Solar-driven Fenton-like reactions are promising strategies for degrading pharmaceutical wastewater to address environmental challenges and antibiotic pollution.However,its efficacy is limited by suboptimal light abso...Solar-driven Fenton-like reactions are promising strategies for degrading pharmaceutical wastewater to address environmental challenges and antibiotic pollution.However,its efficacy is limited by suboptimal light absorption efficiency,rapid charge recombination,and inadequate interfacial charge transfer.In this study,an inorganic/organic S-scheme photo-Fenton system of pseudobrookite/carbon nitride(FTOCN)was synthesized via a hydrothermally coupled calcination process for the effective purification of tetracycline antibiotics under visible-light irradiation.The optimized FTOCN-2 heterostructure exhibits a significantly enhanced TC degradation capacity of 90%within 60 min.The rate constant of FTOCN-2 is 1.6 and 5.2 times greater than those of FTO and CN,respectively.Furthermore,FTOCN exhibits high antibacterial efficacy,highlighting its potential application in the purification of natural water.Measurements via a range of analytical techniques,including Kelvin probe force microscopy,density functional theory calculations,in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy,corroborate the S-scheme mechanism.This study provides a novel perspective for the development of photo-Fenton systems with S-scheme heterojunctions for water purification.展开更多
This study aims to identify the highly non-specific toxic by-products during ozonation of three cresols in wastewater.In ozonated effluents,biotoxicity increased along with increasing reaction time,followed by a gradu...This study aims to identify the highly non-specific toxic by-products during ozonation of three cresols in wastewater.In ozonated effluents,biotoxicity increased along with increasing reaction time,followed by a gradual decrease.The peak biotoxicity for ozonated o-cresol(o-C),m-cresol(m-C),and p-cresol(p-C)was estimated to be 17.4,14.8 and 5.5 times higher than that of untreated wastewater,respectively.A redox-directed approach with high-resolution mass spectrometry detection and toxicity prediction revealed that monomeric para-benzoquinones(p-BQs),hydroxylated p-BQs,and dimeric p-BQs in ozonated cresols were the primary contributors to the increased toxicity.Calculations based on density functional theory indicated formation pathways of p-BQs byproducts,e.g.,the formation of 2-methyl-p-benzoquinone was likely induced by ozone molecules rather than hydroxyl radicals in ozonated o-C and m-C,and the formation of p-BQs during ozonation of p-C was attributed to the oxidation of methyl group to carboxyl group and subsequent decarboxylation initiated by hydroxyl radicals.Electron paramagnetic resonance and spin density calculation showed that the presence of carbon-centered cresoxyl radicals was responsible for dimeric p-BQs formation.Collectively,these results underscore significant contribution of non-halogenated p-BQs to non-specific toxicity increase in ozonated effluents.展开更多
The experiment explored the Fe_(2)O_(3) reduction process with H_(2)/CO mixed gas and confirmed a promoting effect from CO when its volume proportion in mixed gas is 20% at 850℃.The ReaxFF molecular dynamics(MD)simul...The experiment explored the Fe_(2)O_(3) reduction process with H_(2)/CO mixed gas and confirmed a promoting effect from CO when its volume proportion in mixed gas is 20% at 850℃.The ReaxFF molecular dynamics(MD)simulation method was used to observe the reduction process and provide an atomic-level explanation.The accuracy of the parameters used in the simulation was verified by the density functional theory(DFT)calculation.The simulation shows that the initial reduction rate of H_(2) is much faster than that of CO(from 800 to 950℃).As the reduction proceeds,cementite,obtained after CO participates in the reduction at 850℃,will appear on the iron surface.Due to the active properties of C atoms in cementite,they are easy to further react with the O atoms in Fe_(2)O_(3).The generation of internal CO may destroy the dense structure of the surface layer,thereby affecting the overall reduction swelling of Fe_(2)O_(3).However,excess CO is detrimental to the reaction rate,mainly because of the poor thermodynamic conditions of CO in the temperature range and the molecular diffusion capacity is not as good as that of H_(2).Furthermore,the surface structures obtained after H_(2) and CO reduction have been compared,and it was found that the structure obtained by CO reduction has a larger surface area,thus promoting the sub sequent reaction of H_(2).展开更多
With digital coding technology,reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(RISs)become powerful real-time sys-tems for manipulating electromagnetic(EM)waves.However,most automatic RIS designs involve exten-sive numerical simu...With digital coding technology,reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(RISs)become powerful real-time sys-tems for manipulating electromagnetic(EM)waves.However,most automatic RIS designs involve exten-sive numerical simulations of the unit,including the passive pattern and active devices,requiring high data acquisition and training costs.In addition,for passive patterns,the widely employed random pixe-lated method presents design efficiency and effectiveness challenges due to the massive pixel combina-tions and blocked excitation current flow in discrete patterns.To overcome these two critical problems,we propose a versatile RIS design paradigm with efficient topology representation and a separate design architecture.First,a non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS)is introduced to represent continuous pat-terns and solve excitation current flow issues.This representation makes it possible to finely tune con-tinuous patterns with several control points,greatly reducing the pattern solution space by 20-fold and facilitating RIS optimization.Then,employing multiport network theory to separate the passive pat-tern and active device from the unit,the separate design architecture significantly reduces the dataset acquisition cost by 62.5%.Through multistep multiport calculation,the multistate EM responses of the RIS under different structural combinations can be quickly obtained with only one prediction of pattern response,thereby achieving dataset and model reuse for different RIS designs.With a hybrid continuous-discrete optimization algorithm,three examples—including two typical high-performance RISs and an ultra-wideband multilayer RIS—are provided to validate the superiority of our paradigm.Our work offers an efficient solution for RIS automatic design,and the resulting structure is expected to boost RIS appli-cations in the fields of wireless communication and sensing.展开更多
