1 A g^(-1))and maintaining over 75%capacity retention up to 2000 cycles at a low current rate(0.2 A g^(-1)).This study showcases the practical application of WiPSE for the development of low-cost,dendrite-free,and scalable ZnBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82171001,82222015)Research Funding from West China School/Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University(RCDWJS2023-1)Align Technology Specialized Scientific Research Fund(21H0922).
文摘Malocclusion,identified by the World Health Organization(WHO)as one of three major oral diseases,profoundly impacts the dental-maxillofacial functions,facial esthetics,and long-term development of~260 million children in China.Beyond its physical manifestations,malocclusion also significantly influences the psycho-social well-being of these children.Timely intervention in malocclusion can foster an environment conducive to dental-maxillofacial development and substantially decrease the incidence of malocclusion or reduce the severity and complexity of malocclusion in the permanent dentition,by mitigating the negative impact of abnormal environmental influences on the growth.Early orthodontic treatment encompasses accurate identification and treatment of dental and maxillofacial morphological and functional abnormalities during various stages of dental-maxillofacial development,ranging from fetal stages to the early permanent dentition phase.From an economic and societal standpoint,the urgency for effective early orthodontic treatments for malocclusions in childhood cannot be overstated,underlining its profound practical and social importance.This consensus paper discusses the characteristics and the detrimental effects of malocclusion in children,emphasizing critical need for early treatment.It elaborates on corresponding core principles and fundamental approaches in early orthodontics,proposing comprehensive guidance for preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment,serving as a reference for clinicians engaged in early orthodontic treatment.
基金the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52101183)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 2017M623054, 2018T110993)
文摘The mechanical properties and microstructures of Al_(2)O_(3)whiskers and graphene nano-platelets(GNPs)co-reinforced Cu-matrix composites were studied.Cu-matrix composites with a variation of GNPs amount were fabricated by mechanical alloying followed by vacuum hot-pressing sintering and hot isostatic pressing.The Cu-matrix composite with 0.5 wt.%GNPs(GNPs-0.5)suggests a good interfacial bonding of both Cu/C and Cu/Al_(2)O_(3)interfaces.Both the hardness and compressive strength of Cu-matrix composites show a consistent tendency that firstly increases to a critical value and then decreases with increasing GNPs amount.It is suggested that the most possible strengthening mechanisms of both GNPs and Al_(2)O_(3)whisker working in the Cu-matrix composites involve energy dissipating and load transfer,as well as grain refinements for GNPs.The synergetic effect of GNPs and Al_(2)O_(3)whiskers is highlighted that the embedded GNPs would hinder the crack path generated at the Al_(2)O_(3)/Cu interface and enhance the already outstanding strengthening effect that Al_(2)O_(3)whiskers provide.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62062026,62272451)the Innovation Research Team Project of Guangxi in China(2019GXNSFGA245004)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi in China(2022AB05044)the Scientific Research Project of Young Innovative Talents of Guangxi(guike AD20238082).
文摘S-boxes can be the core component of block ciphers,and how to efficiently generate S-boxes with strong cryptographic properties appears to be an important task in the design of block ciphers.In this work,an optimized model based on the generative adversarial network(GAN)is proposed to generate 8-bit S-boxes.The central idea of this optimized model is to use loss function constraints for GAN.More specially,the Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)S-box is used to construct the sample dataset via the affine equivalence property.Then,three models are respectively built and cross-trained to generate 8-bit S-boxes based on three extended frameworks of GAN,i.e.,Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Networks(DCGAN),Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks(WGAN),and WassersteinGenerativeAdversarial NetworkwithGradient Penalty(WGANGP).Besides,an optimized model based onWGAN-GP referred to asWGPIM is also proposed,which adds the loss function constraints to the generator network of the WGAN-GP model,including bijection loss,differential uniformity loss,and nonlinearity loss.In this case,8-bit S-boxes can be generated with cross-training.Experimental results illustrate that the WGP-IM model can generate S-boxes with excellent cryptographic properties.In particular,the optimal differential uniformity of the generated S-boxes can be reduced to 8,and the nonlinearity can be up to 104.Compared with previous S-box generation methods,this new method is simpler and it can generate S-boxes with excellent cryptographic properties.
基金funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme(Grant Agreement No 101052200-EUROfusion)financially supported by the China Scholarship Council(CSC)(No.202007000034)。
文摘Tungsten(W)is a promising candidate material for the plasma-facing components in future fusion reactors.However,it has issues regarding the intrinsic brittleness as well as operational embrittlement.Tungsten fiber reinforced tungsten(W_(f)/W)composites overcome these issues by using extrinsic toughening mechanisms.Due to neutron irradiation and high-temperature recrystallization during fusion operation,the ductility of the fibers may degrade over a long period of service.Therefore,it is necessary to investigate the fracture behavior of W_(f)/W composites with brittle fibers.In the present work,the tungsten fibers were embrittled by carbonization.Subsequently,the continuous brittle W_(f)/W composite with yttrium oxide(Y_(2)O_(3))interface was fabricated by the field-assisted sintering technology process.The microstructure of the prepared W_(f)/W composites was characterized.The fracture behavior and toughening mechanisms were discussed in detail based on the experimental results of 3-point bending tests and the corresponding finite element simulation.The composites show a pseudo-ductile fracture behavior.Cracks are hindered and deflected by the de-bonded fiber-matrix interface.The extrinsic toughening mechanisms of interface de-bonding,crack bridging,and fiber pull-out are active.This indicates the reinforcement concept still works even though all components in the W_(f)/W are brittle.
