Rapid industrialization advancements have grabbed worldwide attention to integrate a very large number of electronic components into a smaller space for performing multifunctional operations.To fulfill the growing com...Rapid industrialization advancements have grabbed worldwide attention to integrate a very large number of electronic components into a smaller space for performing multifunctional operations.To fulfill the growing computing demand state-of-the-art materials are required for substituting traditional silicon and metal oxide semiconductors frameworks.Two-dimensional(2D)materials have shown their tremendous potential surpassing the limitations of conventional materials for developing smart devices.Despite their ground-breaking progress over the last two decades,systematic studies providing in-depth insights into the exciting physics of 2D materials are still lacking.Therefore,in this review,we discuss the importance of 2D materials in bridging the gap between conventional and advanced technologies due to their distinct statistical and quantum physics.Moreover,the inherent properties of these materials could easily be tailored to meet the specific requirements of smart devices.Hence,we discuss the physics of various 2D materials enabling them to fabricate smart devices.We also shed light on promising opportunities in developing smart devices and identified the formidable challenges that need to be addressed.展开更多
Cellular hitchhiking is an emerging therapeutic strategy that uses an endogenous cell migration mechanism to deliver therapeutics to specific sites in the body.Owing to the low permeability and presence of the blood-b...Cellular hitchhiking is an emerging therapeutic strategy that uses an endogenous cell migration mechanism to deliver therapeutics to specific sites in the body.Owing to the low permeability and presence of the blood-brain barrier(BBB),the targeted delivery of therapeutics is limited,leading to inadequate localization in the brain.NCs fail to extravasate significantly into the tumor microenvironment(TME),demonstrating poor accumulation and tumor penetration.The novel cellular hitchhiking concept has been utilized to promote systemic half-life and therapeutic targeting.Neoplastic and neuroinflammatory diseases of the brain,including glioblastoma and neuroinflammation,face critical hurdles for efficiently delivering therapeutic entities owing to the BBB.Cellular hitchhiking can surmount these hurdles by utilizing various cell populations,such as stem cells,monocytes/macrophages,neutrophils,and platelets,as potential functional carriers to deliver the therapeutic cargo through the BBB.These carrier cells have the innate capability to traverse the BBB,transit through the brain parenchyma,and specifically reach disease sites such as inflammatory and neoplastic lesions owing to chemotactic navigation,i.e.,movement attributed to chemical stimuli.Chemotherapeutic drugs delivered by cellular hitchhiking to achieve tumor-specific targeting have been discussed.This article explores various cell types for hitchhiking NCs to the TME with indepth mechanisms and characterization techniques to decipher the backpack dissociation dynamics(nanoparticle payload detachment characteristics from hitchhiked cells)and challenges toward prospective clinical translation.展开更多
Room-temperature gas sensors have aroused great attention in current gas sensor technology because of deemed demand of cheap,low power consumption and portable sensors for rapidly growing Internet of things applicatio...Room-temperature gas sensors have aroused great attention in current gas sensor technology because of deemed demand of cheap,low power consumption and portable sensors for rapidly growing Internet of things applications.As an important approach,light illumination has been exploited for room-temperature operation with improving gas sensor's attributes including sensitivity,speed and selectivity.This review provides an overview of the utilization of photoactivated nanomaterials in gas sensing field.First,recent advances in gas sensing of some exciting different nanostructures and hybrids of metal oxide semiconductors under light illumination are highlighted.Later,excellent gas sensing performance of emerging two-dimensional materialsbased sensors under light illumination is discussed in details with proposed gas sensing mechanism.Originated impressive features from the interaction of photons with sensing materials are elucidated in the context of modulating sensing characteristics.Finally,the review concludes with key and constructive insights into current and future perspectives in the light-activated nanomaterials for optoelectronic gas sensor applications.展开更多
Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis(DIAIH)is a specific phenotype of druginduced liver injury that may lead to the devastating outcome of acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation.Drugs implicated in DIAIH inc...Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis(DIAIH)is a specific phenotype of druginduced liver injury that may lead to the devastating outcome of acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation.Drugs implicated in DIAIH include antimicrobials such as nitrofurantoin and minocycline,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,statins as well as anti-tumor necrosis agents.The clinical features of druginduced liver injury are indistinguishable from idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)as both may have positive AIH-related autoantibodies,elevated immunoglobulin G,as well as similar histopathological findings.In patients who show no clinical improvement,or there is progressive liver injury despite cessation of the suspected drug,a liver biopsy should be considered,whereby the presence of advance fibrosis on histology favors the diagnosis of idiopathic AIH.Empirical treatment with corticosteroids may be required in patients with non-resolving liver injury.A typical clinical scenario supportive of DIAIH includes a history of drug exposure with spontaneous resolution of liver injury after drug withdrawal and the absence of relapse after rapid steroid taper.In this article we report two cases of DIAIH secondary to Sorafenib and Atorvastatin along with a review of currently available literature.Early identification and treatment often lead to a favorable outcome in DIAIH.展开更多
BACKGROUND Non-invasive fibrosis scores are not yet validated in the newly defined metabolic associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).AIM To evaluate the diagnostic performance of four non-invasive scores including aspar...BACKGROUND Non-invasive fibrosis scores are not yet validated in the newly defined metabolic associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).AIM To evaluate the diagnostic performance of four non-invasive scores including aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index(APRI),fibrosis-4 index(FIB-4),body mass index,aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio,diabetes score(BARD),and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score(NFS)in patients with MAFLD.METHODS Consecutive patients with histologically confirmed MAFLD were included.The discrimination ability of different non-invasive scores was compared.RESULTS A total of 417 patients were included;156(37.4%)of them had advanced fibrosis(Metavir≥F3).The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of FIB-4,NFS,APRI,and BARD for predicting advanced fibrosis was 0.736,0.724,0.671,and 0.609,respectively.The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of FIB-4 and NFS was similar(P=0.523),while the difference between FIB-4 and APRI(P=0.001)and FIB-4 and BARD(P<0.001)was statistically significant.The best thresholds of FIB-4,NFS,APRI,and BARD for diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in MAFLD were 1.05,-2.1,0.42,and 2.A subgroup analysis showed that FIB-4,APRI,and NFS performed worse in the pure MAFLD group than in the hepatitis B virus-MAFLD group.CONCLUSION APRI and BARD scores do not perform well in MAFLD.The FIB-4 and NFS could be more useful,but a new threshold is needed.Novel non-invasive scoring systems for fibrosis are required for MAFLD.展开更多
Nowadays,demand for fast and accurate detection of toxic and flammable gases is increasing for human health safety,industrial process and environmental monitoring.So,gas sensor technology has become a requisite in our...Nowadays,demand for fast and accurate detection of toxic and flammable gases is increasing for human health safety,industrial process and environmental monitoring.So,gas sensor technology has become a requisite in our daily life.Emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology propel fabrication of a gas sensor at the miniaturization level for burgeoning Internet of things applications.展开更多