Null compensation interferometry is the primary testing method for the manufacture of ultra-high-precision aspheric mirrors.The crosstalk fringes generated by stray light in interferometry can affect accuracy and pote...Null compensation interferometry is the primary testing method for the manufacture of ultra-high-precision aspheric mirrors.The crosstalk fringes generated by stray light in interferometry can affect accuracy and potentially prevent the testing from proceeding normally.Position errors include the decenter error,tilt error,and distance error.During the testing process,position errors will impact the testing accuracy and the crosstalk fringes generated by stray light.To determine the specific impact of position errors,we use the concept of Hindle shell testing of a convex aspheric mirror,and propose the simulation method of crosstalk fringes in null compensation interferometry.We also propose evaluation indices of crosstalk fringes in interferometry and simulate the influence of position errors on the crosstalk fringes.This work aims to help improve the design of compensation interferometry schemes,enhance the feasibility of the design,reduce engineering risks,and improve efficiency.展开更多
Metasurfaces have drawn significant attentions due to their superior capability in tailoring electromagnetic waves with a wide frequency range,from microwave to visible light.Recently,programmable metasurfaces have de...Metasurfaces have drawn significant attentions due to their superior capability in tailoring electromagnetic waves with a wide frequency range,from microwave to visible light.Recently,programmable metasurfaces have demonstrated the ability of manipulating the amplitude or phase of electromagnetic waves in a programmable manner in real time,which renders them especially appealing in the applications of wireless communications.In this paper,we present the fundamental principle of applying programmable metasurface as transmitter for wireless communications.Then,we establish a prototype system of metasurface-based transmitter to conduct several experiments and measurements over the air,which practically demonstrate the feasibility of using programmable metasurfaces in future communication systems.By exploiting the dynamically controllable property of programmable metasurface,the design,implementation and experimental evaluation of the proposed metasurface-based wireless communication system are presented with the prototype,which realizes single carrier quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK)transmission over the air.In the developed prototype,the phase of the reflected electromagnetic wave of programma-ble metasurface is directly manipulated in real time according to the baseband control signal,which achieves 2.048 Mbps data transfer rate with video streaming transmission over the air.In addition,experimental result is provided to compare the performance of the proposed metasurface-based architecture against the conventional one.With the slight increase of the transmit power by 5 dB,the same bit error rate(BER)performance can be achieved as the conventional system in the absence of channel coding.Such a result is encouraging considering that the metasurface-based system has the advantages of low hardware cost and simple structure,thus leading to a promising new architecture for wireless communications.展开更多
Black spot disease in poplar is a disease of the leaf caused by fungus. The major pathogen is Marssonina brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanism of poplar （M. brunnea） in...Black spot disease in poplar is a disease of the leaf caused by fungus. The major pathogen is Marssonina brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanism of poplar （M. brunnea） interaction. In order to identify the proteins related to disease resistance and understand its molecular basis, the clone ＂NL895＂ （P. euramericana CL＂NL895＂）, which is highly resistant to M. brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi, was used in this study. We used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE） and mass spectrometry （MS） to identify the proteins in poplar leaves that were differentially expressed in response to black spot disease pathogen, M. brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi. Proteins extracted from poplar leaves at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after pathogen-inoculation were separated by 2-DE, About 500 reproducible protein spots were detected, of which 40 protein spots displayed differential expression in levels and were subjected to Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF MS） followed by database searching. According to the function, the identified proteins were sorted into five categories, that is, protein synthesis, metabolism, defense response and unclassified proteins.展开更多
Interference with quorum sensing(QS)represents an antivirulence strategy with a significant promise for the treatment of bacterial infections and a new approach to restoring antibiotic tolerance.Over the past two deca...Interference with quorum sensing(QS)represents an antivirulence strategy with a significant promise for the treatment of bacterial infections and a new approach to restoring antibiotic tolerance.Over the past two decades,a novel series of studies have reported that quorum quenching approaches and the discovery of quorum sensing inhibitors(QSIs)have a strong impact on the discovery of anti-infective drugs against various types of bacteria.The discovery of QSI was demonstrated to be an appropriate strategy to expand the anti-infective therapeutic approaches to complement classical antibiotics and antimicrobial agents.For the discovery of QSIs,diverse approaches exist and develop in-step with the scale of screening as well as specific QS systems.This review highlights the latest findings in strategies and methodologies for QSI screening,involving activity-based screening with bioassays,chemical methods to seek bacterial QS pathways for QSI discovery,virtual screening for QSI screening,and other potential tools for interpreting QS signaling,which are innovative routes for future efforts to discover additional QSIs to combat bacterial infections.展开更多
