Based on the nonlocal elasticity theory, the vibration behavior of circular double-layered graphene sheets（DLGSs） resting on the Winkler- and Pasternak-type elastic foundations in a thermal environment is investigat...Based on the nonlocal elasticity theory, the vibration behavior of circular double-layered graphene sheets（DLGSs） resting on the Winkler- and Pasternak-type elastic foundations in a thermal environment is investigated.The governing equation is derived on the basis of Eringen＇s nonlocal elasticity and the classical plate theory（CLPT）.The initial thermal loading is assumed to be due to a uniform temperature rise throughout the thickness direction. Using the generalized differential quadrature（GDQ）method and periodic differential operators in radial and circumferential directions, respectively, the governing equation is discretized. DLGSs with clamped and simply-supported boundary conditions are studied and the influence of van der Waals（vd W） interaction forces is taken into account.In the numerical results, the effects of various parameters such as elastic medium coefficients, radius-to-thickness ratio,thermal loading and nonlocal parameter are examined on both in-phase and anti-phase natural frequencies. The results show that the thermal load and elastic foundation respectively decreases and increases the fundamental frequencies of DLGSs.展开更多
Extracting the neutral hydrogen （HI） signal is a great challenge for cosmological 21 cm experiments; both the astrophysical foregrounds and receiver noise are typically several orders of magnitude greater than the 2...Extracting the neutral hydrogen （HI） signal is a great challenge for cosmological 21 cm experiments; both the astrophysical foregrounds and receiver noise are typically several orders of magnitude greater than the 21 cm signal. However, the different properties of the 21 cm signal, foreground and noise can be exploited to separate these components. The foregrounds are generally smooth or correlated over the frequency space along a line of sight （LOS）, while both the 21 cm signal and noise vary stochastically along the same LoS. The foreground can be removed by filtering out the smooth component in frequency space. The receiver noise is basically uncorrelated for observations at different times, hence for surveys it is also uncorrelated in different directions, while the 21 cm signal, which traces the large scale structure, is correlated up to certain scales. In this exercise, we apply Wiener filters in frequency and angular space to extract the 21 cm signals. We found that the method works well. Inaccurate knowl- edge about the beam could degrade the reconstruction, but the overall result is still good, showing that the method is fairly robust.展开更多
In 21 cm intensity mapping,the spectral smoothness of the foreground is exploited to separate it from the much weaker 21 cm signal.However,the non-smooth frequency response of the instrument complicates this process.R...In 21 cm intensity mapping,the spectral smoothness of the foreground is exploited to separate it from the much weaker 21 cm signal.However,the non-smooth frequency response of the instrument complicates this process.Reflections and standing waves generate modulations on the frequency response.Here we report the analysis of the standing waves in the bandpass of the signal channels of the Tianlai Cylinder Array.By Fourier transforming the bandpass into the delay time domain,we find various standing waves generated on the telescope.A standing wave with time delay at~142 ns is most clearly identified which is produced in the 15-meter feed cable.We also identify a strong peak at a shorter delay ofτ<50 ns,which may be a mix of the standing wave between the reflector and feed,and the standing wave on the 4 m intermediate frequency(IF)cable.We also show that a smoother frequency response could be partially recovered by removing the reflection-inducted modulations.However,the standing wave on the antenna is direction-dependent,which poses a more difficult challenge for high precision calibration.展开更多
We apply our sky map reconstruction method for transit type interferometers to the Tianlai cylin- der array. The method is based on spherical harmonic decomposition, and can be applied to a cylindrical array as well a...We apply our sky map reconstruction method for transit type interferometers to the Tianlai cylin- der array. The method is based on spherical harmonic decomposition, and can be applied to a cylindrical array as well as dish arrays and we can compute the instrument response, synthesized beam, transfer func- tion and noise power spectrum. We consider cylinder arrays with feed spacing larger than half a wavelength and, as expected, we find that the arrays with regular spacing have grating lobes which produce spurious images in the reconstructed maps. We show that this problem can be overcome using arrays with a different feed spacing on each cylinder. We present the reconstructed maps, and study the performance in terms of noise power spectrum, transfer function and beams for both regular and irregular feed spacing configura- tions.展开更多
