Arsenic(As)and antimony(Sb),with analogy structure,belong to VA group in the periodic table and pose a great public concern due to their potential carcinogenicity.The speciation distribution,migration and transformati...Arsenic(As)and antimony(Sb),with analogy structure,belong to VA group in the periodic table and pose a great public concern due to their potential carcinogenicity.The speciation distribution,migration and transformation,enrichment and retention,as well as bioavailability and toxicity of As and Sb are influenced by several environmental processes on mineral surfaces,including adsorption/desorption,coordination/precipitation,and oxidation/reduction.These interfacial reactions are influenced by the crystal facet of minerals with different atomic and electronic structures.This review starts with facets and examines As and Sb adsorption and transformation on mineral facets such hematite,titanium dioxide,andmanganese dioxide.Themain focus lies on three pressing issues that limit the understanding of the environmental fate of As and Sb:the facet-dependent intricacies of adsorption and transformation,the mechanisms underlying facet-dependent phenomena,and the impact of co-existing chemicals.We first discussed As and Sb adsorption behaviors,structures,and bonding chemistry on diverse mineral facets.Subsequently,the reactivity of various mineral facets was examined,with particular emphasis placed on their significance in the context of environmental catalysis for the oxidation of As(Ⅲ)and Sb(Ⅲ).Finally,the impact of co-existing cation,anion,or organic substances on the processes of adsorption and transport of As and Sb was reviewed.This comprehensive review enhances our understanding of the facet-dependent phenomena governing adsorption,transformation,and fate of contaminants.It underscores the critical role of mineral facets in dictating environmental reactions and paves the way for future research in this intriguing field.展开更多
The Ohmically heated circular limiter tokamak ADITYA （R0 = 75 cm, a = 25 cm） has been upgraded to a tokamak named the ADITYA Upgrade （ADITYA-U） with an open divertor configuration with divertor plates. The main go...The Ohmically heated circular limiter tokamak ADITYA （R0 = 75 cm, a = 25 cm） has been upgraded to a tokamak named the ADITYA Upgrade （ADITYA-U） with an open divertor configuration with divertor plates. The main goal of ADITYA-U is to carry out dedicated experiments relevant for bigger fusion machines including ITER, such as the generation and control of runaway electrons, disruption prediction, and mitigation studies, along with an improvement in confinement with shaped plasma. The ADITYA tokamak was dismantled and the assembly of ADITYA-U was completed in March 2016. Integration of subsystems like data acquisition and remote operation along with plasma production and preliminary plasma characterization of ADITYA-U plasmas are presented in this paper.展开更多
The heavy fermion ferromagnet CeRh_(6)Ge_(4)is the first example of a clean stoichiometric system where the ferromagnetic transition can be continuously suppressed by hydrostatic pressure to a quantum critical point.I...The heavy fermion ferromagnet CeRh_(6)Ge_(4)is the first example of a clean stoichiometric system where the ferromagnetic transition can be continuously suppressed by hydrostatic pressure to a quantum critical point.In order to reveal the outcome when the magnetic lattice of CeRh_(6)Ge_(4)is diluted with non-magnetic atoms,this study reports comprehensive measurements of the physical properties of both single crystal and polycrystalline samples of La_(x)Ce_(1-x)Rh_(6)Ge_(4).With increasing x,the Curie temperature decreases,and no transition is observed for x>0.25,while the system evolves from exhibiting coherent Kondo lattice behaviors at low x to the Kondo impurity scenario at large x.Moreover,non-Fermi liquid behavior is observed over a wide doping range,which agrees well with the disordered Kondo model for 0.52≤x≤0.66,while strange metal behavior is revealed in the vicinity of x_(c)=0.26.展开更多
Pseudoaneurysm of ascending aorta carries high mortality and morbidity due to adhesions and compression over surrounding structures. It occurs either after some form of injury to aorta or after infectious pathology. S...Pseudoaneurysm of ascending aorta carries high mortality and morbidity due to adhesions and compression over surrounding structures. It occurs either after some form of injury to aorta or after infectious pathology. Spontaneous pseudoaneuryms are very rare as are the extrinsic compression of left main coronary artery. We are presenting a case with both of these rare ties. Patient was a female of middle age presented with cough and a past history of treated pulmonary tuberculosis 12 years before. During evaluation by X-ray, CECT is a large pseudoaneurysm of ascending aorta with oval defect in posterior wall above sinotubular junction. It was compressing 90% of the left main coronary artery, occluding 100% of the right pulmonary artery with formation of collaterals to it from surrounding arteries. Active tuberculosis and syphilis were ruled out. Patient underwent excision of pseudoaneurysm, replacement of ascending aorta by Dacron graft and coronary artery bypass under TRCA and CPB. There was massive intraoperative bleeding, and patient died on the fourth day due to sepsis and ARDS.展开更多