Inspired by the design philosophy of information metasurfaces based on the digital coding concept,a planar 4-bit reconfigurable antenna array with low profile of 0.15λ0(whereλ0is the free-space wavelength)is present...Inspired by the design philosophy of information metasurfaces based on the digital coding concept,a planar 4-bit reconfigurable antenna array with low profile of 0.15λ0(whereλ0is the free-space wavelength)is presented.The array is based on a digital coding radiation element consisting of a 1-bit magnetoelectric(ME)dipole and a miniaturized reflection-type phase shifter(RTPS).The proposed 1-bit ME dipole can provide two digital states of"0"and"1"(with 0°and 180°phase responses)over a wide frequency band by individually exciting its two symmetrical feeding ports.The designed RTPS is able to realize a relative phase shift of 173°.By digitally quantizing its phase in the range of 157.5°,additional eight digital states at intervals of 22.5°are obtained.To achieve low sidelobe levels,a 1:16 power divider based on the Taylor line source method is employed to feed the array,A prototype of the proposed 4-bit antenna array has been fabricated and tested,and the experimental results are in good agreement with the simulations.Scanning beams within a±45°range were measured with a maximum realized gain of 13.4 dBi at12 GHz.The sidelobe and cross-polarization levels are below-14.3 and-23.0 dB,respectively.Furthermore,the beam pointing error is within 0.8°,and the 3 dB gain bandwidth of the broadside beam is 25%.Due to its outstanding performance,the array holds potential for significant applications in radar and wireless communication systems.展开更多
Background Many countries have already banned the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry,making it extremely difficult to maintain animal health in livestock breeding.In the livestock industry,there is an urgent need ...Background Many countries have already banned the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry,making it extremely difficult to maintain animal health in livestock breeding.In the livestock industry,there is an urgent need to develop alternatives to antibiotics which will not lead to drug resistance on prolonged use.In this study,eighteen castrated bulls were randomly divided into two groups.The control group(CK)was fed the basal diet,while the antimicrobial peptide group(AP)was fed the basal diet supplemented with 8 g of antimicrobial peptides in the basal diet for the experimental period of 270 d.They were then slaughtered to measure production performance,and the ruminal contents were isolated for metagenomic and metabolome sequencing analysis.Result The results showed that antimicrobial peptides could improve the daily weight,carcass weight,and net meat weight of the experimental animals.Additionally,the rumen papillae diameter and the micropapillary density in the AP were significantly greater than those in the CK.Furthermore,the determination of digestive enzymes and fermentation parameters showed that the contents of protease,xylanase,andβ-glucoside in the AP were greater than those in the CK.However,lipase content in the CK was greater than that in the AP.Moreover,the content of acetate,propionate,butyrate,and valerate was found to be greater in AP than those in CK.The metagenomic analysis annotated 1993 differential microorganisms at the species level.The KEGG enrichment of these microorganisms revealed that the enrichment of drug resistance-related pathways was dramatically decreased in the AP,whereas the enrichment of immune-related pathways was significantly increased.There was also a significant reduction in the types of viruses in the AP.187 probiotics with significant differences were found,135 of which were higher in AP than in CK.It was also found that the antimicrobial mechanism of the antimicrobial peptides was quite specific.Seven low-abundance microorganisms(Acinetobactersp.Ac1271,Aequorivita soesokkakensis,Bacillus lacisalsi,Haloferax larsenii,Lysinibacillussp.3DF0063,Parabacteroidessp.217,Streptomycessp.So13.3)were found to regulate growth performance of the bull negatively.Metabolome analysis identified 45 differentially differential metabolites that significantly different between the CK and the AP groups.Seven upregulated metabolites(4-pyridoxic acid,Ala-Phe,3-ureidopropionate,hippuric acid,terephthalic acid,L-alanine,uridine 5-monophosphate)improve the growth performance of the experimental animals.To detect the interactions between the rumen microbiome and metabolism,we associated the rumen microbiome with the metabolome and found that negative regulation between the above 7 microorganisms and 7 metabolites.Conclusions This study shows that antimicrobial peptides can improve the growth performance of animals while resisting viruses and harmful bacteria and are expected to become healthy alternatives to antibiotics.We demonstrated a new antimicrobial peptides pharmacological model.We demonstrated low-abundance microorganisms may play a role by regulating the content of metabolites.展开更多
In current wireless communication and electronic systems,digital signals and electromagnetic(EM)radiation are processed by different modules.Here,we propose a mechanism to fuse the modulation of digital signals and th...In current wireless communication and electronic systems,digital signals and electromagnetic(EM)radiation are processed by different modules.Here,we propose a mechanism to fuse the modulation of digital signals and the manipulation of EM radiation on a single programmable metasurface(PM).The PM consists of massive subwavelength-scale digital coding elements.A set of digital states of all elements forms simultaneous digital information roles for modulation and the wave-control sequence code of the PM.By designing digital coding sequences in the spatial and temporal domains,the digital information and farfield patterns of the PM can be programmed simultaneously and instantly in desired ways.For the experimental demonstration of the mechanism,we present a programmable wireless communication system.The same system can realize transmissions of digital information in single-channel modes with beamsteerable capability and multichannel modes with multiple independent information.The measured results show the excellent performance of the programmable system.This work provides excellent prospects for applications in fifth-or sixth-generation wireless communications and modern intelligent platforms for unmanned aircrafts and vehicles.展开更多
