After a systematic review of 38 current intelligent city evaluation systems （ICESs） from around the world, this research analyzes the secondary and tertiary indicators of these 38 ICESs from the perspec- tives of sc...After a systematic review of 38 current intelligent city evaluation systems （ICESs） from around the world, this research analyzes the secondary and tertiary indicators of these 38 ICESs from the perspec- tives of scale structuring, approaches and indicator selection, and determines their common base. From this base, the fundamentals of the City Intelligence Quotient （City IOD Evaluation System are developed and five dimensions are selected after a clustering analysis. The basic version, City IQ Evaluation System 1.0, involves 275 experts from 14 high-end research institutions, which include the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Science and Engineering （Germany）, the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, the Planning Management Center of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China, and the Development Research Center of the State Council of China. City IQ Evaluation System 2.0 is further developed, with improvements in its universality, openness, and dy- namic adjustment capability. After employing deviation evaluation methods in the IQ assessment, City IQ Evaluation System 3.0 was conceived. The research team has conducted a repeated assessment of 41 intelligent cities around the world using City IQ Evaluation System 3.0. The results have proved that the City IQ Evaluation System, developed on the basis of intelligent life, features more rational indicators selected from data sources that can offer better universality, openness, and dynamics, and is more sen- sitive and precise.展开更多
Constructing heterostructures with favorable catalytic activities is crucial for improving the seawater electrolysis.Herein,we report a strongly coupled Pt-W_(2)N heterostructure embedded within porous conductive carb...Constructing heterostructures with favorable catalytic activities is crucial for improving the seawater electrolysis.Herein,we report a strongly coupled Pt-W_(2)N heterostructure embedded within porous conductive carbon nanoflowers(Pt-W_(2)N@C)as a highly efficient and durable cathode electrocatalyst for seawater electrolysis.Through in situ Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis,we elucidate that the Pt-W_(2)N@C system leverages synergistic electronic interactions at the heterointerface to concurrently optimize the adsorption of H^(*)and OH^(*)intermediates while enhancing water dissociation kinetics.The optimized Pt-W_(2)N@C catalyst exhibits superior hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)performance across acidic,neutral,and alkaline electrolytes,achieving overpotentials of 1.2,7,and 32.2 mV,respectively,at 10 mA cm^(-2),significantly outperforming commercial 20 wt%Pt/C benchmarks.Notably,the Pt-W_(2)N@C catalyst exhibits exceptional performance in alkaline seawater electrolysis,achieving ultra-low HER overpotential(163.8 mV at 700 mA cm^(-2))alongside superior chloride tolerance and HER performance under 0.5–2.5 M NaCl.Remarkably,in a practical seawater electrolyzer(Pt-W_(2)N@C||NiFe-layered double hydroxide(LDH)),it requires only 1.992 V to drive 500 mA cm^(-2) while maintaining 95.8%activity retention over 80 h of continuous operation.These findings highlight the advantages of heterostructures and their cooperative effects in designing next-generation electrocatalysts for practical seawater electrolysis.展开更多
文摘After a systematic review of 38 current intelligent city evaluation systems （ICESs） from around the world, this research analyzes the secondary and tertiary indicators of these 38 ICESs from the perspec- tives of scale structuring, approaches and indicator selection, and determines their common base. From this base, the fundamentals of the City Intelligence Quotient （City IOD Evaluation System are developed and five dimensions are selected after a clustering analysis. The basic version, City IQ Evaluation System 1.0, involves 275 experts from 14 high-end research institutions, which include the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Science and Engineering （Germany）, the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, the Planning Management Center of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China, and the Development Research Center of the State Council of China. City IQ Evaluation System 2.0 is further developed, with improvements in its universality, openness, and dy- namic adjustment capability. After employing deviation evaluation methods in the IQ assessment, City IQ Evaluation System 3.0 was conceived. The research team has conducted a repeated assessment of 41 intelligent cities around the world using City IQ Evaluation System 3.0. The results have proved that the City IQ Evaluation System, developed on the basis of intelligent life, features more rational indicators selected from data sources that can offer better universality, openness, and dynamics, and is more sen- sitive and precise.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22171287)the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province (tsqn202103046)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024QB076)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (24CX07007A and 22CX01002A-1)。
文摘Constructing heterostructures with favorable catalytic activities is crucial for improving the seawater electrolysis.Herein,we report a strongly coupled Pt-W_(2)N heterostructure embedded within porous conductive carbon nanoflowers(Pt-W_(2)N@C)as a highly efficient and durable cathode electrocatalyst for seawater electrolysis.Through in situ Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis,we elucidate that the Pt-W_(2)N@C system leverages synergistic electronic interactions at the heterointerface to concurrently optimize the adsorption of H^(*)and OH^(*)intermediates while enhancing water dissociation kinetics.The optimized Pt-W_(2)N@C catalyst exhibits superior hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)performance across acidic,neutral,and alkaline electrolytes,achieving overpotentials of 1.2,7,and 32.2 mV,respectively,at 10 mA cm^(-2),significantly outperforming commercial 20 wt%Pt/C benchmarks.Notably,the Pt-W_(2)N@C catalyst exhibits exceptional performance in alkaline seawater electrolysis,achieving ultra-low HER overpotential(163.8 mV at 700 mA cm^(-2))alongside superior chloride tolerance and HER performance under 0.5–2.5 M NaCl.Remarkably,in a practical seawater electrolyzer(Pt-W_(2)N@C||NiFe-layered double hydroxide(LDH)),it requires only 1.992 V to drive 500 mA cm^(-2) while maintaining 95.8%activity retention over 80 h of continuous operation.These findings highlight the advantages of heterostructures and their cooperative effects in designing next-generation electrocatalysts for practical seawater electrolysis.