Background: Chronic hepatitis C infection is common among people with history of substance use. Liver fibrosis assessment is a barrier to linkage to care, particularly among those with history of substance users. The ...Background: Chronic hepatitis C infection is common among people with history of substance use. Liver fibrosis assessment is a barrier to linkage to care, particularly among those with history of substance users. The use of non-invasive scores can be helpful in predicting liver cirrhosis in the era of HCV elimination, especially in countries where transient elastography(TE) is not available. We compared the commonly used non-invasive scores with a novel non-invasive score in predicting liver cirrhosis in this population. Methods: HCV patients with history of substance use between 2011 and 2016 were analyzed. All patients had TE for liver fibrosis assessment. Clinical performance of established non-invasive scores for fibrosis assessment and novel score were compared. Youden's index was used to determine optimal cut-off of the novel score. Results: A total of 579 patients were included. In multivariate logistic regression, cirrhosis on TE was associated with age( P = 0.002), aspartate aminotransferase(AST)( P = 0.004), and platelet count( P < 0.001), but not alanine aminotransferase(ALT)( P = 0.896). These form the components of modified AST-toplatelet ratio index(APRI) score. Modified APRI was superior to APRI in predicting cirrhosis(AUROC, 0.796 vs. 0.770, P = 0.007), but not fibrosis-4 score(FIB-4)( P = 1.00). Modified APRI at cut-off of 4 has sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value(NPV) of 94.4%, 26.9% and 92.6%, respectively, and at 19, has sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value(PPV) of 33.3%, 96.2% and 77.1%, respectively. FIB-4 has a NPV and PPV of 88.6%, 41.8% and 78.5%, 77.6%, at cut-off of 1.45 and 3.25, respectively. Using the cut-off of 4 and 14 for modified APRI, 32.5% of patients can be correctly classified and misses out only 5.6% of cirrhosis patients. Conclusions: Modified APRI score is superior in predicting cirrhosis in HCV population, with 32.5% of the population being correctly classified using cut-off of 4 and 14. Further studies are required to validate the findings.展开更多
As per incidence,ovarian carcinoma is the second most common gynaecological malignancy in women.In spite of advanced technology,patient awareness and effective screening methods,epithelial ovarian cancer is usually di...As per incidence,ovarian carcinoma is the second most common gynaecological malignancy in women.In spite of advanced technology,patient awareness and effective screening methods,epithelial ovarian cancer is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage(stageⅢ).Surgical debulking of disease is mainstay of improving the patient survival even in advanced stages.Thus exact delineation of cancer spread in the abdominal cavity guides the surgeon prior to the surgery,help them to decide resectability of lesion and plan for further need of other surgical speciality or need of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Imaging particularly well-planned contrast-enhanced computed tomography answers most of the queries raised by the treating surgeon.The aim of this article is to review the way ovarian carcinoma spread in the peritoneal cavity and to stress the accurate interpretation of cancer deposits on imaging which can help the treating team to reach optimal management of patients.展开更多
Enterotoxaemia is one of the important pathologies caused by Clostridium perfringens, which produces intestinal and systemic disease in goats, sheep and other animals. These Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria are normal...Enterotoxaemia is one of the important pathologies caused by Clostridium perfringens, which produces intestinal and systemic disease in goats, sheep and other animals. These Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria are normally resident in the intestinal tract of ruminants but during favourable conditions, proliferate uncontrollably and release toxins which produce disease in the host. Different strains of C. perfringens are responsible for several clinical syndromes, including lamb dysentery, pulpy kidney disease and struck. However, the pathology and pathogenesis of caprine enterotoxaemia is not well understood, with limited studies available in goats. Caprine enterotoxaemia can be controlled with the better understanding of its risk factors and pathogenesis. The diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in animals is complex and often requires group of tests than one single test for better specificity and sensitivity. Tentative diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in sheep and goats is based on the history, clinical signs and gross lesions during post-mortem examination of animals;however, confirmatory diagnosis of enterotoxaemia requires different laboratory diagnostic tools. Toxin detection of C. perfringens in case of enterotoxaemia is furthermost accepted benchmark in establishing a definitive diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in intestinal contents. Measuring urine glucose or observing Gram-stained smears of intestinal mucosa can be used as supplementary tests. However, it is also imperative that enterotoxaemia cannot be ruled out in the event of negativity of aforementioned diagnostic tests. Hence, definitive diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in goats can be achieved with the use of molecular techniques (PCR, ELISA and immune-fluorescence) coupled with toxin detection in intestine or biological assays including mouse inoculation test (MIT). In case of goats, vaccine efficacy is poor which may be due to need of high to moderate level of serum antibodies to protect against both systemic and enteric effects because intestinal form of disease is partially independent of the circulating anti-toxin antibodies. Thus, for the prevention and control of enterotoxaemia in goats and sheep, these aspects must be considered to develop more holistic control measures.展开更多
The present study describes the floristic composition and dominance pattern of sal forests in Ranchi,Jharkhand,eastern India.Vegetation was studied in 47 belt transects(509100 m)that had 137 plant species(110 identifi...The present study describes the floristic composition and dominance pattern of sal forests in Ranchi,Jharkhand,eastern India.Vegetation was studied in 47 belt transects(509100 m)that had 137 plant species(110 identified and 27 unidentified)belonging to 51 families.The family Fabaceae with 17 species(8 spp.belonging to subfamily Faboideae,6 spp.to Caesalpinioideae and 3 spp.to Mimosoidieae)contributed the most to diversity,followed by Rubiaceae(8 spp.)and Euphorbiaceae(6 spp.).Tree density in sal was inversely related to species richness.Total tree density(C 10 cm GBH)in the studied forests was 397 individuals ha-1,with a basal cover of 262.50 m2 ha-1.Important plants of conservation concern are Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb,Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.)Wall,Sterculiaurens Roxb.,Tinospora cordifolia(Willd.)Miers,and Asparagus densiflorus(Kunth)Jessop.Phanerophytes had the highest percentage(71%,with percentage deviation from normal life form of?25)followed by therophyte(15%,with percentage deviation?2).Observed percentage deviation from normal life form was much lower(with?2 percentage deviation)in both chamaephytes(8%)and therophytes(15%),suggesting that the studied sal forests are favorable for supporting various plants species.The forest management strategies should focus on the increasing demands for different timber and non-timber forest products to conserve the plant diversity of these natural forests.展开更多
