Objective To evaluate the protective efficacy of gossypin （3,3＇,4＇,5,7,8-hexahydroxyflavone 8-glucoside） by administering it intraperitoneally, for dose, time, and vehicle dependent effects against sulphur mustard...Objective To evaluate the protective efficacy of gossypin （3,3＇,4＇,5,7,8-hexahydroxyflavone 8-glucoside） by administering it intraperitoneally, for dose, time, and vehicle dependent effects against sulphur mustard （SM）, administered through percutaneous route in mice. Methods SM （diluted in PEG-300） was administered percutaneously. The protective efficacy of gossypin was evaluated by administering it intraperitoneally （50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg）, in various vehicles （water, PEG-300 and DMSO）, and time intervals （30 min prior, simultaneous and 2 h post）. The time dependent protection of gossypin （200 mg/kg in PEG-300; i.p.） was also evaluated using selected biochemical variables （GSH, GSSG, MDA, total antioxidant status, Hb, WBC count, RBC count, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase） and liver histology. The protection of gossypin by oral route was also evaluated against percutaneously administered SM. Results The protection against systemic toxicity of SM （LD50 8.1 mg/kg） was better when gossypin was given with PEG-300 （8.0 folds） than DMSO （5.7 folds）. No protection was observed when gossypin was administered with water. Good protection （8.0 folds） was observed when gossypin was administered （200 mg/kg in PEG-300; i.p.） at 30 min prior or simultaneous to SM exposure, but no protection was observed when gossypin was administered 2 h post to SM exposure. A significant weight loss was observed 7 days after SM administration （2 LD50）, with a significant increase in RBC and Hb. A significant decrease in total antioxidant status of plasma, liver GSH and GSSG levels, and in the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase was also observed 7 days after SM administration. SM treated mouse liver also showed necrosis. A significant protection was observed when gossypin （200 mg/kg in PEG-300; i.p.） was administered either as a pretreatment （30 min before） or simultaneous treatment, and not as a post treatment （2 h）. The protective efficacy of gossypin was better through oral route when administered with DMSO （4.8 folds） than with PEG-300 （2.4 folds）. No protection was observed when gossypin was administered orally with water. Conclusion Percutaneous administration of SM induces oxidative stress and gossypin can protect it as a prophylactic agent by intraperitoneal or oral routes.展开更多
Sulphur mustard [bis(2 chloro ethyl) sulfide] (SM), a bifunctional alkylating agent has been frequently used as a chemical warfare agent. In the present study, the effects of sodium 2 3 dimercaptopropane sulphonic ...Sulphur mustard [bis(2 chloro ethyl) sulfide] (SM), a bifunctional alkylating agent has been frequently used as a chemical warfare agent. In the present study, the effects of sodium 2 3 dimercaptopropane sulphonic acid (DMPS) on some biochemical and histological parameters in mice, exposed to 1/4LC 50 concentration of SM vapor (10.5 mg/m\+3) were examined over a period of seven days. Exposure of SM resulted in a significant loss of blood, hepatic and pulmonary glutathione (GSH) and an elevation of hepatic and pulmonary oxidized glutathione (GSSG). These biochemical changes were accompanied by a number of histopathological alterations. The most prominent was congestion and degeneration in viscera and obliteration of chromatin material. These biochemical and histopathological changes were less marked in animals pre administered with DMPS followed by DMPS exposure indicating some protective value of the thiol (DMPS) against SM induced oxidative injury in mice.展开更多
Calcium hydroxyapatite （Ca10（PO4）6（OH）2） has been synthesized in short duration by rapid solution combustion by employing different fuels. Calcium nitrate was taken as source of calcium and diammonium hydrogen p...Calcium hydroxyapatite （Ca10（PO4）6（OH）2） has been synthesized in short duration by rapid solution combustion by employing different fuels. Calcium nitrate was taken as source of calcium and diammonium hydrogen phosphate served as the source of phosphate ions. Citric acid, tartaric acid, sucrose, glycine and urea were used as the fuels and nitrate ions and nitric acid were used as oxidizers. The influence of fuels on the morphology of the phase formed was studied. Results of the studies by powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed the formation of hydroxyapatite as a major phase for all the fuels. The thermal analysis of the decomposed precursor showed variation in heat content for different fuels. Scanning electron microscopy showed different morphologies of the products obtained by different fuels. Chemical analyses to determine the Ca：P atomic ratio in synthesized ceramics showed that the ratio was 1：1.66.展开更多
