Green reactions not only provide us chemical products without any pollution,but also offer us the viable technology to realize difficult tasks in normal conditions.Photo-,photoelectro-,and electrocatalytic reactions a...Green reactions not only provide us chemical products without any pollution,but also offer us the viable technology to realize difficult tasks in normal conditions.Photo-,photoelectro-,and electrocatalytic reactions are indeed powerful tools to help us to embrace bright future.Especially,some gas-involved reactions are extremely useful to change our life environments from energy systems to liquid fuels and cost-effective products,such as H2 evolution(H2 production),02 evolution/reduction,CO2 reduction,N2 reduction(or N2 fixation) reactions.We can provide fuel cells clean H2 for electric vehicles from H2 evolution reaction(HER),at the same time,we also need highly efficient 02 reduction reaction(ORR) in fuel cells for improving the reaction kinetics.Moreover,we can get the clean oxidant O2 from water through O2 evolution reaction(OER),and carry out some reactions without posing any pollution to reaction systems.Furthermore,we can translate the greenhouse gas CO2 into useful liquid fuels through CO2 reduction reaction(CRR).Last but not the least,we can get ammonia from N2 reduction reaction(NRR),which can decrease energy input compared to the traditional Hubble process.These reactions,such as HER,ORR,OER,CRR and NRR could be realized through solar-,photoelectro-and electro-assisted ways.For them,the catalysts used play crucial roles in determining the efficiency and kinds of products,so we should consider the efficiency of catalysts.However,the cost,synthetic methods of catalysts should also be considered.Nowadays,significant progress has been achieved,however,many challenges still exist,reaction systems,catalysts underlying mechanisms,and so on.As extremely active fields,we should pay attention to them.Under the background,it has motivated us to contribute with a roadmap on ’GasInvolved Photo-and Electro-Catalysis’.展开更多
Traditional treatments against advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)with high morbidity and mortality continue to be dissatisfactory.Given this situation,there is an urgent requirement for alternative modalities ...Traditional treatments against advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)with high morbidity and mortality continue to be dissatisfactory.Given this situation,there is an urgent requirement for alternative modalities that provide lower invasiveness,superior clinical effectiveness,and minimal adverse effects.The combination of photodynamic therapy(PDT)and immunotherapy gradually become a promising approach for high-grade malignant NSCLC.Nevertheless,owing to the absence of precise drug delivery techniques as well as the hypoxic and immunosuppressive characteristics of the tumor microenvironment(TME),the efficacy of this combination therapy approach is less than ideal.In this study,we construct a novel nanoplatform that indocyanine green(ICG),a photosensitizer,loads into hollow manganese dioxide(MnO2)nanospheres(NPs)(ICG@MnO2),and then encapsulated in PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies(anti-PD-L1)reprogrammed exosomes(named ICG@MnO2@Exo-anti-PD-L1),to effectively modulate the TME to oppose NSCLC by the synergy of PDT and immunotherapy modalities.The ICG@MnO2@Exo-anti-PD-L1 NPs are precisely delivered to the tumor sites by targeting specially PD-L1 highly expressed cancer cells to controllably release anti-PD-L1 in the acidic TME,thereby activating T cell response.Subsequently,upon endocytic uptake by cancer cells,MnO2 catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 to O2,thereby alleviating tumor hypoxia.Meanwhile,ICG further utilizes O2 to produce singlet oxygen(1O2)to kill tumor cells under 808 nm near-infrared(NIR)irradiation.Furthermore,a high level of intratumoral H2O2 reduces MnO2 to Mn2+,which remodels the immune microenvironment by polarizing macrophages from M2 to M1,further driving T cells.Taken together,the current study suggests that the ICG@MnO2@Exo-anti-PDL1 NPs could act as a novel drug delivery platform for achieving multimodal therapy in treating NSCLC.展开更多