Decompensated cirrhosis is characterized by chronic inflammation and severe portal hypertension leading to systemic circulatory dysfunction.Albumin infusion has been widely used in decompensated cirrhosis in patients ...Decompensated cirrhosis is characterized by chronic inflammation and severe portal hypertension leading to systemic circulatory dysfunction.Albumin infusion has been widely used in decompensated cirrhosis in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,large-volume paracentesis and hepatorenal syndrome.Emerging data suggest long-term albumin infusion has both oncotic and non-oncotic properties which may improve the clinical outcomes in decompensated cirrhosis patients.We review the current literature on both the established and potential role of albumin,and specifically address the controversies of long-term albumin infusion in decompensated cirrhosis patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus(HCV)is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma globally.Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir(SOF/VEL)is an effective pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combination for treatmen...BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus(HCV)is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma globally.Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir(SOF/VEL)is an effective pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combination for treatment of chronic HCV infection.While the addition of ribavirin(RBV)to SOF/VEL improved sustained virological response(SVR12)in genotype 3(GT3)decompensated cirrhosis patients,the benefits of RBV in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients receiving SOF/VEL remains unclear.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of SOF/VEL,with or without RBV in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients.METHODS We searched four electronic databases(PubMed/Medline,Embase,Cochrane Library and Web of Science)from inception up to June 2021 using both free text and MeSH terms.There was no restriction on language,geography,publication dates and publication status(full text or abstracts).All GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients treated with 12 wk of SOF/VEL,with or without RBV,were included,regardless of age,gender or prior treatment experience.The primary outcome was sustained virological response 12-wk posttreatment(SVR12).The secondary outcome was treatment-related adverse events,as defined by symptomatic anemia requiring transfusion or a drop in hemoglobin beyond 2 g/dL.The pooled relative risk(RR),95%CI and heterogeneity(I^(2))were estimated using Review Manager version 5.3.RESULTS From 1752 citations,a total of seven studies(2 randomized controlled trials,5 cohort studies)with 1088 subjects were identified.The SVR12 was similar in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients,regardless of the use of RBV,for both the intention-to-treat RR 1.03,95%CI:0.99-1.07;I^(2)=0%)and the per-protocol analysis(RR:1.03,95%CI:0.99-1.07;I^(2)=48%).The overall pooled rate of treatment-related adverse events was 7.2%.Addition of RBV increased the pooled risk of treatment-related adverse events in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients receiving SOF/VEL(RR:4.20,95%CI:1.29-13.68;I^(2)=0%).Subgroup analysis showed that RBV was associated with a higher SVR12 in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients with baseline resistance-associated substitutions.However,addition of RBV did not significantly increase the SVR12 among treatment-experienced GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients.CONCLUSION Ribavirin was not associated with higher SVR12 in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients receiving SOF/VEL.Our findings suggest a limited role for RBV as routine add-on therapy to SOF/VEL in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients.展开更多
To investigate feasibility of pathogen free industrial organics with higher agronomic value, the industrial organic wastes were subjected to vermistabilization. The body of earthworm work as ＂biofilter＂ and they can...To investigate feasibility of pathogen free industrial organics with higher agronomic value, the industrial organic wastes were subjected to vermistabilization. The body of earthworm work as ＂biofilter＂ and they can ＂purify＂ and also ＂disinfect＂ and ＂detoxify＂ municipal and industrial organics. The microbiomics of gut and cast of earthworm （Eisenia foetida Savigny） and their association with vermistabilization was studied to determine the microbial quantification in reactors （industrial organics）. Worm were reared in five reactors viz. Sewage sludge （SS）, Paper mill industry sludge （PS）, Vegetable processing industry （VP）, Tannery waste （TW） and Meat process industrial sludge （MP） for ninety days. The microbial load （Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Mycobacterium, Streptococcus） in gut and cast, biomass, recovery of cast in different reactors were determined, periodically. The microbiomics of worms gut revealed the removal of Salmonella （12-18 × 10^8±0.02 to 0-4 × 10^3 ＋ 0.05 CFU/g）, Shigella （14-23 × 10^8 ± 0.04 to 0-4 × 10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Escherichia （4-16 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-4 × 10^2 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Mycobacterium （3-16 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-3 × 10^2 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Streptococcus （6-16 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-4 × 10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g） during stabilization of industrial organics. Similarly, reduction in pathogens Salmonella （12-19 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-8 ×10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Shigella （7-20× 10^8 ± 0.04 to 0-2 ×10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Escherichia （2-20 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0.0-2 × 10^3 ± 0.05）, Mycobacterium （1-8 × 10^8 ±0.05 to 0.0-5 × 10^2 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Streptococcus （8-18 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-7 × 10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g） in castings of industrial organics indicates the selective nature of feeding of worm. This amply demonstrates that these pathogens have been eliminated as they entered in food chain of worms. However, it may not be possible to remove pathogens completely, but at least worms change the ＂microbial make-up＂ of industrial organics to make it harmless to the soil and enable its use as a nutritive organic fertilizer.展开更多
Breast cancer(BC)is the most prevalent cancer in women globally.Anti-cancer advancements have enabled the killing of BC cells through various therapies;however,cancer relapse is still a major limitation and decreases ...Breast cancer(BC)is the most prevalent cancer in women globally.Anti-cancer advancements have enabled the killing of BC cells through various therapies;however,cancer relapse is still a major limitation and decreases patient survival and quality of life.Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT)is responsible for tumor relapse in several cancers,This highly regulated event causes phenotypic,genetic,and epigenetic changes in the tumor microenvironment(TME).This review summarizes the recent advancements regarding EMT using dedifferentiation and partial EMT theories.We extensively review the mechanistic pathways,TME components,and various anti-cancer adjuvant and neo-adjuvant therapies responsible for triggering EMT in BC tumors.展开更多
Gallium nitride(GaN)nanostructures are highly promising for photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting due to their excellent electron mobility,chemical stability,and large surface area.However,the wide bandgap(~3.4 eV)...Gallium nitride(GaN)nanostructures are highly promising for photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting due to their excellent electron mobility,chemical stability,and large surface area.However,the wide bandgap(~3.4 eV)of GaN limits its ability to absorb a broad spectrum of solar radiation,restricting its PEC performance.To address this limitation,MoS_(2)/GaN nanorods(NRs)heterostructures for enhanced PEC applications were fabricated on thin tungsten foil using a combination of atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition(CVD)and laser molecular beam epitaxy(LMBE).The Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed the hexagonal phase of GaN and MoS_(2).X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy examined the electronic states of the GaN and MoS_(2).PEC measurements revealed that the MoS_(2)-decorated GaN NRs exhibited a photocurrent density of approximately172μA/cm_(2),nearly 2.5-fold compared to bare GaN NRs(~70μA/cm_(2)).The increased photocurrent density is ascribed to the Type II band alignment between MoS_(2)and GaN,which promotes effective charge separation,the decrease in charge transfer resistance,and the increase in active sites.The findings of this work underscore that the CVD and LMBE technique fabricated MoS_(2)/GaN heterostructures on W metal foil substrate can provide the vital strategy to raise the PEC efficiency toward solar water splitting.展开更多