Benefiting from strong redox ability,improved charge transport,and enhanced charge separation,Zscheme heterostructures of ZnIn_(2)S_(4) based photocatalysts have received considerable interest to tackle energy needs a...Benefiting from strong redox ability,improved charge transport,and enhanced charge separation,Zscheme heterostructures of ZnIn_(2)S_(4) based photocatalysts have received considerable interest to tackle energy needs and environmental issues.The present review highlights the properties of ZnIn_(2)S_(4),which make it a promising photocatalyst,and a suitable combination with oxidation photocatalyst to form Zscheme,leading to improve their photocatalytic properties dramatically.As the central part of this review,various types of Z-scheme heterojunction developed recently based on ZnIn_(2)S_(4) and their application in pollutant degradation,water splitting,CO_(2) reduction,and toxic metals remediation.Some analytical techniques to detect or trap the active radical and study the charge separation and lifetime of charge carriers in these Z-schemes are highlighted.This review offers its readers a broad optical window for the structural architecture of ZnIn_(2)S_(4)-based Z-schemes,photocatalytic activity,stability,and their technological applications.Finally,we discuss the challenges and opportunities for further development on Z-Scheme ZnIn_(2)S_(4)-based photocatalysts toward energy and environmental applications based on the recent progress.展开更多
BACKGROUND Data regarding the agreement among multiple operators for measurement of quadriceps muscle thickness by bedside ultrasonography(USG)are sparse.AIM To statistically assess the agreement among 5 operators for...BACKGROUND Data regarding the agreement among multiple operators for measurement of quadriceps muscle thickness by bedside ultrasonography(USG)are sparse.AIM To statistically assess the agreement among 5 operators for measurement of quadriceps muscle thickness on bedside USG.METHODS This was a cross-sectional observational study.The 5 operators of varied experience(comprised of 1 critical care consultant,2 fellows,and 2 nurses)independently measured quadriceps muscle thickness in triplicate for 45 critically ill patients each,using USG.Intra-and interrater agreement rates among the 5 operators were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC)and expressed with 95%confidence interval(CI).RESULTS The 5 operators produced a total of 135 readings and 675 observations for ICC calculations to determine the intraoperator and interoperator variations respectively.For intraoperator agreement,the overall ICC(95%CI)was 0.998(0.997,0.999)for operator 1,0.998(0.997,0.999)for operator 2,0.997(0.995,0.999)for operator 3,0.999(0.998,0.999)for operator 4,and 0.998(0.997,0.999)for operator 5.For interoperator agreement,the overall ICC(95%CI)was 0.977(0.965,0.986;P<0.001)for reading 1,0.974(0.960,0.984;P<0.001)for reading 2,and 0.975(0.961,0.985;P<0.001)for reading 3.CONCLUSION USG measurement of quadriceps muscle thickness was not dependent on clinical experience,supporting training for nurses in it.展开更多
In this perspective,we have highlighted the current literature and explained the synthesis,structure,morphology,modification strategies,and photocatalytic applications of emerging BiPO_(4)-based photocatalysts.Since B...In this perspective,we have highlighted the current literature and explained the synthesis,structure,morphology,modification strategies,and photocatalytic applications of emerging BiPO_(4)-based photocatalysts.Since BiPO_(4)is a large bandgap photocatalyst,it uses UV light for the excitation of electrons,and also,the recombination of charge carriers is an issue in BiPO_(4).Various novel modification strategies of BiPO_(4)photocatalysts viz.defect modifications,heterojunction formation,phase-junctions,surface plasmon resonance,Schottky junction have been successfully proposed and highlighted.These modifications enhance the light absorption and inhibit the recombination of charge carriers BiPO_(4)photocatalyst.Finally,future aspects for further research on BiPO_(4)-based photocatalysts are also explored.It expects that BiPO_(4)-based photocatalysts represent a promising strategy for developing practical photocatalysts for energy and environmental remediation applications.展开更多