The VirE2-interaction protein 1(VIP1)serves as a regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3(MPK3)-mediated stress gene modulation under biotic stress,which in turn activates the MPK3 pathway in Arabidopsis.The mo...The VirE2-interaction protein 1(VIP1)serves as a regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3(MPK3)-mediated stress gene modulation under biotic stress,which in turn activates the MPK3 pathway in Arabidopsis.The mode of action of the VIP1 protein in Populus in response to biotic stress remains unknown.In this study,we cloned the full-length cDNA of the PtVIP1 gene from Populus trichocarpa(accession number of GenBank:KY793105).The VIP1 protein harboured a conserved bZIP(basic leucine zipper)domain located in the C-terminus.The VIP1 subcellular localization assay indicated that the VIP1 protein was present in the cytoplasm and nucleus under normal conditions,and that an increase in the amount of the protein in the nucleus occurred after treatment with flg22,the elicitor-active epitope of flagellin which triggers the innate immune response in plants.Transgenic Populus plants overexpressing VIP1 genes(PtVIP1 of Populus;or AtVIP1 of Arabidopsis,as positive control)were generated to investigate the role of VIP1 in vivo.The expression of poplar pathogenesis-related protein 1(PR1)genes was upregulated in transgenic-PtVIP1 or AtVIP1 poplar plants.The transgenic poplar plants overexpressing PtVIP1 or AtVIP1 also showed enhanced resistance to Brenneria salicis infection.These results suggest that the VIP1 protein accumulates in the nucleus in response to biotic stress,and that the pathogen resistance of transgenic VIP1 poplar may be associated with the induced expression of PR1 genes in response to pathogen challenge.展开更多
The compression and creep characteristics of moraine soil are important mechanical properties of geomaterials to be analyzed during the construction process of engineering projects.However,related references about the...The compression and creep characteristics of moraine soil are important mechanical properties of geomaterials to be analyzed during the construction process of engineering projects.However,related references about these characteristics through large-size in-situ tests have rarely been reported.In this study,in-situ tests of particle size distribution,compression deformation,and compression creep were conducted at the Xingkang Bridge,West Sichuan,China.The results show that the uniformity coefficient of moraine soil ranges from 12.1 to 183.3,and gradation coefficient ranges from 0.4 to 2.8.The total compression deformations of moraine samples during the conventional compression deformation test are 4.70,4.07,and 0.47 mm,and their residual deformations are 2.81,2.45,and 0.22 mm,respectively.The deformation modulus ranges from 127.3 to 676.4 MPa,and elastic modulus ranges from 316.3 to 765.7 MPa.During compression creep tests,moraine soil enters the steady creep stage after 3.8 h of loading pressure at 445 k Pa,and it keeps steady after 14 h of loading pressure at 900 k Pa.The Burgers model and generalized Kelvin model predict the deformation well in transient,deceleration and steady creep stages.Results provide a valuable reference for the analysis of the compression deformation and creep behavior of moraine soil during engineering construction and management.展开更多
Loess soils are widely distributed worldwide and typical in northwest China,and excessive agricultural irrigation has caused landslides in the area,specifically in the Heifangtai loess region in Lanzhou,Gansu,China.Ge...Loess soils are widely distributed worldwide and typical in northwest China,and excessive agricultural irrigation has caused landslides in the area,specifically in the Heifangtai loess region in Lanzhou,Gansu,China.Geophysical exploration is an essential method in landslide engineering geological surveys,and geological surveying,drilling,geophysical prospecting,monitoring,and other methods are used for performing engineering geological evaluation and obtaining comprehensive basic data for landslide protection design and construction.The theoretical feasibility of using geophysical methods in loess landslide detection is essential.On the basis of the shallow geological structure of the Heifangtai landslide region in Lanzhou,Gansu,China,a typical geoelectric model of the magnetotelluric method was established,and the loess landslide area was modeled through a two-dimensional finite element method,forward numerical simulation,and engineering geological analysis.The distribution characteristics of the magnetotelluric field were determined.This is a typical application of the geological process analysis method in geophysical exploration.This study provides the typical stratigraphic structure and electrical characteristics of different groundwater distributions in Heifangtai,Gansu,China,verifies the accuracy of forward modeling and calculation results,and provides a detailed theoretical basis for landslide detection through magnetotelluric methods.Through the numerical simulation of the forward modeling of the Heifangtai landslide region in Lanzhou,Gansu,China,this study can provide a detailed geophysical basis for landslide investigation,corroborate results of geological investigation and landslide design,and facilitate the sustainable development of agriculture in Heifangtai.展开更多