Cancer is one of the most complex diseases and the second leading cause of mortality worldwide.Due to its poor prognosis and challenges in diagnosis,eradicating cancer remains highly difficult.The limitations associat...Cancer is one of the most complex diseases and the second leading cause of mortality worldwide.Due to its poor prognosis and challenges in diagnosis,eradicating cancer remains highly difficult.The limitations associated with conventional therapies have led to the emergence of copious therapeutic strategies such as chemotherapy,phototherapy,starvation therapy,radiotherapy and immunotherapy;however,limited therapeutic efficacy,poor tumor cell selectivity and substantial adverse effects remain significant concern.Attributed to the expeditious advancement of nanotechnology,the amalgamation of nanomaterials with therapeutic approaches provides an opportunity to address the shortcomings of conventional chemotherapy.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),which consist of bridging ligands and ions/clusters connected by coordination bonds,have been widely used in cancer therapy to address the limitations of currently therapeutic interventions,such as poor efficacy,low stability and severe side effects.This potential arises from their tuneable porosities,high specific surface area-to-volume ratio,tailorable diameters,tractable morphologies,variegated compositions,biocompatibility and facile functionalization.We summarized the role of MOF-based nanoplatforms along with mechanistic insights into emerging avenues-such as cuproptosis,ferroptosis,cell-penetrating and biomimetic MOFs,and tumor microenvironment-responsive MOFs-alongside recent advancements in mono-and multifunctional cancer therapeutics.Theragnostic and imaging functionalities,as well as regulatory considerations and future prospects of MOF-based nanoplatforms utilized in cancer treatment,are also discussed.展开更多
Myeloid cells,such as neutrophils,are produced in the bone marrow in high quantities and are important in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension(PH).Although neutrophil recruitment into s...Myeloid cells,such as neutrophils,are produced in the bone marrow in high quantities and are important in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension(PH).Although neutrophil recruitment into sites of inflammation has been well studied,the mechanisms of neutrophil egress from the bone marrow are not well understood.Using computational flow cytometry,we observed increased neutrophils in the lungs of patients and mice with PH.Moreover,we found elevated levels of IL-6 in the blood and lungs of patients and mice with PH.We observed that transgenic mice overexpressing Il-6 in the lungs displayed elevated neutrophil egress from the bone marrow and exaggerated neutrophil recruitment to the lungs,resulting in exacerbated pulmonary vascular remodeling,and dysfunctional hemodynamics.Mechanistically,we found that IL-6-induced neutrophil egress from the bone marrow was dependent on interferon regulatory factor 4(IRF-4)-mediated CX3CR1 expression in neutrophils.Consequently,Cx3cr1 genetic deficiency in hematopoietic cells in Il-6-transgenic mice significantly reduced neutrophil egress from bone marrow and decreased neutrophil counts in the lungs,thus ameliorating pulmonary remodeling and hemodynamics.In summary,these findings define a novel mechanism of IL-6-induced neutrophil egress from the bone marrow and reveal a new therapeutic target to curtail neutrophil-mediated inflammation in pulmonary vascular disease.展开更多
Background and Aims:Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)is a newly proposed terminology from 2020;yet,the applicability of conventional noninvasive fi-brosis models is still unknown for it.We aimed to evalu...Background and Aims:Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)is a newly proposed terminology from 2020;yet,the applicability of conventional noninvasive fi-brosis models is still unknown for it.We aimed to evaluate the performance of conventional noninvasive fibrosis scores in MAFLD.Methods:The NHANES 2017-2018 datasets were used to compare the performances of different non-invasive fibrosis scores in MAFLD,including the aspartate aminotransferase(AST)to platelet ratio index(APRI),body mass index(BMI)-AST/alanine aminotransferase(ALT)ratio and diabetes score(BARD),fibrosis-4 index(FIB-4),and NAFLD fibrosis score(NFS).Moreover,Asian patients with biopsy-proven MAFLD were enrolled to further validate the findings.Results:A total of 2,622 participants in the Na-tional Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)cohort and 293 patients with MAFLD in the Asian cohort were included.Patients in the Asian cohort had a lower BMI and higher liver enzymes(p<0.001).The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUROC)of NFS was the largest in the NHANES cohort and Asian cohorts(0.679 and 0.699,respectively).The AUROC of NFS was followed by APRI,FIB-4,and BARD in the NHANES cohort(0.616,0.601,and 0.589,respectively).In the Asian cohort,the AUROC of APRI,FIB-4,and BARD for predicting advanced fibrosis were 0.625,0.683,and 0.615,respectively.The performance of FIB-4 was better in the Asian cohort than that in the NHANES cohort.Conclusions:NFS is better for predicting advanced fibrosis in MAFLD.FIB-4 can be an al-ternative choice for MAFLD with high liver enzymes when NFS is unavailable.Novel efficient noninvasive fibrosis scor-ing systems are highly required for patients with MAFLD.展开更多
We have synthesized and characterized a new electroluminescent material, [8-hydroxyquinoline] bis[2,2＇bipyridine] aluminum. A solution of this material Al（Bpy）2q in toluene showed absorption maxima at 380 nm,which ...We have synthesized and characterized a new electroluminescent material, [8-hydroxyquinoline] bis[2,2＇bipyridine] aluminum. A solution of this material Al（Bpy）2q in toluene showed absorption maxima at 380 nm,which was attributed to the moderate energy（ π–π＊） transitions of the aromatic rings. The photoluminescence spectrum of Al（Bpy）_2q in the toluene solution showed a peak at 518 nm. This material shows thermal stability up to300 ℃. The structure of the device is ITO/F4-TCNQ（1 nm）/α-NPD（35 nm）/Al（Bpy）2q（35 nm）/ BCP（6 nm）/Alq3（28 nm）/Li F（1 nm）/Al（150 nm）. This device exhibited a luminescence peak at 515 nm（CIE coordinates, xD0.32,yD0.49）. The maximum luminescence of the device was 214 cd/m^2 at 21 V. The maximum current efficiency of OLED was 0.12 cd/A at 13 V and the maximum power efficiency was 0.03 lm/W at 10 V.展开更多
A new electroluminescent material tris- [5-choloro-8-hydroxyquinoline] aluminum has been synthesized and characterized. Solution of this material AI（5-Clq）3 in toluene showed absorption maxima at 385 nm which was at...A new electroluminescent material tris- [5-choloro-8-hydroxyquinoline] aluminum has been synthesized and characterized. Solution of this material AI（5-Clq）3 in toluene showed absorption maxima at 385 nm which was attributed to the moderate energy （π-π＊） transitions of the aromatic rings. The photoluminescence spectrum of AI（5-Clq）3 in toluene solution showed a peak at 522 nm. This material shows thermal stability up to 400 ℃. The structure of the device is ITO/0.4 wt%F4-TCNQ doped α-NPD （35 nm） / AI（5-Clq）3 （30 nm） / BCP （6 nm）/ Alq3 （30 nm） / LiF （1 nm） / A1 （150 nm）. This device exhibited a luminescence peak at 585 nm （CIE coordinates, x = 0.39, y = 0.50）. The maximum luminescence of the device was 920 Cd/m2 at 25 V. The maximum current efficiency of OLED was 0.27 Cd/A at 20 V and maximum power efficiency was 0.04 lm/W at 18 V.展开更多
文摘Rapid industrialization advancements have grabbed worldwide attention to integrate a very large number of electronic components into a smaller space for performing multifunctional operations.To fulfill the growing computing demand state-of-the-art materials are required for substituting traditional silicon and metal oxide semiconductors frameworks.Two-dimensional(2D)materials have shown their tremendous potential surpassing the limitations of conventional materials for developing smart devices.Despite their ground-breaking progress over the last two decades,systematic studies providing in-depth insights into the exciting physics of 2D materials are still lacking.Therefore,in this review,we discuss the importance of 2D materials in bridging the gap between conventional and advanced technologies due to their distinct statistical and quantum physics.Moreover,the inherent properties of these materials could easily be tailored to meet the specific requirements of smart devices.Hence,we discuss the physics of various 2D materials enabling them to fabricate smart devices.We also shed light on promising opportunities in developing smart devices and identified the formidable challenges that need to be addressed.