Coal gasification has already been extensively studied earlier under varying conditions of steam,CO2,O2,inert conditions.Belbaid coal and its e,N and NMP-DETA SCC products recovered through organo-refining under milde...Coal gasification has already been extensively studied earlier under varying conditions of steam,CO2,O2,inert conditions.Belbaid coal and its e,N and NMP-DETA SCC products recovered through organo-refining under milder ambient pressure conditions were subjected to CO2-gasification in a fixed bed reactor under varying conditions.CO2 being an inert gas becomes the most challenging to be utilized during the gasification process.The SCCs showed better CO2-gasification reactivity than the raw Belbaid coal at 900°C.The use of the catalyst K2CO3 tremendously increased the gasification reactivity for both raw coal and the SCCs.The use of sugarcane bagasse for CO2-gasification along with raw coal as well as with residual coal was also studied.Gasification under CO2 atmosphere conditions was used to structurally understand the coals as the coal structure gets loosened after extraction.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel design paradigm for circuits designed in quantum dot cellular automata （QCA） technology. Previously reported QCA circuits in the literature have generally been designed in a single layer ...This paper proposes a novel design paradigm for circuits designed in quantum dot cellular automata （QCA） technology. Previously reported QCA circuits in the literature have generally been designed in a single layer which is the main logical block in which the inverter and majority gate are on the base layer, except for the parts where multilayer wire crossing was used. In this paper the concept of multilayer wire crossing has been extended to design logic gates in multilayers. Using a 5-input majority gate in a multilayer, a 1-bit and 2-bit adder have been designed in the proposed multilayer gate design paradigm. A comparison has been made with some adders reported previously in the literature and it has been shown that circuits designed in the proposed design paradigm are much more efficient in terms of area, the requirement of QCA cells in the design and the input-output delay of the circuit. Over all, the availability of one additional spatial dimension makes the design process much more flexible and there is scope for the customizability of logic gate designs to make the circuit compact.展开更多
We study the emission of fragments in central collisions of light and heavily charged systems of^4+Ar+^45 Sc and^s4Kr+^197 Au,respectively,using the Quantum Molecular Dynamics(QMD)model as the primary model.The fragme...We study the emission of fragments in central collisions of light and heavily charged systems of^4+Ar+^45 Sc and^s4Kr+^197 Au,respectively,using the Quantum Molecular Dynamics(QMD)model as the primary model.The fragments are identified using an energy based clusterization algorithm,i.e.,the Simulated Annealing Clusterization Algorithm(SACA).The charge distributions of intermediate mass fragments[3≤Zf≤12]are fitted with power-law(∝Zf^-τ)and exp on ential(∝e^-λZf)fits in order to extract the parametersτandλ,whose minimum values are also sometimes linked with the onset of fragmentation or the critical point for a liquid-gas phase transition.Other parameters such as the normalized second moment<S2>,<γ2>,average size of the second largest cluster<Zmax2>,phase separation parameter(Sp),bimodal parameter(P),information entropy(H),and Zipfs law are also analyzed to find the exact energy of the onset of fragmentation.Our detailed analysis predicts that an energy point exists between 20-23.1 MeV/nucleon,which is very close to the experimentally observed value of 23.9 MeV/nucleon for the^40Ar+^45Sc reaction.We also find that the critical energy deduced using Zipfs law is higher than those predicted from other critical exponents.Moreover,no minimum is found for t values of the highly charged system of^84Kr+^197Au,in agreement with experimental findings and various theoretical calculations.We observe that the QMD+SACA model calculations are in agreement with the experimental observations.This agreement supports our results regarding the energy point of the liquid-gas phase transition and the onset of fragmentation.展开更多
Dietary proteins for ruminants are fractionated according to solubility, degradability and digestibility. In the present experiment, 11 vegetable protein meals and cakes used in ruminant nutrition were included with a...Dietary proteins for ruminants are fractionated according to solubility, degradability and digestibility. In the present experiment, 11 vegetable protein meals and cakes used in ruminant nutrition were included with a main focus on determining various nitrogen(N) fractions in vitro. Total N(N×6.25) content varied from 22.98%(mahua cake) to 65.16%(maize gluten meal), respectively. Guar meal korma contained the lowest and rice gluten meal had the highest acid detergent insoluble nitrogen(ADIN; N×6.25). Boratephosphate insoluble N(BIN, N×6.25) and Streptomyces