文摘Solar-driven Fenton-like reactions are promising strategies for degrading pharmaceutical wastewater to address environmental challenges and antibiotic pollution.However,its efficacy is limited by suboptimal light absorption efficiency,rapid charge recombination,and inadequate interfacial charge transfer.In this study,an inorganic/organic S-scheme photo-Fenton system of pseudobrookite/carbon nitride(FTOCN)was synthesized via a hydrothermally coupled calcination process for the effective purification of tetracycline antibiotics under visible-light irradiation.The optimized FTOCN-2 heterostructure exhibits a significantly enhanced TC degradation capacity of 90%within 60 min.The rate constant of FTOCN-2 is 1.6 and 5.2 times greater than those of FTO and CN,respectively.Furthermore,FTOCN exhibits high antibacterial efficacy,highlighting its potential application in the purification of natural water.Measurements via a range of analytical techniques,including Kelvin probe force microscopy,density functional theory calculations,in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy,corroborate the S-scheme mechanism.This study provides a novel perspective for the development of photo-Fenton systems with S-scheme heterojunctions for water purification.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52270073 and 51708292)。
文摘This study aims to identify the highly non-specific toxic by-products during ozonation of three cresols in wastewater.In ozonated effluents,biotoxicity increased along with increasing reaction time,followed by a gradual decrease.The peak biotoxicity for ozonated o-cresol(o-C),m-cresol(m-C),and p-cresol(p-C)was estimated to be 17.4,14.8 and 5.5 times higher than that of untreated wastewater,respectively.A redox-directed approach with high-resolution mass spectrometry detection and toxicity prediction revealed that monomeric para-benzoquinones(p-BQs),hydroxylated p-BQs,and dimeric p-BQs in ozonated cresols were the primary contributors to the increased toxicity.Calculations based on density functional theory indicated formation pathways of p-BQs byproducts,e.g.,the formation of 2-methyl-p-benzoquinone was likely induced by ozone molecules rather than hydroxyl radicals in ozonated o-C and m-C,and the formation of p-BQs during ozonation of p-C was attributed to the oxidation of methyl group to carboxyl group and subsequent decarboxylation initiated by hydroxyl radicals.Electron paramagnetic resonance and spin density calculation showed that the presence of carbon-centered cresoxyl radicals was responsible for dimeric p-BQs formation.Collectively,these results underscore significant contribution of non-halogenated p-BQs to non-specific toxicity increase in ozonated effluents.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52204335 and 52374319)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.52174291)the Central Universities Foundation of China(No.06500170)。
文摘The experiment explored the Fe_(2)O_(3) reduction process with H_(2)/CO mixed gas and confirmed a promoting effect from CO when its volume proportion in mixed gas is 20% at 850℃.The ReaxFF molecular dynamics(MD)simulation method was used to observe the reduction process and provide an atomic-level explanation.The accuracy of the parameters used in the simulation was verified by the density functional theory(DFT)calculation.The simulation shows that the initial reduction rate of H_(2) is much faster than that of CO(from 800 to 950℃).As the reduction proceeds,cementite,obtained after CO participates in the reduction at 850℃,will appear on the iron surface.Due to the active properties of C atoms in cementite,they are easy to further react with the O atoms in Fe_(2)O_(3).The generation of internal CO may destroy the dense structure of the surface layer,thereby affecting the overall reduction swelling of Fe_(2)O_(3).However,excess CO is detrimental to the reaction rate,mainly because of the poor thermodynamic conditions of CO in the temperature range and the molecular diffusion capacity is not as good as that of H_(2).Furthermore,the surface structures obtained after H_(2) and CO reduction have been compared,and it was found that the structure obtained by CO reduction has a larger surface area,thus promoting the sub sequent reaction of H_(2).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3811502)the National Science Foundation of China(62225108)+5 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2242022k60003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62288101 and 62201139)the Jiangsu Province Frontier Leading Technology Basic Research Project(BK20212002)the Jiangsu Provincial Scientific Research Center of Applied Mathematics(BK20233002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2242024RCB0005 and 2242024K30009)the 111 Project(111-2-05).
文摘With digital coding technology,reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(RISs)become powerful real-time sys-tems for manipulating electromagnetic(EM)waves.However,most automatic RIS designs involve exten-sive numerical simulations of the unit,including the passive pattern and active devices,requiring high data acquisition and training costs.In addition,for passive patterns,the widely employed random pixe-lated method presents design efficiency and effectiveness challenges due to the massive pixel combina-tions and blocked excitation current flow in discrete patterns.To overcome these two critical problems,we propose a versatile RIS design paradigm with efficient topology representation and a separate design architecture.First,a non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS)is introduced to represent continuous pat-terns and solve excitation current flow issues.This representation makes it possible to finely tune con-tinuous patterns with several control points,greatly reducing the pattern solution space by 20-fold and facilitating RIS optimization.Then,employing multiport network theory to separate the passive pat-tern and active device from the unit,the separate design architecture significantly reduces the dataset acquisition cost by 62.5%.Through multistep multiport calculation,the multistate EM responses of the RIS under different structural combinations can be quickly obtained with only one prediction of pattern response,thereby achieving dataset and model reuse for different RIS designs.With a hybrid continuous-discrete optimization algorithm,three examples—including two typical high-performance RISs and an ultra-wideband multilayer RIS—are provided to validate the superiority of our paradigm.Our work offers an efficient solution for RIS automatic design,and the resulting structure is expected to boost RIS appli-cations in the fields of wireless communication and sensing.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3403404)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(2022213)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62127901 and 62305334).