Antagonising effects of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) could be attributed to complexing of the reactive nucleophile (CN-) to form cyanohydrin in cyanide intoxication. However, an enormous protection obtained could not be d...Antagonising effects of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) could be attributed to complexing of the reactive nucleophile (CN-) to form cyanohydrin in cyanide intoxication. However, an enormous protection obtained could not be delineated on account of possible in situ binding of α-KG given intraperitoneally (i.p.) in mice to cyanide administered through the same route. The present study was designed to see the efficacy of a-KG alone or in combination with sodium nitrite (SN) and/or sodium thiosulfate (STS) in male mice exposed to cyanide administered through subcutaneous (s.c.) or inhalation route. A technique for generation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is also discussed. On the basis of protection index (PI), defined here as the LD50 of cyanide in protected mice/LD50 of cyanide in unprotected mice and survival time, STS + α-KG regimen was equipotent to the conventional SN + STS regimen. This is further substantiated by effect of α-KG in reducing plasma cyanide levels. The efficacy of α-KG remains undeterred irrespective of the route of cyanide intoxication, while the magnitude of protection varies.展开更多
The effects of atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime were studied for their ability to block the pathological lesions induced by sarin. Rats were exposed to an aerosol of sarin at a concentration of 51.2mg-m for 15 min f...The effects of atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime were studied for their ability to block the pathological lesions induced by sarin. Rats were exposed to an aerosol of sarin at a concentration of 51.2mg-m for 15 min following the pretreatment with one of the following combinations: atropine (10 mg/kg, i.m.) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, i.m.); atropine and pralidoxime (25 mg/kg, i.m.); diazepam and pralidoxime; atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime. Lung exposed to sarin aerosols revealed an increased cellular proliferation with progressive diffused interstitial thickening on the 4th day following exposure. On the 16th day, loss of alveolar space and consolidation of large areas of all lobes were observed. Sarin also caused damage to the respiratory bronchioles. All the therapy regime blocked the development of lung lesions in the descending orders: atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime, atropine and diazepam > diazepam and pralidoxime > atropine and pralidoxime. The result suggests that diazepam in combination with atropine and pralidoxime could be an effective drug combination regime for the lung lesions.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the acute toxicity of 2-deoxy-D-glucose （2DG） by oral （p.o.） and intravenous （i.v.） routes, and also the cardio-respiratory effects following high doses of 2DG in animal models. Methods The...Objective To evaluate the acute toxicity of 2-deoxy-D-glucose （2DG） by oral （p.o.） and intravenous （i.v.） routes, and also the cardio-respiratory effects following high doses of 2DG in animal models. Methods The LD50 of 2DG （in water） was determined in rats and mice by p.o. route and in mice by i.v. route. The effect of 2-DG （250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg, i.v.） was studied on various cardio-respiratory parameters viz., mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate in anaesthetised rats. The effect of 2DG （500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg, p.o.） was also studied on various respiratory parameters viz., respiratory rate and tidal volume in conscious rats and mice using a computer program. Results The p.o. LD50 of 2DG was found to be 〉8000 mg/kg in mice and rats, and at this dose no death was observed. The LD50 in mice by i.v. route was found to be 8000 mg/kg. At this dose 2 out of 4 mice died and the death occurred within 6 h. A significant increase in the body weight was observed after p.o. administration of 2DG in rats at 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg doses. There was no significant change in the body weight at 4000 mg/kg and 8000 mg/kg by the p.o. route in rats and up to 8000 mg/kg by p.o. as well as i.v. routes in mice. Intravenous administration of 2DG （250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg） in anaesthetised rats showed a time-dependent decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure. There was no change in the heart rate in any of the treatment groups. The tidal volume was not changed significantly by p.o administration in conscious rats, but a significant decrease in the respiratory frequency at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg doses was observed. In the mice also there was no change in the tidal volume after p.o, administration, but the respiratory frequency decreased significantly at 2000 mg/kg dose. Conclusion 2DG is a safe compound but can cause a fall in the blood pressure and a decrease in respiratory frequency at high doses.展开更多