griseus protease insoluble N(PIN; N×6.25) were higher(P<0.01) in maize gluten meal than in other feeds, whereas groundnut cake and sunflower cake had lower(P < 0.01) BIN, and PIN, respectively. Available N, calculated with the assumption that ADIN is indigestible, was maximum in guar meal korma and minimum in rice gluten meal. Furthermore, rapid and slowly degradable N(N × 6.25) was found to be higher(P < 0.01) in groundnut cake and coconut cake, respectively. Intestinal digestion of rumen undegradable protein, expressed as percent of PIN, was maximum in guar meal korma and minimum in rice gluten meal. It was concluded that vegetable protein meals differed considerably in N fractions, and therefore, a selective inclusion of particular ingredient is needed to achieve desired level of N fractions to aid precision N rationing for an improved production performance of ruminants.展开更多
Developing non-precious metal-based inexpensive and highly active electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)in alkaline media is important for fuel cell applications.Herein,we report a simple and effectiv...Developing non-precious metal-based inexpensive and highly active electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)in alkaline media is important for fuel cell applications.Herein,we report a simple and effective synthesis of transition-metal-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)and carbon nanotube(CNT)composite catalysts(ZIF-8@CNT)prepared via high-temperature pyrolysis at 900℃.The catalysts were characterized using different physicochemical techniques and employed as cathode materials in anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFC).The prepared metal-free(ZNT-900),single-metal-doped(Fe-ZNT-900,Co-ZNT-900)and binary-metal-doped(Fe_(1)Co_(1)-ZNT-900,Fe_(1)Co_(2)-ZNT-900)catalysts had a sufficient amount of N-doping with the presence of FeCo moieties in the carbon skeleton of the latter two materials.N_(2) adsorption–desorption isotherms showed that all the prepared catalysts possess a sufficient Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area with more micropores present in ZNT-900,while a combined micro–mesoporous structure was obtained for transition-metal-doped catalysts.Binary-metal-doped catalysts showed the highest number of ORR-active sites(pyridinic-N,pyrrolic-N,graphitic-N,M–Nx)and exhibited a half-wave potential(E_(1/2))of 0.846 and 0.847 V vs.RHE for Fe_(1)Co_(1)-ZNT-900 and Fe_(1)Co_(2)-ZNT-900,respectively,which surpassed that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst(E_(1/2)=0.834 V).In H_(2)–O_(2) AEMFCs,the Fe_(1)Co_(2)-ZNT-900 catalyst delivered a maximum power density(P_(max))of 0.171 W cm^(-2) and current density at 0.5 V(j_(0.5))of 0.326 A cm^(-2),which is very close to that of the Pt/C catalyst(P_(max)=0.215 W cm^(-2) and j_(0.5)=0.359 A cm^(-2)).The prepared ZIF-8@CNT catalysts showed remarkable electrocatalytic ORR activity in 0.1 M KOH solution and fuel cell performance comparable to that of the benchmark Pt/C catalyst.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3703700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22376214 and 41907266).
文摘Arsenic(As)and antimony(Sb),with analogy structure,belong to VA group in the periodic table and pose a great public concern due to their potential carcinogenicity.The speciation distribution,migration and transformation,enrichment and retention,as well as bioavailability and toxicity of As and Sb are influenced by several environmental processes on mineral surfaces,including adsorption/desorption,coordination/precipitation,and oxidation/reduction.These interfacial reactions are influenced by the crystal facet of minerals with different atomic and electronic structures.This review starts with facets and examines As and Sb adsorption and transformation on mineral facets such hematite,titanium dioxide,andmanganese dioxide.Themain focus lies on three pressing issues that limit the understanding of the environmental fate of As and Sb:the facet-dependent intricacies of adsorption and transformation,the mechanisms underlying facet-dependent phenomena,and the impact of co-existing chemicals.We first discussed As and Sb adsorption behaviors,structures,and bonding chemistry on diverse mineral facets.Subsequently,the reactivity of various mineral facets was examined,with particular emphasis placed on their significance in the context of environmental catalysis for the oxidation of As(Ⅲ)and Sb(Ⅲ).Finally,the impact of co-existing cation,anion,or organic substances on the processes of adsorption and transport of As and Sb was reviewed.This comprehensive review enhances our understanding of the facet-dependent phenomena governing adsorption,transformation,and fate of contaminants.It underscores the critical role of mineral facets in dictating environmental reactions and paves the way for future research in this intriguing field.