文摘Null compensation interferometry is the primary testing method for the manufacture of ultra-high-precision aspheric mirrors.The crosstalk fringes generated by stray light in interferometry can affect accuracy and potentially prevent the testing from proceeding normally.Position errors include the decenter error,tilt error,and distance error.During the testing process,position errors will impact the testing accuracy and the crosstalk fringes generated by stray light.To determine the specific impact of position errors,we use the concept of Hindle shell testing of a convex aspheric mirror,and propose the simulation method of crosstalk fringes in null compensation interferometry.We also propose evaluation indices of crosstalk fringes in interferometry and simulate the influence of position errors on the crosstalk fringes.This work aims to help improve the design of compensation interferometry schemes,enhance the feasibility of the design,reduce engineering risks,and improve efficiency.
基金supported in part by the National Science Foundation(NSFC)for Distinguished Young Scholars of China with Grant 61625106the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61531011
文摘Metasurfaces have drawn significant attentions due to their superior capability in tailoring electromagnetic waves with a wide frequency range,from microwave to visible light.Recently,programmable metasurfaces have demonstrated the ability of manipulating the amplitude or phase of electromagnetic waves in a programmable manner in real time,which renders them especially appealing in the applications of wireless communications.In this paper,we present the fundamental principle of applying programmable metasurface as transmitter for wireless communications.Then,we establish a prototype system of metasurface-based transmitter to conduct several experiments and measurements over the air,which practically demonstrate the feasibility of using programmable metasurfaces in future communication systems.By exploiting the dynamically controllable property of programmable metasurface,the design,implementation and experimental evaluation of the proposed metasurface-based wireless communication system are presented with the prototype,which realizes single carrier quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK)transmission over the air.In the developed prototype,the phase of the reflected electromagnetic wave of programma-ble metasurface is directly manipulated in real time according to the baseband control signal,which achieves 2.048 Mbps data transfer rate with video streaming transmission over the air.In addition,experimental result is provided to compare the performance of the proposed metasurface-based architecture against the conventional one.With the slight increase of the transmit power by 5 dB,the same bit error rate(BER)performance can be achieved as the conventional system in the absence of channel coding.Such a result is encouraging considering that the metasurface-based system has the advantages of low hardware cost and simple structure,thus leading to a promising new architecture for wireless communications.
基金supported by the Construction S&T Project of Department of Transportation of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2023A02,No.2024A04,No.2020A01)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Grant No.2022YFG0141)+3 种基金the Research Project of Sichuan Highway Planning,Survey,Design,and Research Institute Ltd.(Grant No.KYXM2021000049,No.KYXM2022000038,No.KYXM202300056)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41630640)the National Science Foundation of Innovation Research Group(41521002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41790445).
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30230300）.
文摘Black spot disease in poplar is a disease of the leaf caused by fungus. The major pathogen is Marssonina brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanism of poplar （M. brunnea） interaction. In order to identify the proteins related to disease resistance and understand its molecular basis, the clone ＂NL895＂ （P. euramericana CL＂NL895＂）, which is highly resistant to M. brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi, was used in this study. We used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE） and mass spectrometry （MS） to identify the proteins in poplar leaves that were differentially expressed in response to black spot disease pathogen, M. brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi. Proteins extracted from poplar leaves at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after pathogen-inoculation were separated by 2-DE, About 500 reproducible protein spots were detected, of which 40 protein spots displayed differential expression in levels and were subjected to Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF MS） followed by database searching. According to the function, the identified proteins were sorted into five categories, that is, protein synthesis, metabolism, defense response and unclassified proteins.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.: 81803812)
文摘Interference with quorum sensing(QS)represents an antivirulence strategy with a significant promise for the treatment of bacterial infections and a new approach to restoring antibiotic tolerance.Over the past two decades,a novel series of studies have reported that quorum quenching approaches and the discovery of quorum sensing inhibitors(QSIs)have a strong impact on the discovery of anti-infective drugs against various types of bacteria.The discovery of QSI was demonstrated to be an appropriate strategy to expand the anti-infective therapeutic approaches to complement classical antibiotics and antimicrobial agents.For the discovery of QSIs,diverse approaches exist and develop in-step with the scale of screening as well as specific QS systems.This review highlights the latest findings in strategies and methodologies for QSI screening,involving activity-based screening with bioassays,chemical methods to seek bacterial QS pathways for QSI discovery,virtual screening for QSI screening,and other potential tools for interpreting QS signaling,which are innovative routes for future efforts to discover additional QSIs to combat bacterial infections.