This paper presents the design,calibration,and survey strategy of the Fast Radio Burst(FRB)digital backend and its real-time data processing pipeline employed in the Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder Array.The array,consist...This paper presents the design,calibration,and survey strategy of the Fast Radio Burst(FRB)digital backend and its real-time data processing pipeline employed in the Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder Array.The array,consisting of three parallel cylindrical reflectors and equipped with 96 dual-polarization feeds,is a radio interferometer array designed for conducting drift scans of the northern celestial semi-sphere.The FRB digital backend enables the formation of 96 digital beams,effectively covering an area of approximately 40 square degrees with the 3 dB beam.Our pipeline demonstrates the capability to conduct an automatic search of FRBs,detecting at quasi-realtime and classifying FRB candidates automatically.The current FRB searching pipeline has an overall recall rate of88%.During the commissioning phase,we successfully detected signals emitted by four well-known pulsars:PSR B0329+54,B2021+51,B0823+26,and B2020+28.We report the first discovery of an FRB by our array,designated as FRB 20220414A.We also investigate the optimal arrangement for the digitally formed beams to achieve maximum detection rate by numerical simulation.展开更多
A great challenge for 21 cm intensity mapping experiments is the strong foreground radiation which is orders of magnitude brighter than the 21 cm signal.Removal of the foreground takes advantage of the fact that its f...A great challenge for 21 cm intensity mapping experiments is the strong foreground radiation which is orders of magnitude brighter than the 21 cm signal.Removal of the foreground takes advantage of the fact that its frequency spectrum is smooth while the redshifted 21 cm signal spectrum is stochastic.However,a complication is the nonsmoothness of the instrument response.This paper describes the electromagnetic simulation of the Tianlai cylinder array,a pathfinder for 21 cm intensity mapping experiments.Due to the vast scales involved,a direct simulation requires a large amount of computing resources.We have made the simulation practical by using a combination of methods:first simulate a single feed,then an array of feed units,finally with the feed array and a cylindrical reflector together,obtain the response for a single cylinder.We studied its radiation pattern,bandpass response and the effects of mutual coupling between feed units,and compared the results with observation.Many features seen in the measurement result are reproduced well in the simulation,especially the oscillatory features which are associated with the standing waves on the reflector.The mutual coupling between feed units is quantified with Sparameters,which decrease as the distance between the two feeds increases.Based on the simulated S-parameters,we estimate the correlated noise which has been seen in the visibility data,and the results show very good agreement with the data in both magnitude and frequency structures.These results provide useful insights on the problem of 21 cm signal extraction for real instruments.展开更多
The Tianlai Dish Pathfinder Array is a radio interferometer array consisting of 16 six-meter dish antennas.The original digital backend integration time is at the seconds level,designed for H I intensity mapping exper...The Tianlai Dish Pathfinder Array is a radio interferometer array consisting of 16 six-meter dish antennas.The original digital backend integration time is at the seconds level,designed for H I intensity mapping experiment.A new digital backend with millisecond response is added to enable it to search for fast radio burst during its observations.The design and calibration of this backend,and the real time search pipeline for it are described in this paper.It is capable of forming 16 digital beams for each linear polarization,covering an area of 19.6 square degrees.The search pipeline is capable of searching for,recording and classifying FRBs automatically in real time.In commissioning,we succeeded in capturing the signal pulses from the pulsars PSR B0329+54 and B2021+51.展开更多
The Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder is a radio interferometer array designed to test techniques for 21 cm intensity mapping in the post-reionization Universe,with the ultimate aim of mapping the large scale structure and ...The Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder is a radio interferometer array designed to test techniques for 21 cm intensity mapping in the post-reionization Universe,with the ultimate aim of mapping the large scale structure and measuring cosmological parameters such as the dark energy equation of state.Each of its three parallel cylinder reflectors is oriented in the north-south direction,and the array has a large field of view.As the Earth rotates,the northern sky is observed by drift scanning.The array is located in Hongliuxia,a radio-quiet site in Xinjiang,and saw its first light in September 2016.In this first data analysis paper for the Tianlai cylinder array,we discuss the sub-system qualification tests,and present basic system performance obtained from preliminary analysis of the commissioning observations during 2016-2018.We show typical interferometric visibility data,from which we derive the actual beam profile in the east-west direction and the frequency band-pass response.We describe also the calibration process to determine the complex gains for the array elements,either using bright astronomical point sources,or an artificial on site calibrator source,and discuss the instrument response stability,crucial for transit interferometry.Based on this analysis,we find a system temperature of about 90 K,and we also estimate the sensitivity of the array.展开更多