Kombucha tea (KT) is a popular health beverage and is used as an alternative therapy. KT is prepared by placing the kombucha culture in solution of tea and sugar and allowing to ferment. The inoculum is a fungus consi...Kombucha tea (KT) is a popular health beverage and is used as an alternative therapy. KT is prepared by placing the kombucha culture in solution of tea and sugar and allowing to ferment. The inoculum is a fungus consisting of symbiotic colony of yeast and bacteria. KT is consumed in several countries and is believed to have prophylactic and therapeutic benefits in a wide variety of ailments, viz., intestinal disorders, arthritis, ageing and stimulation of immunological system. Though KT is used in several parts of the world its beneficial effects and adverse effects have not been scientifically evaluated. Since there are no animal toxicological data on KT, subacute oral toxicity study was carried out. Five groups of rats were maintained: (a) control group given tap water orally, (b) KT given 2 ml/kg orally, (c) plain tea (PT) given 2 ml/kg orally, (d) KT given in drinking water, 1% (v/v) and (e) PT given in drinking water, 1% (v/v). The rats were given this treatment daily for a period of 90 days. Weekly records of weight, feed intake, water intake and general behaviour were monitored. There was no significant difference in the growth of the animals as evidenced by the progressive body weight change. The organ to body weight ratio and histological evaluation did not show any toxic signs. The haematological and biochemical variables were within the clinical limits. The study indicates that rats fed KT for 90 days showed no toxic effects.展开更多
文摘Objective To evaluate the protective efficacy of gossypin （3,3＇,4＇,5,7,8-hexahydroxyflavone 8-glucoside） by administering it intraperitoneally, for dose, time, and vehicle dependent effects against sulphur mustard （SM）, administered through percutaneous route in mice. Methods SM （diluted in PEG-300） was administered percutaneously. The protective efficacy of gossypin was evaluated by administering it intraperitoneally （50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg）, in various vehicles （water, PEG-300 and DMSO）, and time intervals （30 min prior, simultaneous and 2 h post）. The time dependent protection of gossypin （200 mg/kg in PEG-300; i.p.） was also evaluated using selected biochemical variables （GSH, GSSG, MDA, total antioxidant status, Hb, WBC count, RBC count, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase） and liver histology. The protection of gossypin by oral route was also evaluated against percutaneously administered SM. Results The protection against systemic toxicity of SM （LD50 8.1 mg/kg） was better when gossypin was given with PEG-300 （8.0 folds） than DMSO （5.7 folds）. No protection was observed when gossypin was administered with water. Good protection （8.0 folds） was observed when gossypin was administered （200 mg/kg in PEG-300; i.p.） at 30 min prior or simultaneous to SM exposure, but no protection was observed when gossypin was administered 2 h post to SM exposure. A significant weight loss was observed 7 days after SM administration （2 LD50）, with a significant increase in RBC and Hb. A significant decrease in total antioxidant status of plasma, liver GSH and GSSG levels, and in the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase was also observed 7 days after SM administration. SM treated mouse liver also showed necrosis. A significant protection was observed when gossypin （200 mg/kg in PEG-300; i.p.） was administered either as a pretreatment （30 min before） or simultaneous treatment, and not as a post treatment （2 h）. The protective efficacy of gossypin was better through oral route when administered with DMSO （4.8 folds） than with PEG-300 （2.4 folds）. No protection was observed when gossypin was administered orally with water. Conclusion Percutaneous administration of SM induces oxidative stress and gossypin can protect it as a prophylactic agent by intraperitoneal or oral routes.
文摘Sulphur mustard [bis(2 chloro ethyl) sulfide] (SM), a bifunctional alkylating agent has been frequently used as a chemical warfare agent. In the present study, the effects of sodium 2 3 dimercaptopropane sulphonic acid (DMPS) on some biochemical and histological parameters in mice, exposed to 1/4LC 50 concentration of SM vapor (10.5 mg/m\+3) were examined over a period of seven days. Exposure of SM resulted in a significant loss of blood, hepatic and pulmonary glutathione (GSH) and an elevation of hepatic and pulmonary oxidized glutathione (GSSG). These biochemical changes were accompanied by a number of histopathological alterations. The most prominent was congestion and degeneration in viscera and obliteration of chromatin material. These biochemical and histopathological changes were less marked in animals pre administered with DMPS followed by DMPS exposure indicating some protective value of the thiol (DMPS) against SM induced oxidative injury in mice.
文摘Calcium hydroxyapatite （Ca10（PO4）6（OH）2） has been synthesized in short duration by rapid solution combustion by employing different fuels. Calcium nitrate was taken as source of calcium and diammonium hydrogen phosphate served as the source of phosphate ions. Citric acid, tartaric acid, sucrose, glycine and urea were used as the fuels and nitrate ions and nitric acid were used as oxidizers. The influence of fuels on the morphology of the phase formed was studied. Results of the studies by powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed the formation of hydroxyapatite as a major phase for all the fuels. The thermal analysis of the decomposed precursor showed variation in heat content for different fuels. Scanning electron microscopy showed different morphologies of the products obtained by different fuels. Chemical analyses to determine the Ca：P atomic ratio in synthesized ceramics showed that the ratio was 1：1.66.