基金the research funding support by the Department of Pharmaceuticals(DoP),Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers,Govt.of India to“Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab”(PITRL),Department of Pharmaceutics,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research(NIPER)Hyderabad,INDIA.
文摘Cellular hitchhiking is an emerging therapeutic strategy that uses an endogenous cell migration mechanism to deliver therapeutics to specific sites in the body.Owing to the low permeability and presence of the blood-brain barrier(BBB),the targeted delivery of therapeutics is limited,leading to inadequate localization in the brain.NCs fail to extravasate significantly into the tumor microenvironment(TME),demonstrating poor accumulation and tumor penetration.The novel cellular hitchhiking concept has been utilized to promote systemic half-life and therapeutic targeting.Neoplastic and neuroinflammatory diseases of the brain,including glioblastoma and neuroinflammation,face critical hurdles for efficiently delivering therapeutic entities owing to the BBB.Cellular hitchhiking can surmount these hurdles by utilizing various cell populations,such as stem cells,monocytes/macrophages,neutrophils,and platelets,as potential functional carriers to deliver the therapeutic cargo through the BBB.These carrier cells have the innate capability to traverse the BBB,transit through the brain parenchyma,and specifically reach disease sites such as inflammatory and neoplastic lesions owing to chemotactic navigation,i.e.,movement attributed to chemical stimuli.Chemotherapeutic drugs delivered by cellular hitchhiking to achieve tumor-specific targeting have been discussed.This article explores various cell types for hitchhiking NCs to the TME with indepth mechanisms and characterization techniques to decipher the backpack dissociation dynamics(nanoparticle payload detachment characteristics from hitchhiked cells)and challenges toward prospective clinical translation.
基金the financial support of the Department of Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) (Sanction Order No. CRG/2019/000112)。
文摘Room-temperature gas sensors have aroused great attention in current gas sensor technology because of deemed demand of cheap,low power consumption and portable sensors for rapidly growing Internet of things applications.As an important approach,light illumination has been exploited for room-temperature operation with improving gas sensor's attributes including sensitivity,speed and selectivity.This review provides an overview of the utilization of photoactivated nanomaterials in gas sensing field.First,recent advances in gas sensing of some exciting different nanostructures and hybrids of metal oxide semiconductors under light illumination are highlighted.Later,excellent gas sensing performance of emerging two-dimensional materialsbased sensors under light illumination is discussed in details with proposed gas sensing mechanism.Originated impressive features from the interaction of photons with sensing materials are elucidated in the context of modulating sensing characteristics.Finally,the review concludes with key and constructive insights into current and future perspectives in the light-activated nanomaterials for optoelectronic gas sensor applications.
文摘Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis(DIAIH)is a specific phenotype of druginduced liver injury that may lead to the devastating outcome of acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation.Drugs implicated in DIAIH include antimicrobials such as nitrofurantoin and minocycline,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,statins as well as anti-tumor necrosis agents.The clinical features of druginduced liver injury are indistinguishable from idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)as both may have positive AIH-related autoantibodies,elevated immunoglobulin G,as well as similar histopathological findings.In patients who show no clinical improvement,or there is progressive liver injury despite cessation of the suspected drug,a liver biopsy should be considered,whereby the presence of advance fibrosis on histology favors the diagnosis of idiopathic AIH.Empirical treatment with corticosteroids may be required in patients with non-resolving liver injury.A typical clinical scenario supportive of DIAIH includes a history of drug exposure with spontaneous resolution of liver injury after drug withdrawal and the absence of relapse after rapid steroid taper.In this article we report two cases of DIAIH secondary to Sorafenib and Atorvastatin along with a review of currently available literature.Early identification and treatment often lead to a favorable outcome in DIAIH.
基金Chinese National 13th Five-Year Plan’s Science and Technology Projects,No.2017ZX10202201.
文摘BACKGROUND Non-invasive fibrosis scores are not yet validated in the newly defined metabolic associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).AIM To evaluate the diagnostic performance of four non-invasive scores including aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index(APRI),fibrosis-4 index(FIB-4),body mass index,aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio,diabetes score(BARD),and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score(NFS)in patients with MAFLD.METHODS Consecutive patients with histologically confirmed MAFLD were included.The discrimination ability of different non-invasive scores was compared.RESULTS A total of 417 patients were included;156(37.4%)of them had advanced fibrosis(Metavir≥F3).The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of FIB-4,NFS,APRI,and BARD for predicting advanced fibrosis was 0.736,0.724,0.671,and 0.609,respectively.The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of FIB-4 and NFS was similar(P=0.523),while the difference between FIB-4 and APRI(P=0.001)and FIB-4 and BARD(P<0.001)was statistically significant.The best thresholds of FIB-4,NFS,APRI,and BARD for diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in MAFLD were 1.05,-2.1,0.42,and 2.A subgroup analysis showed that FIB-4,APRI,and NFS performed worse in the pure MAFLD group than in the hepatitis B virus-MAFLD group.CONCLUSION APRI and BARD scores do not perform well in MAFLD.The FIB-4 and NFS could be more useful,but a new threshold is needed.Novel non-invasive scoring systems for fibrosis are required for MAFLD.