This article investigates the geometrically nonlinear free vibration of piezoelectric-piezomagnetic nanobeams subjected to magneto-electro-thermal loading taking into account size effect using the nonlocal elasticity ...This article investigates the geometrically nonlinear free vibration of piezoelectric-piezomagnetic nanobeams subjected to magneto-electro-thermal loading taking into account size effect using the nonlocal elasticity theory.To this end,the sizedependent nonlinear governing equations of motion and corresponding boundary conditions are derived according to the nonlocal elasticity theory and the first-order shear deformation theory with von K´arm´an-type of kinematic nonlinearity.The effects of size-dependence,shear deformations,rotary inertia,piezoelectric-piezomagnetic coupling,thermal environment and geometrical nonlinearity are taken into account.The generalized differential quadrature(GDQ)method in conjunction with the numerical Galerkin method,periodic time differential operators and pseudo arclength continuation method is utilized to compute the nonlinear frequency response of piezoelectric-piezomagnetic nanobeams.The influences of various parameters such as non-dimensional nonlocal parameter,temperature change,initial applied electric voltage,initial applied magnetic potential,length-to-thickness ratio and different boundary conditions on the geometrically nonlinear free vibration characteristics of piezoelectric-piezomagnetic nanobeams are demonstrated by numerical examples.It is illustrated that the hardening spring effect increases with increasing the non-dimensional nonlocal parameter,positive initial applied voltage,negative initial applied magnetic potential,temperature rise and decreases with increasing the negative initial applied voltage,positive initial applied magnetic potential and length-tothickness ratio.展开更多
文摘Based on the nonlocal elasticity theory, the vibration behavior of circular double-layered graphene sheets（DLGSs） resting on the Winkler- and Pasternak-type elastic foundations in a thermal environment is investigated.The governing equation is derived on the basis of Eringen＇s nonlocal elasticity and the classical plate theory（CLPT）.The initial thermal loading is assumed to be due to a uniform temperature rise throughout the thickness direction. Using the generalized differential quadrature（GDQ）method and periodic differential operators in radial and circumferential directions, respectively, the governing equation is discretized. DLGSs with clamped and simply-supported boundary conditions are studied and the influence of van der Waals（vd W） interaction forces is taken into account.In the numerical results, the effects of various parameters such as elastic medium coefficients, radius-to-thickness ratio,thermal loading and nonlocal parameter are examined on both in-phase and anti-phase natural frequencies. The results show that the thermal load and elastic foundation respectively decreases and increases the fundamental frequencies of DLGSs.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology(2016YFE0100300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11473044,U1501501,U1631118 and 11633004)+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDJ-SSW-SLH017)support by the CSC Cai Yuanpei grant
文摘Extracting the neutral hydrogen （HI） signal is a great challenge for cosmological 21 cm experiments; both the astrophysical foregrounds and receiver noise are typically several orders of magnitude greater than the 21 cm signal. However, the different properties of the 21 cm signal, foreground and noise can be exploited to separate these components. The foregrounds are generally smooth or correlated over the frequency space along a line of sight （LOS）, while both the 21 cm signal and noise vary stochastically along the same LoS. The foreground can be removed by filtering out the smooth component in frequency space. The receiver noise is basically uncorrelated for observations at different times, hence for surveys it is also uncorrelated in different directions, while the 21 cm signal, which traces the large scale structure, is correlated up to certain scales. In this exercise, we apply Wiener filters in frequency and angular space to extract the 21 cm signals. We found that the method works well. Inaccurate knowl- edge about the beam could degrade the reconstruction, but the overall result is still good, showing that the method is fairly robust.