基金supported by the Construction S&T Project of Department of Transportation of Sichuan Province (Grant No.2023A02,No.2024A04,No.2020A01)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (Grant No.2022YFG0141)+3 种基金the Research Project of Sichuan Highway Planning,Survey,Design,and Research Institute Ltd. (Grant No.KYXM2021000049,KYXM2022000038,No.KYXM2023000056)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41630640)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41790445)the National Science Foundation of Innovation Research Group (41521002)。
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0700201,2017YFA0700202,and 2017YFA0700203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61631007,61571117,61138001,61371035,61722106,61731010,11227904,and 62171124)+1 种基金the 111 Project(111-2-05)the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Southeast University(YBYP2119)。
文摘Inspired by the design philosophy of information metasurfaces based on the digital coding concept,a planar 4-bit reconfigurable antenna array with low profile of 0.15λ0(whereλ0is the free-space wavelength)is presented.The array is based on a digital coding radiation element consisting of a 1-bit magnetoelectric(ME)dipole and a miniaturized reflection-type phase shifter(RTPS).The proposed 1-bit ME dipole can provide two digital states of"0"and"1"(with 0°and 180°phase responses)over a wide frequency band by individually exciting its two symmetrical feeding ports.The designed RTPS is able to realize a relative phase shift of 173°.By digitally quantizing its phase in the range of 157.5°,additional eight digital states at intervals of 22.5°are obtained.To achieve low sidelobe levels,a 1:16 power divider based on the Taylor line source method is employed to feed the array,A prototype of the proposed 4-bit antenna array has been fabricated and tested,and the experimental results are in good agreement with the simulations.Scanning beams within a±45°range were measured with a maximum realized gain of 13.4 dBi at12 GHz.The sidelobe and cross-polarization levels are below-14.3 and-23.0 dB,respectively.Furthermore,the beam pointing error is within 0.8°,and the 3 dB gain bandwidth of the broadside beam is 25%.Due to its outstanding performance,the array holds potential for significant applications in radar and wireless communication systems.
基金financially supported by Research and application of corn straw forage and beef cattle high-efficiency and quality production technology (Provincial Education Science and Technology Innovation Project) (GSSYLXM-02)the Gansu beef cattle quality fattening project (GSAXMLZ-2021-01)+1 种基金the Application of Pingliang Red Bull Planting and Breeding Combined with High-efficiency Circular Production System Construction Technology Application (2020C-08)the local funding (GSSLCSX-2020-1)。
文摘Background Many countries have already banned the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry,making it extremely difficult to maintain animal health in livestock breeding.In the livestock industry,there is an urgent need to develop alternatives to antibiotics which will not lead to drug resistance on prolonged use.In this study,eighteen castrated bulls were randomly divided into two groups.The control group(CK)was fed the basal diet,while the antimicrobial peptide group(AP)was fed the basal diet supplemented with 8 g of antimicrobial peptides in the basal diet for the experimental period of 270 d.They were then slaughtered to measure production performance,and the ruminal contents were isolated for metagenomic and metabolome sequencing analysis.Result The results showed that antimicrobial peptides could improve the daily weight,carcass weight,and net meat weight of the experimental animals.Additionally,the rumen papillae diameter and the micropapillary density in the AP were significantly greater than those in the CK.Furthermore,the determination of digestive enzymes and fermentation parameters showed that the contents of protease,xylanase,andβ-glucoside in the AP were greater than those in the CK.However,lipase content in the CK was greater than that in the AP.Moreover,the content of acetate,propionate,butyrate,and valerate was found to be greater in AP than those in CK.The metagenomic analysis annotated 1993 differential microorganisms at the species level.The KEGG enrichment of these microorganisms revealed that the enrichment of drug resistance-related pathways was dramatically decreased in the AP,whereas the enrichment of immune-related pathways was significantly increased.There was also a significant reduction in the types of viruses in the AP.187 probiotics with significant differences were found,135 of which were higher in AP than in CK.It was also found that the antimicrobial mechanism of the antimicrobial peptides was quite specific.Seven low-abundance microorganisms(Acinetobactersp.Ac1271,Aequorivita soesokkakensis,Bacillus lacisalsi,Haloferax larsenii,Lysinibacillussp.3DF0063,Parabacteroidessp.217,Streptomycessp.So13.3)were found to regulate growth performance of the bull negatively.Metabolome analysis identified 45 differentially differential metabolites that significantly different between the CK and the AP groups.Seven upregulated metabolites(4-pyridoxic acid,Ala-Phe,3-ureidopropionate,hippuric acid,terephthalic acid,L-alanine,uridine 5-monophosphate)improve the growth performance of the experimental animals.To detect the interactions between the rumen microbiome and metabolism,we associated the rumen microbiome with the metabolome and found that negative regulation between the above 7 microorganisms and 7 metabolites.Conclusions This study shows that antimicrobial peptides can improve the growth performance of animals while resisting viruses and harmful bacteria and are expected to become healthy alternatives to antibiotics.We demonstrated a new antimicrobial peptides pharmacological model.We demonstrated low-abundance microorganisms may play a role by regulating the content of metabolites.
基金supported by the Fund for International Cooperation and Exchange of National Natural Science Foundation of China(61761136007)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0700201,2017YFA0700202,and 2017YFA0700203)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6217010363,61631007,61571117,61501112,61501117,61871109,61522106,61731010,61735010,61722106,61701107,and 61701108)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20211161)the 111 Project(111-2-05)ZhiShan Young Scholar Program of Southeast University.