All cells release extracellular vesicles(EVs)as part of their normal physiology.As one of the subtypes,exosomes(EXOs)have an average size range of approximately 40 nm e160 nm in diameter.Benefiting from their inherent...All cells release extracellular vesicles(EVs)as part of their normal physiology.As one of the subtypes,exosomes(EXOs)have an average size range of approximately 40 nm e160 nm in diameter.Benefiting from their inherent immunogenicity and biocompatibility,the utility of autologous EXOs has the potential for both disease diagnosis/treatment.EXOs are generally employed as“bioscaffolds”and the whole diagnostic and therapeutic effects are mainly ascribed to exogenous cargos on the EXOs,such as proteins,nucleic acids,and chemotherapeutic agents and fluorophores delivered into specific cells or tissues.Surface en-gineering of EXOs for cargo loadings is one of the prerequisites for EXO-mediated diagnosis/treatment.After revisiting EXO-mediated diagnosis/treatment,the most popular strategies to directly undertake loadings of exogenous cargos on EXOs include genetic and chemical en-gineering.Generally,genetically-engineered EXOs can be merely produced by living organisms and intrinsically face some drawbacks.However,chemical methodologies for engineered EXOs diversify cargos and extend the functions of EXOs in the diagnosis/treatment.In this review,we would like to elucidate different chemical advances on the molecular level of EXOs along with the critical design required for diagnosis/treatment.Besides,the prospects of chemical engineering on the EXOs were critically addressed.Nevertheless,the superiority of EXO-medi-ated diagnosis/treatment via chemical engineering remains a challenge in clinical translation and trials.Furthermore,more chemical crosslinking on the EXOs is expected to be explored.Despite substantial claims in the literature,there is currently no review to exclusively summa-rize the chemical engineering to EXOs for diagnosis/treatment.We envision chemical engi-neering of EXOs will encourage more scientists to explore more novel technologies for a wider range of biomedical applications and accelerate the successful translation of EXO-based drug“bioscaffolds”from bench to bedside.展开更多
基金The financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51772312, 21671197)
文摘Green reactions not only provide us chemical products without any pollution,but also offer us the viable technology to realize difficult tasks in normal conditions.Photo-,photoelectro-,and electrocatalytic reactions are indeed powerful tools to help us to embrace bright future.Especially,some gas-involved reactions are extremely useful to change our life environments from energy systems to liquid fuels and cost-effective products,such as H2 evolution(H2 production),02 evolution/reduction,CO2 reduction,N2 reduction(or N2 fixation) reactions.We can provide fuel cells clean H2 for electric vehicles from H2 evolution reaction(HER),at the same time,we also need highly efficient 02 reduction reaction(ORR) in fuel cells for improving the reaction kinetics.Moreover,we can get the clean oxidant O2 from water through O2 evolution reaction(OER),and carry out some reactions without posing any pollution to reaction systems.Furthermore,we can translate the greenhouse gas CO2 into useful liquid fuels through CO2 reduction reaction(CRR).Last but not the least,we can get ammonia from N2 reduction reaction(NRR),which can decrease energy input compared to the traditional Hubble process.These reactions,such as HER,ORR,OER,CRR and NRR could be realized through solar-,photoelectro-and electro-assisted ways.For them,the catalysts used play crucial roles in determining the efficiency and kinds of products,so we should consider the efficiency of catalysts.However,the cost,synthetic methods of catalysts should also be considered.Nowadays,significant progress has been achieved,however,many challenges still exist,reaction systems,catalysts underlying mechanisms,and so on.As extremely active fields,we should pay attention to them.Under the background,it has motivated us to contribute with a roadmap on ’GasInvolved Photo-and Electro-Catalysis’.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82203310 and No.81972023)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City(Grant No.CSTC2021jcyj-msxm0172 and CSTC2022nscq-msx0054)+2 种基金Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.KJQN202300478)Creative Research Group of CQ University(Grant No.CXQT21017)Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine from Chongqing Medical University.