基金the support of NAOC Astronomical Technology Centersupport of the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST)grant(2012AA121701)+10 种基金supported by MOST grant(2016YFE0100300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant Nos.11633004 and 11473044)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)grant(QYZDJ-SSW-SLH017)partially supported by the MOST grant(2018YFE0120800)National Key R&D Program 2017YFA0402603the CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team(JCTD-2019-05)Part of the computations are performed on the Tianhe-2 supercomputer(with the support of the NSFC grant U1501501)partially supported by NSF Award(AST-1616554)partial support from CNRS(IN2P3&INSU)Observatoire de ParisIrfu/CEA。
文摘In 21 cm intensity mapping,the spectral smoothness of the foreground is exploited to separate it from the much weaker 21 cm signal.However,the non-smooth frequency response of the instrument complicates this process.Reflections and standing waves generate modulations on the frequency response.Here we report the analysis of the standing waves in the bandpass of the signal channels of the Tianlai Cylinder Array.By Fourier transforming the bandpass into the delay time domain,we find various standing waves generated on the telescope.A standing wave with time delay at~142 ns is most clearly identified which is produced in the 15-meter feed cable.We also identify a strong peak at a shorter delay ofτ<50 ns,which may be a mix of the standing wave between the reflector and feed,and the standing wave on the 4 m intermediate frequency(IF)cable.We also show that a smoother frequency response could be partially recovered by removing the reflection-inducted modulations.However,the standing wave on the antenna is direction-dependent,which poses a more difficult challenge for high precision calibration.
基金supported by the MOST 863 program(Grant 2012AA121701)the CAS Repair and Procurement grant+4 种基金supported by PNCG,Observatoire de Paris,Irfu/CEA and LAL/CNRSsupported by the China Scholarship Councilsupported by the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program(XDB09020301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant 11373030)supported by the NSFC(Grant 11473044)
文摘We apply our sky map reconstruction method for transit type interferometers to the Tianlai cylin- der array. The method is based on spherical harmonic decomposition, and can be applied to a cylindrical array as well as dish arrays and we can compute the instrument response, synthesized beam, transfer func- tion and noise power spectrum. We consider cylinder arrays with feed spacing larger than half a wavelength and, as expected, we find that the arrays with regular spacing have grating lobes which produce spurious images in the reconstructed maps. We show that this problem can be overcome using arrays with a different feed spacing on each cylinder. We present the reconstructed maps, and study the performance in terms of noise power spectrum, transfer function and beams for both regular and irregular feed spacing configura- tions.
基金support of the National SKA program of China(Nos.2022SKA0110100 and 2022SKA0110101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant Nos.1236114814,12203061,12273070,and 12303004)。
文摘This paper presents the design,calibration,and survey strategy of the Fast Radio Burst(FRB)digital backend and its real-time data processing pipeline employed in the Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder Array.The array,consisting of three parallel cylindrical reflectors and equipped with 96 dual-polarization feeds,is a radio interferometer array designed for conducting drift scans of the northern celestial semi-sphere.The FRB digital backend enables the formation of 96 digital beams,effectively covering an area of approximately 40 square degrees with the 3 dB beam.Our pipeline demonstrates the capability to conduct an automatic search of FRBs,detecting at quasi-realtime and classifying FRB candidates automatically.The current FRB searching pipeline has an overall recall rate of88%.During the commissioning phase,we successfully detected signals emitted by four well-known pulsars:PSR B0329+54,B2021+51,B0823+26,and B2020+28.We report the first discovery of an FRB by our array,designated as FRB 20220414A.We also investigate the optimal arrangement for the digitally formed beams to achieve maximum detection rate by numerical simulation.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST)-BRICS Flagship Project 2018YFE0120800National SKA Program of China No.2020SKA0110401+6 种基金the National Key R&D Program 2017YFA0402603the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant Nos.11973047,11633004 and U1631118)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Strategic Priority Research Program XDA15020200the CAS Frontier Science Key Project QYZDJ–SSW–SLH017the CAS Inter-disciplinary Innovation Team(JCTD-2019-05)the CAS Key Instruments project ZDKYYQ20200008the Hebei Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy Technology(HKLRAT)。
文摘A great challenge for 21 cm intensity mapping experiments is the strong foreground radiation which is orders of magnitude brighter than the 21 cm signal.Removal of the foreground takes advantage of the fact that its frequency spectrum is smooth while the redshifted 21 cm signal spectrum is stochastic.However,a complication is the nonsmoothness of the instrument response.This paper describes the electromagnetic simulation of the Tianlai cylinder array,a pathfinder for 21 cm intensity mapping experiments.Due to the vast scales involved,a direct simulation requires a large amount of computing resources.We have made the simulation practical by using a combination of methods:first simulate a single feed,then an array of feed units,finally with the feed array and a cylindrical reflector together,obtain the response for a single cylinder.We studied its radiation pattern,bandpass response and the effects of mutual coupling between feed units,and compared the results with observation.Many features seen in the measurement result are reproduced well in the simulation,especially the oscillatory features which are associated with the standing waves on the reflector.The mutual coupling between feed units is quantified with Sparameters,which decrease as the distance between the two feeds increases.Based on the simulated S-parameters,we estimate the correlated noise which has been seen in the visibility data,and the results show very good agreement with the data in both magnitude and frequency structures.These results provide useful insights on the problem of 21 cm signal extraction for real instruments.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST)2018YFE0120800the National Key R&D Program 2017YFA0402603+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)grants 11633004 and 11473044the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)grant QYZDJ-SSW-SLH017the Hebei Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy Technology(HKLRAT)。
文摘The Tianlai Dish Pathfinder Array is a radio interferometer array consisting of 16 six-meter dish antennas.The original digital backend integration time is at the seconds level,designed for H I intensity mapping experiment.A new digital backend with millisecond response is added to enable it to search for fast radio burst during its observations.The design and calibration of this backend,and the real time search pipeline for it are described in this paper.It is capable of forming 16 digital beams for each linear polarization,covering an area of 19.6 square degrees.The search pipeline is capable of searching for,recording and classifying FRBs automatically in real time.In commissioning,we succeeded in capturing the signal pulses from the pulsars PSR B0329+54 and B2021+51.