文摘The Ohmically heated circular limiter tokamak ADITYA （R0 = 75 cm, a = 25 cm） has been upgraded to a tokamak named the ADITYA Upgrade （ADITYA-U） with an open divertor configuration with divertor plates. The main goal of ADITYA-U is to carry out dedicated experiments relevant for bigger fusion machines including ITER, such as the generation and control of runaway electrons, disruption prediction, and mitigation studies, along with an improvement in confinement with shaped plasma. The ADITYA tokamak was dismantled and the assembly of ADITYA-U was completed in March 2016. Integration of subsystems like data acquisition and remote operation along with plasma production and preliminary plasma characterization of ADITYA-U plasmas are presented in this paper.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12034017 and 11974306)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2017YFA0303100 and 2016YFA0300202)+1 种基金the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang ProvinceChina(Grant No.2021C01002)。
文摘The heavy fermion ferromagnet CeRh_(6)Ge_(4)is the first example of a clean stoichiometric system where the ferromagnetic transition can be continuously suppressed by hydrostatic pressure to a quantum critical point.In order to reveal the outcome when the magnetic lattice of CeRh_(6)Ge_(4)is diluted with non-magnetic atoms,this study reports comprehensive measurements of the physical properties of both single crystal and polycrystalline samples of La_(x)Ce_(1-x)Rh_(6)Ge_(4).With increasing x,the Curie temperature decreases,and no transition is observed for x>0.25,while the system evolves from exhibiting coherent Kondo lattice behaviors at low x to the Kondo impurity scenario at large x.Moreover,non-Fermi liquid behavior is observed over a wide doping range,which agrees well with the disordered Kondo model for 0.52≤x≤0.66,while strange metal behavior is revealed in the vicinity of x_(c)=0.26.
文摘Pseudoaneurysm of ascending aorta carries high mortality and morbidity due to adhesions and compression over surrounding structures. It occurs either after some form of injury to aorta or after infectious pathology. Spontaneous pseudoaneuryms are very rare as are the extrinsic compression of left main coronary artery. We are presenting a case with both of these rare ties. Patient was a female of middle age presented with cough and a past history of treated pulmonary tuberculosis 12 years before. During evaluation by X-ray, CECT is a large pseudoaneurysm of ascending aorta with oval defect in posterior wall above sinotubular junction. It was compressing 90% of the left main coronary artery, occluding 100% of the right pulmonary artery with formation of collaterals to it from surrounding arteries. Active tuberculosis and syphilis were ruled out. Patient underwent excision of pseudoaneurysm, replacement of ascending aorta by Dacron graft and coronary artery bypass under TRCA and CPB. There was massive intraoperative bleeding, and patient died on the fourth day due to sepsis and ARDS.
文摘Benefiting from strong redox ability,improved charge transport,and enhanced charge separation,Zscheme heterostructures of ZnIn_(2)S_(4) based photocatalysts have received considerable interest to tackle energy needs and environmental issues.The present review highlights the properties of ZnIn_(2)S_(4),which make it a promising photocatalyst,and a suitable combination with oxidation photocatalyst to form Zscheme,leading to improve their photocatalytic properties dramatically.As the central part of this review,various types of Z-scheme heterojunction developed recently based on ZnIn_(2)S_(4) and their application in pollutant degradation,water splitting,CO_(2) reduction,and toxic metals remediation.Some analytical techniques to detect or trap the active radical and study the charge separation and lifetime of charge carriers in these Z-schemes are highlighted.This review offers its readers a broad optical window for the structural architecture of ZnIn_(2)S_(4)-based Z-schemes,photocatalytic activity,stability,and their technological applications.Finally,we discuss the challenges and opportunities for further development on Z-Scheme ZnIn_(2)S_(4)-based photocatalysts toward energy and environmental applications based on the recent progress.