文摘Nowadays,demand for fast and accurate detection of toxic and flammable gases is increasing for human health safety,industrial process and environmental monitoring.So,gas sensor technology has become a requisite in our daily life.Emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology propel fabrication of a gas sensor at the miniaturization level for burgeoning Internet of things applications.
文摘Background: Chronic hepatitis C infection is common among people with history of substance use. Liver fibrosis assessment is a barrier to linkage to care, particularly among those with history of substance users. The use of non-invasive scores can be helpful in predicting liver cirrhosis in the era of HCV elimination, especially in countries where transient elastography(TE) is not available. We compared the commonly used non-invasive scores with a novel non-invasive score in predicting liver cirrhosis in this population. Methods: HCV patients with history of substance use between 2011 and 2016 were analyzed. All patients had TE for liver fibrosis assessment. Clinical performance of established non-invasive scores for fibrosis assessment and novel score were compared. Youden's index was used to determine optimal cut-off of the novel score. Results: A total of 579 patients were included. In multivariate logistic regression, cirrhosis on TE was associated with age( P = 0.002), aspartate aminotransferase(AST)( P = 0.004), and platelet count( P < 0.001), but not alanine aminotransferase(ALT)( P = 0.896). These form the components of modified AST-toplatelet ratio index(APRI) score. Modified APRI was superior to APRI in predicting cirrhosis(AUROC, 0.796 vs. 0.770, P = 0.007), but not fibrosis-4 score(FIB-4)( P = 1.00). Modified APRI at cut-off of 4 has sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value(NPV) of 94.4%, 26.9% and 92.6%, respectively, and at 19, has sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value(PPV) of 33.3%, 96.2% and 77.1%, respectively. FIB-4 has a NPV and PPV of 88.6%, 41.8% and 78.5%, 77.6%, at cut-off of 1.45 and 3.25, respectively. Using the cut-off of 4 and 14 for modified APRI, 32.5% of patients can be correctly classified and misses out only 5.6% of cirrhosis patients. Conclusions: Modified APRI score is superior in predicting cirrhosis in HCV population, with 32.5% of the population being correctly classified using cut-off of 4 and 14. Further studies are required to validate the findings.
文摘As per incidence,ovarian carcinoma is the second most common gynaecological malignancy in women.In spite of advanced technology,patient awareness and effective screening methods,epithelial ovarian cancer is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage(stageⅢ).Surgical debulking of disease is mainstay of improving the patient survival even in advanced stages.Thus exact delineation of cancer spread in the abdominal cavity guides the surgeon prior to the surgery,help them to decide resectability of lesion and plan for further need of other surgical speciality or need of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Imaging particularly well-planned contrast-enhanced computed tomography answers most of the queries raised by the treating surgeon.The aim of this article is to review the way ovarian carcinoma spread in the peritoneal cavity and to stress the accurate interpretation of cancer deposits on imaging which can help the treating team to reach optimal management of patients.
文摘Enterotoxaemia is one of the important pathologies caused by Clostridium perfringens, which produces intestinal and systemic disease in goats, sheep and other animals. These Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria are normally resident in the intestinal tract of ruminants but during favourable conditions, proliferate uncontrollably and release toxins which produce disease in the host. Different strains of C. perfringens are responsible for several clinical syndromes, including lamb dysentery, pulpy kidney disease and struck. However, the pathology and pathogenesis of caprine enterotoxaemia is not well understood, with limited studies available in goats. Caprine enterotoxaemia can be controlled with the better understanding of its risk factors and pathogenesis. The diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in animals is complex and often requires group of tests than one single test for better specificity and sensitivity. Tentative diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in sheep and goats is based on the history, clinical signs and gross lesions during post-mortem examination of animals;however, confirmatory diagnosis of enterotoxaemia requires different laboratory diagnostic tools. Toxin detection of C. perfringens in case of enterotoxaemia is furthermost accepted benchmark in establishing a definitive diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in intestinal contents. Measuring urine glucose or observing Gram-stained smears of intestinal mucosa can be used as supplementary tests. However, it is also imperative that enterotoxaemia cannot be ruled out in the event of negativity of aforementioned diagnostic tests. Hence, definitive diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in goats can be achieved with the use of molecular techniques (PCR, ELISA and immune-fluorescence) coupled with toxin detection in intestine or biological assays including mouse inoculation test (MIT). In case of goats, vaccine efficacy is poor which may be due to need of high to moderate level of serum antibodies to protect against both systemic and enteric effects because intestinal form of disease is partially independent of the circulating anti-toxin antibodies. Thus, for the prevention and control of enterotoxaemia in goats and sheep, these aspects must be considered to develop more holistic control measures.
文摘The present study describes the floristic composition and dominance pattern of sal forests in Ranchi,Jharkhand,eastern India.Vegetation was studied in 47 belt transects(509100 m)that had 137 plant species(110 identified and 27 unidentified)belonging to 51 families.The family Fabaceae with 17 species(8 spp.belonging to subfamily Faboideae,6 spp.to Caesalpinioideae and 3 spp.to Mimosoidieae)contributed the most to diversity,followed by Rubiaceae(8 spp.)and Euphorbiaceae(6 spp.).Tree density in sal was inversely related to species richness.Total tree density(C 10 cm GBH)in the studied forests was 397 individuals ha-1,with a basal cover of 262.50 m2 ha-1.Important plants of conservation concern are Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb,Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.)Wall,Sterculiaurens Roxb.,Tinospora cordifolia(Willd.)Miers,and Asparagus densiflorus(Kunth)Jessop.Phanerophytes had the highest percentage(71%,with percentage deviation from normal life form of?25)followed by therophyte(15%,with percentage deviation?2).Observed percentage deviation from normal life form was much lower(with?2 percentage deviation)in both chamaephytes(8%)and therophytes(15%),suggesting that the studied sal forests are favorable for supporting various plants species.The forest management strategies should focus on the increasing demands for different timber and non-timber forest products to conserve the plant diversity of these natural forests.
基金Supported by Nurturing Clinician Scientist Scheme Award by SingHealth Duke-NUS Medicine Academic Medicine Programme(Medicine ACP),Changi General Hospital Research Grant.
文摘Decompensated cirrhosis is characterized by chronic inflammation and severe portal hypertension leading to systemic circulatory dysfunction.Albumin infusion has been widely used in decompensated cirrhosis in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,large-volume paracentesis and hepatorenal syndrome.Emerging data suggest long-term albumin infusion has both oncotic and non-oncotic properties which may improve the clinical outcomes in decompensated cirrhosis patients.We review the current literature on both the established and potential role of albumin,and specifically address the controversies of long-term albumin infusion in decompensated cirrhosis patients.
