This research investigates the potential of blending complementary lard oil with rubber seed oil as feedstock for biodiesel production.Rubber seed oil,obtained through hexane extraction using the Soxhlet method,contai...This research investigates the potential of blending complementary lard oil with rubber seed oil as feedstock for biodiesel production.Rubber seed oil,obtained through hexane extraction using the Soxhlet method,contains the major fatty acids of oleic acid(C_(18:1)),palmitic acid(C_(16:0)),linoleic acid(C_(18:2)),and stearic acid(C_(18:0)),while rubber seed oil primarily consists of linoleic acid(C_(18:2)),oleic acid(C_(18:1)),linolenic acid(C_(18:3)),palmitic acid(C_(16:0)),and stearic acid(C_(18:0)).The least acid value of lard oil(0.55 mg KOH/g)can benefit of reducing soap formation of rubber seed oil during transesterification process in biodiesel production due to its substantial-high acid value(16.28 mg KOH/g).Blending at ratios below 80:20 volume ratio produced biodiesel exceeding 85%,utilizing CaO as a catalyst.Lard oil demonstrated a higher reaction rate constant(11.88×10^(-3)min^(-1))than rubber seed oil(2.11×10^(-3)min^(-1)),indicating a significant difference in performance.High acid value and free fatty acids in rubber seed oil correlated with lower reaction rates.Maintaining a mixture ratio below 80:20 volume ratio optimized reaction rates during biodiesel production.Biodiesel obtained from blends below 80:20 volume ratio met ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards,demonstrating suitability for bio-auto fuel.The drawbacks of using rubber seed oil as a raw material for biodiesel production are overcome by blending with lard oil,giving rise to expanding renewable energy options for rural communities,community enterprises,and large-scale biodiesel production.展开更多
The increasing global emphasis on sustainable energy has highlighted the need for alternative biofuels,particularly in agricultural countries like Thailand.However,challenges remain in utilizing nonedible and waste-ba...The increasing global emphasis on sustainable energy has highlighted the need for alternative biofuels,particularly in agricultural countries like Thailand.However,challenges remain in utilizing nonedible and waste-based feedstocks due to poor fuel properties and limited conversion efficiency.This study addresses these gaps byexploring the potential of underutilized and low-cost feedstocks-castor seed oil(CSO),waste cooking oil(WCO),and animal fat(ANF)-to produce high-quality biodiesel.The novelty of this work lies in optimizing ternary blends of these diverse feedstocks to overcome individual limitations,especially the high viscosity of CSO caused by its high ricinoleic acid content(89.26%).CSO was extracted using hexane maceration,yielding 50.07%±1.28%(mass)oil.VariousWCO:ANF:CSO ratios were investigated to improve fuel properties,and their chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics were analyzed using GC,^(1)H-NMR,and FT-IR techniques.Two optimized blends-50:40:10 and 50:30:20-achieved significantly reduced viscosities(4.31 and 4.90 cSt,1 cSt=1 mm^(2)·s^(-1)),meeting ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.These blends also exhibited high methyl ester content(>96.5%),good oxidative stability,and favorable coldflowproperties(pour and cloud points as low as-4Ⅶ℃).To evaluate reaction efficiency,transesterification kinetics were modeled using pseudo-first-orderassumptions.The ternary blend containing higher ANF content showed an enhanced reaction rate constant of 8.94×10^(-1)h^(-1),indicating improved conversion efficiency.Engine performance tests using agricultural diesel engines demonstrated comparable power output to conventional diesel,while emissions of CO_(2),CO,HC,and NO_(2)were significantlyreduced.Furthermore,performance of the biodiesel blends was similar to commercial B10 and B20 fuels.In summary,this study presents an innovative approach to biodiesel production by combining CSO,WCO,and ANF in optimal ratios to yield a renewable,cost-effective,and environmentally friendly fuel.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Research and Development Institute at Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University,as well as by the National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)(N42A650196).
文摘This research investigates the potential of blending complementary lard oil with rubber seed oil as feedstock for biodiesel production.Rubber seed oil,obtained through hexane extraction using the Soxhlet method,contains the major fatty acids of oleic acid(C_(18:1)),palmitic acid(C_(16:0)),linoleic acid(C_(18:2)),and stearic acid(C_(18:0)),while rubber seed oil primarily consists of linoleic acid(C_(18:2)),oleic acid(C_(18:1)),linolenic acid(C_(18:3)),palmitic acid(C_(16:0)),and stearic acid(C_(18:0)).The least acid value of lard oil(0.55 mg KOH/g)can benefit of reducing soap formation of rubber seed oil during transesterification process in biodiesel production due to its substantial-high acid value(16.28 mg KOH/g).Blending at ratios below 80:20 volume ratio produced biodiesel exceeding 85%,utilizing CaO as a catalyst.Lard oil demonstrated a higher reaction rate constant(11.88×10^(-3)min^(-1))than rubber seed oil(2.11×10^(-3)min^(-1)),indicating a significant difference in performance.High acid value and free fatty acids in rubber seed oil correlated with lower reaction rates.Maintaining a mixture ratio below 80:20 volume ratio optimized reaction rates during biodiesel production.Biodiesel obtained from blends below 80:20 volume ratio met ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards,demonstrating suitability for bio-auto fuel.The drawbacks of using rubber seed oil as a raw material for biodiesel production are overcome by blending with lard oil,giving rise to expanding renewable energy options for rural communities,community enterprises,and large-scale biodiesel production.
基金funded by the New,Mid,and Eminent Researchers Development Program under Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University's annual income budget for the fiscalyear 2025(Contract No.P1-3/2025).
文摘The increasing global emphasis on sustainable energy has highlighted the need for alternative biofuels,particularly in agricultural countries like Thailand.However,challenges remain in utilizing nonedible and waste-based feedstocks due to poor fuel properties and limited conversion efficiency.This study addresses these gaps byexploring the potential of underutilized and low-cost feedstocks-castor seed oil(CSO),waste cooking oil(WCO),and animal fat(ANF)-to produce high-quality biodiesel.The novelty of this work lies in optimizing ternary blends of these diverse feedstocks to overcome individual limitations,especially the high viscosity of CSO caused by its high ricinoleic acid content(89.26%).CSO was extracted using hexane maceration,yielding 50.07%±1.28%(mass)oil.VariousWCO:ANF:CSO ratios were investigated to improve fuel properties,and their chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics were analyzed using GC,^(1)H-NMR,and FT-IR techniques.Two optimized blends-50:40:10 and 50:30:20-achieved significantly reduced viscosities(4.31 and 4.90 cSt,1 cSt=1 mm^(2)·s^(-1)),meeting ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.These blends also exhibited high methyl ester content(>96.5%),good oxidative stability,and favorable coldflowproperties(pour and cloud points as low as-4Ⅶ℃).To evaluate reaction efficiency,transesterification kinetics were modeled using pseudo-first-orderassumptions.The ternary blend containing higher ANF content showed an enhanced reaction rate constant of 8.94×10^(-1)h^(-1),indicating improved conversion efficiency.Engine performance tests using agricultural diesel engines demonstrated comparable power output to conventional diesel,while emissions of CO_(2),CO,HC,and NO_(2)were significantlyreduced.Furthermore,performance of the biodiesel blends was similar to commercial B10 and B20 fuels.In summary,this study presents an innovative approach to biodiesel production by combining CSO,WCO,and ANF in optimal ratios to yield a renewable,cost-effective,and environmentally friendly fuel.