文摘BACKGROUND Data regarding the agreement among multiple operators for measurement of quadriceps muscle thickness by bedside ultrasonography(USG)are sparse.AIM To statistically assess the agreement among 5 operators for measurement of quadriceps muscle thickness on bedside USG.METHODS This was a cross-sectional observational study.The 5 operators of varied experience(comprised of 1 critical care consultant,2 fellows,and 2 nurses)independently measured quadriceps muscle thickness in triplicate for 45 critically ill patients each,using USG.Intra-and interrater agreement rates among the 5 operators were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC)and expressed with 95%confidence interval(CI).RESULTS The 5 operators produced a total of 135 readings and 675 observations for ICC calculations to determine the intraoperator and interoperator variations respectively.For intraoperator agreement,the overall ICC(95%CI)was 0.998(0.997,0.999)for operator 1,0.998(0.997,0.999)for operator 2,0.997(0.995,0.999)for operator 3,0.999(0.998,0.999)for operator 4,and 0.998(0.997,0.999)for operator 5.For interoperator agreement,the overall ICC(95%CI)was 0.977(0.965,0.986;P<0.001)for reading 1,0.974(0.960,0.984;P<0.001)for reading 2,and 0.975(0.961,0.985;P<0.001)for reading 3.CONCLUSION USG measurement of quadriceps muscle thickness was not dependent on clinical experience,supporting training for nurses in it.
基金supported by Brain Pool Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(no.2020H1D3A1A04081409)。
文摘In this perspective,we have highlighted the current literature and explained the synthesis,structure,morphology,modification strategies,and photocatalytic applications of emerging BiPO_(4)-based photocatalysts.Since BiPO_(4)is a large bandgap photocatalyst,it uses UV light for the excitation of electrons,and also,the recombination of charge carriers is an issue in BiPO_(4).Various novel modification strategies of BiPO_(4)photocatalysts viz.defect modifications,heterojunction formation,phase-junctions,surface plasmon resonance,Schottky junction have been successfully proposed and highlighted.These modifications enhance the light absorption and inhibit the recombination of charge carriers BiPO_(4)photocatalyst.Finally,future aspects for further research on BiPO_(4)-based photocatalysts are also explored.It expects that BiPO_(4)-based photocatalysts represent a promising strategy for developing practical photocatalysts for energy and environmental remediation applications.
基金The authors would like to thank the Methanol project Grant No.TMD/CERI/MDME/2017/001(G)for providing the necessary funding.
文摘Coal gasification has already been extensively studied earlier under varying conditions of steam,CO2,O2,inert conditions.Belbaid coal and its e,N and NMP-DETA SCC products recovered through organo-refining under milder ambient pressure conditions were subjected to CO2-gasification in a fixed bed reactor under varying conditions.CO2 being an inert gas becomes the most challenging to be utilized during the gasification process.The SCCs showed better CO2-gasification reactivity than the raw Belbaid coal at 900°C.The use of the catalyst K2CO3 tremendously increased the gasification reactivity for both raw coal and the SCCs.The use of sugarcane bagasse for CO2-gasification along with raw coal as well as with residual coal was also studied.Gasification under CO2 atmosphere conditions was used to structurally understand the coals as the coal structure gets loosened after extraction.
文摘This paper proposes a novel design paradigm for circuits designed in quantum dot cellular automata （QCA） technology. Previously reported QCA circuits in the literature have generally been designed in a single layer which is the main logical block in which the inverter and majority gate are on the base layer, except for the parts where multilayer wire crossing was used. In this paper the concept of multilayer wire crossing has been extended to design logic gates in multilayers. Using a 5-input majority gate in a multilayer, a 1-bit and 2-bit adder have been designed in the proposed multilayer gate design paradigm. A comparison has been made with some adders reported previously in the literature and it has been shown that circuits designed in the proposed design paradigm are much more efficient in terms of area, the requirement of QCA cells in the design and the input-output delay of the circuit. Over all, the availability of one additional spatial dimension makes the design process much more flexible and there is scope for the customizability of logic gate designs to make the circuit compact.