基金Supported by the Nurturing Clinician Scientist Scheme(NCCS)award by SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre and National Medical Research Council Singapore.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus(HCV)is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma globally.Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir(SOF/VEL)is an effective pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combination for treatment of chronic HCV infection.While the addition of ribavirin(RBV)to SOF/VEL improved sustained virological response(SVR12)in genotype 3(GT3)decompensated cirrhosis patients,the benefits of RBV in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients receiving SOF/VEL remains unclear.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of SOF/VEL,with or without RBV in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients.METHODS We searched four electronic databases(PubMed/Medline,Embase,Cochrane Library and Web of Science)from inception up to June 2021 using both free text and MeSH terms.There was no restriction on language,geography,publication dates and publication status(full text or abstracts).All GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients treated with 12 wk of SOF/VEL,with or without RBV,were included,regardless of age,gender or prior treatment experience.The primary outcome was sustained virological response 12-wk posttreatment(SVR12).The secondary outcome was treatment-related adverse events,as defined by symptomatic anemia requiring transfusion or a drop in hemoglobin beyond 2 g/dL.The pooled relative risk(RR),95%CI and heterogeneity(I^(2))were estimated using Review Manager version 5.3.RESULTS From 1752 citations,a total of seven studies(2 randomized controlled trials,5 cohort studies)with 1088 subjects were identified.The SVR12 was similar in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients,regardless of the use of RBV,for both the intention-to-treat RR 1.03,95%CI:0.99-1.07;I^(2)=0%)and the per-protocol analysis(RR:1.03,95%CI:0.99-1.07;I^(2)=48%).The overall pooled rate of treatment-related adverse events was 7.2%.Addition of RBV increased the pooled risk of treatment-related adverse events in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients receiving SOF/VEL(RR:4.20,95%CI:1.29-13.68;I^(2)=0%).Subgroup analysis showed that RBV was associated with a higher SVR12 in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients with baseline resistance-associated substitutions.However,addition of RBV did not significantly increase the SVR12 among treatment-experienced GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients.CONCLUSION Ribavirin was not associated with higher SVR12 in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients receiving SOF/VEL.Our findings suggest a limited role for RBV as routine add-on therapy to SOF/VEL in GT3 compensated cirrhosis patients.
文摘To investigate feasibility of pathogen free industrial organics with higher agronomic value, the industrial organic wastes were subjected to vermistabilization. The body of earthworm work as ＂biofilter＂ and they can ＂purify＂ and also ＂disinfect＂ and ＂detoxify＂ municipal and industrial organics. The microbiomics of gut and cast of earthworm （Eisenia foetida Savigny） and their association with vermistabilization was studied to determine the microbial quantification in reactors （industrial organics）. Worm were reared in five reactors viz. Sewage sludge （SS）, Paper mill industry sludge （PS）, Vegetable processing industry （VP）, Tannery waste （TW） and Meat process industrial sludge （MP） for ninety days. The microbial load （Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Mycobacterium, Streptococcus） in gut and cast, biomass, recovery of cast in different reactors were determined, periodically. The microbiomics of worms gut revealed the removal of Salmonella （12-18 × 10^8±0.02 to 0-4 × 10^3 ＋ 0.05 CFU/g）, Shigella （14-23 × 10^8 ± 0.04 to 0-4 × 10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Escherichia （4-16 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-4 × 10^2 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Mycobacterium （3-16 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-3 × 10^2 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Streptococcus （6-16 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-4 × 10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g） during stabilization of industrial organics. Similarly, reduction in pathogens Salmonella （12-19 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-8 ×10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Shigella （7-20× 10^8 ± 0.04 to 0-2 ×10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Escherichia （2-20 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0.0-2 × 10^3 ± 0.05）, Mycobacterium （1-8 × 10^8 ±0.05 to 0.0-5 × 10^2 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Streptococcus （8-18 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-7 × 10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g） in castings of industrial organics indicates the selective nature of feeding of worm. This amply demonstrates that these pathogens have been eliminated as they entered in food chain of worms. However, it may not be possible to remove pathogens completely, but at least worms change the ＂microbial make-up＂ of industrial organics to make it harmless to the soil and enable its use as a nutritive organic fertilizer.
文摘Breast cancer(BC)is the most prevalent cancer in women globally.Anti-cancer advancements have enabled the killing of BC cells through various therapies;however,cancer relapse is still a major limitation and decreases patient survival and quality of life.Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT)is responsible for tumor relapse in several cancers,This highly regulated event causes phenotypic,genetic,and epigenetic changes in the tumor microenvironment(TME).This review summarizes the recent advancements regarding EMT using dedifferentiation and partial EMT theories.We extensively review the mechanistic pathways,TME components,and various anti-cancer adjuvant and neo-adjuvant therapies responsible for triggering EMT in BC tumors.
基金funded by the CSIR-FIRST(MLP211732)SAMMARTH(HCP-55).
文摘Gallium nitride(GaN)nanostructures are highly promising for photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting due to their excellent electron mobility,chemical stability,and large surface area.However,the wide bandgap(~3.4 eV)of GaN limits its ability to absorb a broad spectrum of solar radiation,restricting its PEC performance.To address this limitation,MoS_(2)/GaN nanorods(NRs)heterostructures for enhanced PEC applications were fabricated on thin tungsten foil using a combination of atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition(CVD)and laser molecular beam epitaxy(LMBE).The Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed the hexagonal phase of GaN and MoS_(2).X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy examined the electronic states of the GaN and MoS_(2).PEC measurements revealed that the MoS_(2)-decorated GaN NRs exhibited a photocurrent density of approximately172μA/cm_(2),nearly 2.5-fold compared to bare GaN NRs(~70μA/cm_(2)).The increased photocurrent density is ascribed to the Type II band alignment between MoS_(2)and GaN,which promotes effective charge separation,the decrease in charge transfer resistance,and the increase in active sites.The findings of this work underscore that the CVD and LMBE technique fabricated MoS_(2)/GaN heterostructures on W metal foil substrate can provide the vital strategy to raise the PEC efficiency toward solar water splitting.
基金funding support by the Department of Pharmaceuticals(DoP),Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers,Govt.of India to“Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab”(PITRL),National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research(NIPER),Hyderabad,INDIA.