文摘Antagonising effects of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) could be attributed to complexing of the reactive nucleophile (CN-) to form cyanohydrin in cyanide intoxication. However, an enormous protection obtained could not be delineated on account of possible in situ binding of α-KG given intraperitoneally (i.p.) in mice to cyanide administered through the same route. The present study was designed to see the efficacy of a-KG alone or in combination with sodium nitrite (SN) and/or sodium thiosulfate (STS) in male mice exposed to cyanide administered through subcutaneous (s.c.) or inhalation route. A technique for generation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is also discussed. On the basis of protection index (PI), defined here as the LD50 of cyanide in protected mice/LD50 of cyanide in unprotected mice and survival time, STS + α-KG regimen was equipotent to the conventional SN + STS regimen. This is further substantiated by effect of α-KG in reducing plasma cyanide levels. The efficacy of α-KG remains undeterred irrespective of the route of cyanide intoxication, while the magnitude of protection varies.
文摘The effects of atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime were studied for their ability to block the pathological lesions induced by sarin. Rats were exposed to an aerosol of sarin at a concentration of 51.2mg-m for 15 min following the pretreatment with one of the following combinations: atropine (10 mg/kg, i.m.) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, i.m.); atropine and pralidoxime (25 mg/kg, i.m.); diazepam and pralidoxime; atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime. Lung exposed to sarin aerosols revealed an increased cellular proliferation with progressive diffused interstitial thickening on the 4th day following exposure. On the 16th day, loss of alveolar space and consolidation of large areas of all lobes were observed. Sarin also caused damage to the respiratory bronchioles. All the therapy regime blocked the development of lung lesions in the descending orders: atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime, atropine and diazepam > diazepam and pralidoxime > atropine and pralidoxime. The result suggests that diazepam in combination with atropine and pralidoxime could be an effective drug combination regime for the lung lesions.
文摘Objective To evaluate the acute toxicity of 2-deoxy-D-glucose （2DG） by oral （p.o.） and intravenous （i.v.） routes, and also the cardio-respiratory effects following high doses of 2DG in animal models. Methods The LD50 of 2DG （in water） was determined in rats and mice by p.o. route and in mice by i.v. route. The effect of 2-DG （250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg, i.v.） was studied on various cardio-respiratory parameters viz., mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate in anaesthetised rats. The effect of 2DG （500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg, p.o.） was also studied on various respiratory parameters viz., respiratory rate and tidal volume in conscious rats and mice using a computer program. Results The p.o. LD50 of 2DG was found to be 〉8000 mg/kg in mice and rats, and at this dose no death was observed. The LD50 in mice by i.v. route was found to be 8000 mg/kg. At this dose 2 out of 4 mice died and the death occurred within 6 h. A significant increase in the body weight was observed after p.o. administration of 2DG in rats at 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg doses. There was no significant change in the body weight at 4000 mg/kg and 8000 mg/kg by the p.o. route in rats and up to 8000 mg/kg by p.o. as well as i.v. routes in mice. Intravenous administration of 2DG （250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg） in anaesthetised rats showed a time-dependent decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure. There was no change in the heart rate in any of the treatment groups. The tidal volume was not changed significantly by p.o administration in conscious rats, but a significant decrease in the respiratory frequency at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg doses was observed. In the mice also there was no change in the tidal volume after p.o, administration, but the respiratory frequency decreased significantly at 2000 mg/kg dose. Conclusion 2DG is a safe compound but can cause a fall in the blood pressure and a decrease in respiratory frequency at high doses.
文摘Kombucha tea (KT) is a popular health beverage and is used as an alternative therapy. KT is prepared by placing the kombucha culture in solution of tea and sugar and allowing to ferment. The inoculum is a fungus consisting of symbiotic colony of yeast and bacteria. KT is consumed in several countries and is believed to have prophylactic and therapeutic benefits in a wide variety of ailments, viz., intestinal disorders, arthritis, ageing and stimulation of immunological system. Though KT is used in several parts of the world its beneficial effects and adverse effects have not been scientifically evaluated. Since there are no animal toxicological data on KT, subacute oral toxicity study was carried out. Five groups of rats were maintained: (a) control group given tap water orally, (b) KT given 2 ml/kg orally, (c) plain tea (PT) given 2 ml/kg orally, (d) KT given in drinking water, 1% (v/v) and (e) PT given in drinking water, 1% (v/v). The rats were given this treatment daily for a period of 90 days. Weekly records of weight, feed intake, water intake and general behaviour were monitored. There was no significant difference in the growth of the animals as evidenced by the progressive body weight change. The organ to body weight ratio and histological evaluation did not show any toxic signs. The haematological and biochemical variables were within the clinical limits. The study indicates that rats fed KT for 90 days showed no toxic effects.