基金support of the Astronomical Technology Center of National Astronomical Observatories of China(NAOC)support of Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST)(Grant No.2012AA121701)+10 种基金supported by MOST(Grant Nos.2016YFE0100300,and 2018YFE0120800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.11633004,11473044,and 11653003)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(Grant No.QYZDJ-SSW-SLH017)support of the NSFC-CAS Joint Fund of Astronomy(Grant No.U1631118)partially supported by the National Key R&D Program(Grant No.2017YFA0402603)the CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team(Grant No.JCTD-2019-05)support of NSFC(Grant No.U1501501)the Tianhe-1 supercomputerpartially supported by the US National Science Foundation(NSF)Award(Grant No.AST-1616554)partial support from Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS)via IN2P3&INSU,Observatoire de ParisIrfu/CEA。
文摘The Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder is a radio interferometer array designed to test techniques for 21 cm intensity mapping in the post-reionization Universe,with the ultimate aim of mapping the large scale structure and measuring cosmological parameters such as the dark energy equation of state.Each of its three parallel cylinder reflectors is oriented in the north-south direction,and the array has a large field of view.As the Earth rotates,the northern sky is observed by drift scanning.The array is located in Hongliuxia,a radio-quiet site in Xinjiang,and saw its first light in September 2016.In this first data analysis paper for the Tianlai cylinder array,we discuss the sub-system qualification tests,and present basic system performance obtained from preliminary analysis of the commissioning observations during 2016-2018.We show typical interferometric visibility data,from which we derive the actual beam profile in the east-west direction and the frequency band-pass response.We describe also the calibration process to determine the complex gains for the array elements,either using bright astronomical point sources,or an artificial on site calibrator source,and discuss the instrument response stability,crucial for transit interferometry.Based on this analysis,we find a system temperature of about 90 K,and we also estimate the sensitivity of the array.
文摘This article investigates the geometrically nonlinear free vibration of piezoelectric-piezomagnetic nanobeams subjected to magneto-electro-thermal loading taking into account size effect using the nonlocal elasticity theory.To this end,the sizedependent nonlinear governing equations of motion and corresponding boundary conditions are derived according to the nonlocal elasticity theory and the first-order shear deformation theory with von K´arm´an-type of kinematic nonlinearity.The effects of size-dependence,shear deformations,rotary inertia,piezoelectric-piezomagnetic coupling,thermal environment and geometrical nonlinearity are taken into account.The generalized differential quadrature(GDQ)method in conjunction with the numerical Galerkin method,periodic time differential operators and pseudo arclength continuation method is utilized to compute the nonlinear frequency response of piezoelectric-piezomagnetic nanobeams.The influences of various parameters such as non-dimensional nonlocal parameter,temperature change,initial applied electric voltage,initial applied magnetic potential,length-to-thickness ratio and different boundary conditions on the geometrically nonlinear free vibration characteristics of piezoelectric-piezomagnetic nanobeams are demonstrated by numerical examples.It is illustrated that the hardening spring effect increases with increasing the non-dimensional nonlocal parameter,positive initial applied voltage,negative initial applied magnetic potential,temperature rise and decreases with increasing the negative initial applied voltage,positive initial applied magnetic potential and length-tothickness ratio.