基金Supported Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR),Govt,of India(03(1388)/16/EMR-II)。
文摘We study the emission of fragments in central collisions of light and heavily charged systems of^4+Ar+^45 Sc and^s4Kr+^197 Au,respectively,using the Quantum Molecular Dynamics(QMD)model as the primary model.The fragments are identified using an energy based clusterization algorithm,i.e.,the Simulated Annealing Clusterization Algorithm(SACA).The charge distributions of intermediate mass fragments[3≤Zf≤12]are fitted with power-law(∝Zf^-τ)and exp on ential(∝e^-λZf)fits in order to extract the parametersτandλ,whose minimum values are also sometimes linked with the onset of fragmentation or the critical point for a liquid-gas phase transition.Other parameters such as the normalized second moment<S2>,<γ2>,average size of the second largest cluster<Zmax2>,phase separation parameter(Sp),bimodal parameter(P),information entropy(H),and Zipfs law are also analyzed to find the exact energy of the onset of fragmentation.Our detailed analysis predicts that an energy point exists between 20-23.1 MeV/nucleon,which is very close to the experimentally observed value of 23.9 MeV/nucleon for the^40Ar+^45Sc reaction.We also find that the critical energy deduced using Zipfs law is higher than those predicted from other critical exponents.Moreover,no minimum is found for t values of the highly charged system of^84Kr+^197Au,in agreement with experimental findings and various theoretical calculations.We observe that the QMD+SACA model calculations are in agreement with the experimental observations.This agreement supports our results regarding the energy point of the liquid-gas phase transition and the onset of fragmentation.
文摘Dietary proteins for ruminants are fractionated according to solubility, degradability and digestibility. In the present experiment, 11 vegetable protein meals and cakes used in ruminant nutrition were included with a main focus on determining various nitrogen(N) fractions in vitro. Total N(N×6.25) content varied from 22.98%(mahua cake) to 65.16%(maize gluten meal), respectively. Guar meal korma contained the lowest and rice gluten meal had the highest acid detergent insoluble nitrogen(ADIN; N×6.25). Boratephosphate insoluble N(BIN, N×6.25) and Streptomyces griseus protease insoluble N(PIN; N×6.25) were higher(P<0.01) in maize gluten meal than in other feeds, whereas groundnut cake and sunflower cake had lower(P < 0.01) BIN, and PIN, respectively. Available N, calculated with the assumption that ADIN is indigestible, was maximum in guar meal korma and minimum in rice gluten meal. Furthermore, rapid and slowly degradable N(N × 6.25) was found to be higher(P < 0.01) in groundnut cake and coconut cake, respectively. Intestinal digestion of rumen undegradable protein, expressed as percent of PIN, was maximum in guar meal korma and minimum in rice gluten meal. It was concluded that vegetable protein meals differed considerably in N fractions, and therefore, a selective inclusion of particular ingredient is needed to achieve desired level of N fractions to aid precision N rationing for an improved production performance of ruminants.
基金The present work was financially supported by the Estonian Research Council(grants PRG723,PRG4 and PRG1509).
文摘Developing non-precious metal-based inexpensive and highly active electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)in alkaline media is important for fuel cell applications.Herein,we report a simple and effective synthesis of transition-metal-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)and carbon nanotube(CNT)composite catalysts(ZIF-8@CNT)prepared via high-temperature pyrolysis at 900℃.The catalysts were characterized using different physicochemical techniques and employed as cathode materials in anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFC).The prepared metal-free(ZNT-900),single-metal-doped(Fe-ZNT-900,Co-ZNT-900)and binary-metal-doped(Fe_(1)Co_(1)-ZNT-900,Fe_(1)Co_(2)-ZNT-900)catalysts had a sufficient amount of N-doping with the presence of FeCo moieties in the carbon skeleton of the latter two materials.N_(2) adsorption–desorption isotherms showed that all the prepared catalysts possess a sufficient Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area with more micropores present in ZNT-900,while a combined micro–mesoporous structure was obtained for transition-metal-doped catalysts.Binary-metal-doped catalysts showed the highest number of ORR-active sites(pyridinic-N,pyrrolic-N,graphitic-N,M–Nx)and exhibited a half-wave potential(E_(1/2))of 0.846 and 0.847 V vs.RHE for Fe_(1)Co_(1)-ZNT-900 and Fe_(1)Co_(2)-ZNT-900,respectively,which surpassed that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst(E_(1/2)=0.834 V).In H_(2)–O_(2) AEMFCs,the Fe_(1)Co_(2)-ZNT-900 catalyst delivered a maximum power density(P_(max))of 0.171 W cm^(-2) and current density at 0.5 V(j_(0.5))of 0.326 A cm^(-2),which is very close to that of the Pt/C catalyst(P_(max)=0.215 W cm^(-2) and j_(0.5)=0.359 A cm^(-2)).The prepared ZIF-8@CNT catalysts showed remarkable electrocatalytic ORR activity in 0.1 M KOH solution and fuel cell performance comparable to that of the benchmark Pt/C catalyst.