文摘In current wireless communication and electronic systems,digital signals and electromagnetic(EM)radiation are processed by different modules.Here,we propose a mechanism to fuse the modulation of digital signals and the manipulation of EM radiation on a single programmable metasurface(PM).The PM consists of massive subwavelength-scale digital coding elements.A set of digital states of all elements forms simultaneous digital information roles for modulation and the wave-control sequence code of the PM.By designing digital coding sequences in the spatial and temporal domains,the digital information and farfield patterns of the PM can be programmed simultaneously and instantly in desired ways.For the experimental demonstration of the mechanism,we present a programmable wireless communication system.The same system can realize transmissions of digital information in single-channel modes with beamsteerable capability and multichannel modes with multiple independent information.The measured results show the excellent performance of the programmable system.This work provides excellent prospects for applications in fifth-or sixth-generation wireless communications and modern intelligent platforms for unmanned aircrafts and vehicles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31570639)the Distinguished Young Scholars Fund of Nanjing Forestry University,the Priority Academic Program Development of Nanjing Forestry University the Poplar Germplasm Nursery Project(Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilizations for Agricultural Germplasm)
文摘The VirE2-interaction protein 1(VIP1)serves as a regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3(MPK3)-mediated stress gene modulation under biotic stress,which in turn activates the MPK3 pathway in Arabidopsis.The mode of action of the VIP1 protein in Populus in response to biotic stress remains unknown.In this study,we cloned the full-length cDNA of the PtVIP1 gene from Populus trichocarpa(accession number of GenBank:KY793105).The VIP1 protein harboured a conserved bZIP(basic leucine zipper)domain located in the C-terminus.The VIP1 subcellular localization assay indicated that the VIP1 protein was present in the cytoplasm and nucleus under normal conditions,and that an increase in the amount of the protein in the nucleus occurred after treatment with flg22,the elicitor-active epitope of flagellin which triggers the innate immune response in plants.Transgenic Populus plants overexpressing VIP1 genes(PtVIP1 of Populus;or AtVIP1 of Arabidopsis,as positive control)were generated to investigate the role of VIP1 in vivo.The expression of poplar pathogenesis-related protein 1(PR1)genes was upregulated in transgenic-PtVIP1 or AtVIP1 poplar plants.The transgenic poplar plants overexpressing PtVIP1 or AtVIP1 also showed enhanced resistance to Brenneria salicis infection.These results suggest that the VIP1 protein accumulates in the nucleus in response to biotic stress,and that the pathogen resistance of transgenic VIP1 poplar may be associated with the induced expression of PR1 genes in response to pathogen challenge.
基金supported by the Engineering Research Center of Rock-Soil Drilling&Excavation and Protection,Ministry of Education (No.202202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.42107180,42162023 and 42162025)the Construction S&T Project of Department of Transportation of Sichuan Province of China (No.2020A01)。
文摘The compression and creep characteristics of moraine soil are important mechanical properties of geomaterials to be analyzed during the construction process of engineering projects.However,related references about these characteristics through large-size in-situ tests have rarely been reported.In this study,in-situ tests of particle size distribution,compression deformation,and compression creep were conducted at the Xingkang Bridge,West Sichuan,China.The results show that the uniformity coefficient of moraine soil ranges from 12.1 to 183.3,and gradation coefficient ranges from 0.4 to 2.8.The total compression deformations of moraine samples during the conventional compression deformation test are 4.70,4.07,and 0.47 mm,and their residual deformations are 2.81,2.45,and 0.22 mm,respectively.The deformation modulus ranges from 127.3 to 676.4 MPa,and elastic modulus ranges from 316.3 to 765.7 MPa.During compression creep tests,moraine soil enters the steady creep stage after 3.8 h of loading pressure at 445 k Pa,and it keeps steady after 14 h of loading pressure at 900 k Pa.The Burgers model and generalized Kelvin model predict the deformation well in transient,deceleration and steady creep stages.Results provide a valuable reference for the analysis of the compression deformation and creep behavior of moraine soil during engineering construction and management.
文摘Loess soils are widely distributed worldwide and typical in northwest China,and excessive agricultural irrigation has caused landslides in the area,specifically in the Heifangtai loess region in Lanzhou,Gansu,China.Geophysical exploration is an essential method in landslide engineering geological surveys,and geological surveying,drilling,geophysical prospecting,monitoring,and other methods are used for performing engineering geological evaluation and obtaining comprehensive basic data for landslide protection design and construction.The theoretical feasibility of using geophysical methods in loess landslide detection is essential.On the basis of the shallow geological structure of the Heifangtai landslide region in Lanzhou,Gansu,China,a typical geoelectric model of the magnetotelluric method was established,and the loess landslide area was modeled through a two-dimensional finite element method,forward numerical simulation,and engineering geological analysis.The distribution characteristics of the magnetotelluric field were determined.This is a typical application of the geological process analysis method in geophysical exploration.This study provides the typical stratigraphic structure and electrical characteristics of different groundwater distributions in Heifangtai,Gansu,China,verifies the accuracy of forward modeling and calculation results,and provides a detailed theoretical basis for landslide detection through magnetotelluric methods.Through the numerical simulation of the forward modeling of the Heifangtai landslide region in Lanzhou,Gansu,China,this study can provide a detailed geophysical basis for landslide investigation,corroborate results of geological investigation and landslide design,and facilitate the sustainable development of agriculture in Heifangtai.