文摘Traditional treatments against advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)with high morbidity and mortality continue to be dissatisfactory.Given this situation,there is an urgent requirement for alternative modalities that provide lower invasiveness,superior clinical effectiveness,and minimal adverse effects.The combination of photodynamic therapy(PDT)and immunotherapy gradually become a promising approach for high-grade malignant NSCLC.Nevertheless,owing to the absence of precise drug delivery techniques as well as the hypoxic and immunosuppressive characteristics of the tumor microenvironment(TME),the efficacy of this combination therapy approach is less than ideal.In this study,we construct a novel nanoplatform that indocyanine green(ICG),a photosensitizer,loads into hollow manganese dioxide(MnO2)nanospheres(NPs)(ICG@MnO2),and then encapsulated in PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies(anti-PD-L1)reprogrammed exosomes(named ICG@MnO2@Exo-anti-PD-L1),to effectively modulate the TME to oppose NSCLC by the synergy of PDT and immunotherapy modalities.The ICG@MnO2@Exo-anti-PD-L1 NPs are precisely delivered to the tumor sites by targeting specially PD-L1 highly expressed cancer cells to controllably release anti-PD-L1 in the acidic TME,thereby activating T cell response.Subsequently,upon endocytic uptake by cancer cells,MnO2 catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 to O2,thereby alleviating tumor hypoxia.Meanwhile,ICG further utilizes O2 to produce singlet oxygen(1O2)to kill tumor cells under 808 nm near-infrared(NIR)irradiation.Furthermore,a high level of intratumoral H2O2 reduces MnO2 to Mn2+,which remodels the immune microenvironment by polarizing macrophages from M2 to M1,further driving T cells.Taken together,the current study suggests that the ICG@MnO2@Exo-anti-PDL1 NPs could act as a novel drug delivery platform for achieving multimodal therapy in treating NSCLC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81972023)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City,China(No.cstc2021jcyj-msxm0172)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Education Commission of China(No.KJQN201900425)Creative Research Group of CQ University(China)(No.CXQT21017)the Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine from Chongqing Medical University(China).
文摘All cells release extracellular vesicles(EVs)as part of their normal physiology.As one of the subtypes,exosomes(EXOs)have an average size range of approximately 40 nm e160 nm in diameter.Benefiting from their inherent immunogenicity and biocompatibility,the utility of autologous EXOs has the potential for both disease diagnosis/treatment.EXOs are generally employed as“bioscaffolds”and the whole diagnostic and therapeutic effects are mainly ascribed to exogenous cargos on the EXOs,such as proteins,nucleic acids,and chemotherapeutic agents and fluorophores delivered into specific cells or tissues.Surface en-gineering of EXOs for cargo loadings is one of the prerequisites for EXO-mediated diagnosis/treatment.After revisiting EXO-mediated diagnosis/treatment,the most popular strategies to directly undertake loadings of exogenous cargos on EXOs include genetic and chemical en-gineering.Generally,genetically-engineered EXOs can be merely produced by living organisms and intrinsically face some drawbacks.However,chemical methodologies for engineered EXOs diversify cargos and extend the functions of EXOs in the diagnosis/treatment.In this review,we would like to elucidate different chemical advances on the molecular level of EXOs along with the critical design required for diagnosis/treatment.Besides,the prospects of chemical engineering on the EXOs were critically addressed.Nevertheless,the superiority of EXO-medi-ated diagnosis/treatment via chemical engineering remains a challenge in clinical translation and trials.Furthermore,more chemical crosslinking on the EXOs is expected to be explored.Despite substantial claims in the literature,there is currently no review to exclusively summa-rize the chemical engineering to EXOs for diagnosis/treatment.We envision chemical engi-neering of EXOs will encourage more scientists to explore more novel technologies for a wider range of biomedical applications and accelerate the successful translation of EXO-based drug“bioscaffolds”from bench to bedside.