文摘Cancer is one of the most complex diseases and the second leading cause of mortality worldwide.Due to its poor prognosis and challenges in diagnosis,eradicating cancer remains highly difficult.The limitations associated with conventional therapies have led to the emergence of copious therapeutic strategies such as chemotherapy,phototherapy,starvation therapy,radiotherapy and immunotherapy;however,limited therapeutic efficacy,poor tumor cell selectivity and substantial adverse effects remain significant concern.Attributed to the expeditious advancement of nanotechnology,the amalgamation of nanomaterials with therapeutic approaches provides an opportunity to address the shortcomings of conventional chemotherapy.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),which consist of bridging ligands and ions/clusters connected by coordination bonds,have been widely used in cancer therapy to address the limitations of currently therapeutic interventions,such as poor efficacy,low stability and severe side effects.This potential arises from their tuneable porosities,high specific surface area-to-volume ratio,tailorable diameters,tractable morphologies,variegated compositions,biocompatibility and facile functionalization.We summarized the role of MOF-based nanoplatforms along with mechanistic insights into emerging avenues-such as cuproptosis,ferroptosis,cell-penetrating and biomimetic MOFs,and tumor microenvironment-responsive MOFs-alongside recent advancements in mono-and multifunctional cancer therapeutics.Theragnostic and imaging functionalities,as well as regulatory considerations and future prospects of MOF-based nanoplatforms utilized in cancer treatment,are also discussed.
基金This work was supported by National Institute of Health grants R00HL12076,R01HL143967, and R01HL142629 to P.D.NIH grants R01 HL124021, HL 122596, HL138437, and UH2/UH3 TR002073+6 种基金and the American Heart Association EstablishedInvestigator Award 18EIA33900027 to S.Y.C.the AHA Transformational Project Award(19TPA34910142), AHA Innovative Project Award (19IPLOI34760566) and ALAInnovation Project Award (IA-629694) to P.D.the VMI PostdcKtoral Training Programin Translational Research and Entrepreneurship in Pulmonary and Vascular BiologyT32 funded by the National, Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) to J.F.the AHApostdoctoral fellowship award 20POST35210088 to S.B.V.the American HeartAssociation Grant 19CDA34730030 to R.K.NIH Grants and R01HL135872 to B.B.G.We thank the NIH-supported microscopy resources at the Center for Biologic Imaging(NIH grant 1 SI 0OD019973-01).
文摘Myeloid cells,such as neutrophils,are produced in the bone marrow in high quantities and are important in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension(PH).Although neutrophil recruitment into sites of inflammation has been well studied,the mechanisms of neutrophil egress from the bone marrow are not well understood.Using computational flow cytometry,we observed increased neutrophils in the lungs of patients and mice with PH.Moreover,we found elevated levels of IL-6 in the blood and lungs of patients and mice with PH.We observed that transgenic mice overexpressing Il-6 in the lungs displayed elevated neutrophil egress from the bone marrow and exaggerated neutrophil recruitment to the lungs,resulting in exacerbated pulmonary vascular remodeling,and dysfunctional hemodynamics.Mechanistically,we found that IL-6-induced neutrophil egress from the bone marrow was dependent on interferon regulatory factor 4(IRF-4)-mediated CX3CR1 expression in neutrophils.Consequently,Cx3cr1 genetic deficiency in hematopoietic cells in Il-6-transgenic mice significantly reduced neutrophil egress from bone marrow and decreased neutrophil counts in the lungs,thus ameliorating pulmonary remodeling and hemodynamics.In summary,these findings define a novel mechanism of IL-6-induced neutrophil egress from the bone marrow and reveal a new therapeutic target to curtail neutrophil-mediated inflammation in pulmonary vascular disease.
基金This work was supported by the Fujian Province Health Education Joint Project(No.2019-WJ-16)the Fujian Province Health Technology Project(No.2020CXA040).
文摘Background and Aims:Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)is a newly proposed terminology from 2020;yet,the applicability of conventional noninvasive fi-brosis models is still unknown for it.We aimed to evaluate the performance of conventional noninvasive fibrosis scores in MAFLD.Methods:The NHANES 2017-2018 datasets were used to compare the performances of different non-invasive fibrosis scores in MAFLD,including the aspartate aminotransferase(AST)to platelet ratio index(APRI),body mass index(BMI)-AST/alanine aminotransferase(ALT)ratio and diabetes score(BARD),fibrosis-4 index(FIB-4),and NAFLD fibrosis score(NFS).Moreover,Asian patients with biopsy-proven MAFLD were enrolled to further validate the findings.Results:A total of 2,622 participants in the Na-tional Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)cohort and 293 patients with MAFLD in the Asian cohort were included.Patients in the Asian cohort had a lower BMI and higher liver enzymes(p<0.001).The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUROC)of NFS was the largest in the NHANES cohort and Asian cohorts(0.679 and 0.699,respectively).The AUROC of NFS was followed by APRI,FIB-4,and BARD in the NHANES cohort(0.616,0.601,and 0.589,respectively).In the Asian cohort,the AUROC of APRI,FIB-4,and BARD for predicting advanced fibrosis were 0.625,0.683,and 0.615,respectively.The performance of FIB-4 was better in the Asian cohort than that in the NHANES cohort.Conclusions:NFS is better for predicting advanced fibrosis in MAFLD.FIB-4 can be an al-ternative choice for MAFLD with high liver enzymes when NFS is unavailable.Novel efficient noninvasive fibrosis scor-ing systems are highly required for patients with MAFLD.
文摘We have synthesized and characterized a new electroluminescent material, [8-hydroxyquinoline] bis[2,2＇bipyridine] aluminum. A solution of this material Al（Bpy）2q in toluene showed absorption maxima at 380 nm,which was attributed to the moderate energy（ π–π＊） transitions of the aromatic rings. The photoluminescence spectrum of Al（Bpy）_2q in the toluene solution showed a peak at 518 nm. This material shows thermal stability up to300 ℃. The structure of the device is ITO/F4-TCNQ（1 nm）/α-NPD（35 nm）/Al（Bpy）2q（35 nm）/ BCP（6 nm）/Alq3（28 nm）/Li F（1 nm）/Al（150 nm）. This device exhibited a luminescence peak at 515 nm（CIE coordinates, xD0.32,yD0.49）. The maximum luminescence of the device was 214 cd/m^2 at 21 V. The maximum current efficiency of OLED was 0.12 cd/A at 13 V and the maximum power efficiency was 0.03 lm/W at 10 V.
文摘A new electroluminescent material tris- [5-choloro-8-hydroxyquinoline] aluminum has been synthesized and characterized. Solution of this material AI（5-Clq）3 in toluene showed absorption maxima at 385 nm which was attributed to the moderate energy （π-π＊） transitions of the aromatic rings. The photoluminescence spectrum of AI（5-Clq）3 in toluene solution showed a peak at 522 nm. This material shows thermal stability up to 400 ℃. The structure of the device is ITO/0.4 wt%F4-TCNQ doped α-NPD （35 nm） / AI（5-Clq）3 （30 nm） / BCP （6 nm）/ Alq3 （30 nm） / LiF （1 nm） / A1 （150 nm）. This device exhibited a luminescence peak at 585 nm （CIE coordinates, x = 0.39, y = 0.50）. The maximum luminescence of the device was 920 Cd/m2 at 25 V. The maximum current efficiency of OLED was 0.27 Cd/A at 20 V and maximum power efficiency was 0.04 lm/W at 18 V.
