Scientific evidence sustains PM_(2.5)particles’inhalation may generate harmful impacts on human beings’health;therefore,theirmonitoring in ambient air is of paramount relevance in terms of public health.Due to the l...Scientific evidence sustains PM_(2.5)particles’inhalation may generate harmful impacts on human beings’health;therefore,theirmonitoring in ambient air is of paramount relevance in terms of public health.Due to the limited number of fixed stations within the air qualitymonitoring networks,development ofmethodological frameworks tomodel ambient air PM_(2.5)particles is primordial to providing additional information on PM_(2.5)exposure and its trends.In this sense,this work aims to offer a global easily-applicable tool to estimate ambient air PM_(2.5)as a function of meteorological conditions using a multivariate analysis.Daily PM_(2.5)data measured by 84 fixed monitoring stations and meteorological data from ERA5(ECMWF Reanalysis v5)reanalysis daily based data between 2000 and 2021 across the United Kingdom were attended to develop the suggested approach.Data from January 2017 to December 2020 were employed to build amathematical expression that related the dependent variable(PM_(2.5))to predictor ones(sea-level pressure,planetary boundary layer height,temperature,precipitation,wind direction and speed),while 2021 data tested the model.Evaluation indicators evidenced a good performance of model(maximum values of RMSE,MAE and MAPE:1.80μg/m^(3),3.24μg/m^(3),and 20.63%,respectively),compiling the current legislation’s requirements for modelling ambient air PM_(2.5)concentrations.A retrospective analysis of meteorological features allowed estimating ambient air PM_(2.5)concentrations from 2000 to 2021.The highest PM_(2.5)concentrations relapsed in theMid-and Southlands,while Northlands sustained the lowest concentrations.展开更多
This review provides an insightful and comprehensive exploration of the emerging 2D material borophene,both pristine and modified,emphasizing its unique attributes and potential for sustainable applications.Borophene...This review provides an insightful and comprehensive exploration of the emerging 2D material borophene,both pristine and modified,emphasizing its unique attributes and potential for sustainable applications.Borophene’s distinctive properties include its anisotropic crystal structures that contribute to its exceptional mechanical and electronic properties.The material exhibits superior electrical and thermal conductivity,surpassing many other 2D materials.Borophene’s unique atomic spin arrangements further diversify its potential application for magnetism.Surface and interface engineering,through doping,functionalization,and synthesis of hybridized and nanocomposite borophene-based systems,is crucial for tailoring borophene’s properties to specific applications.This review aims to address this knowledge gap through a comprehensive and critical analysis of different synthetic and functionalisation methods,to enhance surface reactivity by increasing active sites through doping and surface modifications.These approaches optimize diffusion pathways improving accessibility for catalytic reactions,and tailor the electronic density to tune the optical and electronic behavior.Key applications explored include energy systems(batteries,supercapacitors,and hydrogen storage),catalysis for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions,sensors,and optoelectronics for advanced photonic devices.The key to all these applications relies on strategies to introduce heteroatoms for tuning electronic and catalytic properties,employ chemical modifications to enhance stability and leverage borophene’s conductivity and reactivity for advanced photonics.Finally,the review addresses challenges and proposes solutions such as encapsulation,functionalization,and integration with composites to mitigate oxidation sensitivity and overcome scalability barriers,enabling sustainable,commercial-scale applications.展开更多
The motion of the moored ship in the harbor is a classical hydrodynamics problem that still faces many challenges in naval operations,such as cargo transfer and ship pairings between a big transport ship and some smal...The motion of the moored ship in the harbor is a classical hydrodynamics problem that still faces many challenges in naval operations,such as cargo transfer and ship pairings between a big transport ship and some small ships.A mathematical model is presented based on the Laplace equation utilizing the porous breakwater to investigate the moored ship motion in a partially absorbing/reflecting harbor.The motion of the moored ship is described with the hydrodynamic forces along the rotational motion(roll,pitch,and yaw)and translational motion(surge,sway,and heave).The efficiency of the numerical method is verified by comparing it with the analytical study of Yu and Chwang(1994)for the porous breakwater,and the moored ship motion is compared with the theoretical and experimental data obtained by Yoo(1998)and Takagi et al.(1993).Further,the current numerical scheme is implemented on the realistic Visakhapatnam Fishing port,India,in order to analyze the hydrodynamic forces on moored ship motion under resonance conditions.The model incorporates some essential strategies such as adding a porous breakwater and utilizing the wave absorber to reduce the port’s resonance.It has been observed that these tactics have a significant impact on the resonance inside the port for safe maritime navigation.Therefore,the current numerical model provides an efficient tool to reduce the resonance within the arbitrarily shaped ports for secure anchoring.展开更多
In the present paper, we have studied the effect of Ge addition on the physical properties of Se-Sn-Pb chalcogenide ma- terial. The necessary physical parameters which have important role in determining the structure ...In the present paper, we have studied the effect of Ge addition on the physical properties of Se-Sn-Pb chalcogenide ma- terial. The necessary physical parameters which have important role in determining the structure and strength of the material viz. constraints, coordination number etc. have been calculated. The increasing trend has been found in cohesive energy, heat of atomization and mean bond energy. The glass transition has been studied using the Tichy-Ticha and Lankhorst approaches, which also increases with the increasing Ge contents. The increase in these physical parameters is due to the increasing covalent character in the material.展开更多
DRASTIC is a very simple and common model used for the assessment of groundwater to contamination.This model is widely used across the world in various hydrogeological environments for groundwater vulnerability assess...DRASTIC is a very simple and common model used for the assessment of groundwater to contamination.This model is widely used across the world in various hydrogeological environments for groundwater vulnerability assessment.The Ohio Water Well Association(OWWA)developed DRASTIC model in 1987.Over the years,several modifications have been made in this model as per the need of the regional assessment of groundwater to contamination.This model has fixed weights for its parameters and fixed ratings for the sub-parameters under the main parameters.The weights and ratings of DRASTIC parameters were fixed on the basis of Delphi network technique,which is the best technique for the consensus-building of experts,but it lacks scientific explanations.Over the years,several optimization techniques have been used to optimize these weights and ratings.This work intends to present a critical analysis of decision optimization techniques used to get the optimum values of weights and ratings.The inherent pros and cons and the optimization challenges associated with these techniques have also been discussed.The finding of this study is that the application of MCDA optimization techniques used to optimize the weights and ratings of DRASTIC model to assess the vulnerability of groundwater depend on the availability of hydrogeological data,the pilot study area and the level of required accuracy for earmarking the vulnerable regions.It is recommended that one must choose the appropriate MCDA technique for the particular region because unnecessary complex structure for optimization process takes more time,efforts,resources,and implementation costs.展开更多
A mathematical model has been developed to analyze the influence of extreme water waves over multiconnected regions in Visakhapatnam Port,India by considering an average water depth in each multiconnected regions.In a...A mathematical model has been developed to analyze the influence of extreme water waves over multiconnected regions in Visakhapatnam Port,India by considering an average water depth in each multiconnected regions.In addition,partial reflection of incident waves on coastal boundary is also considered.The domain of interest is divided mainly into two regions,i.e.,open sea region and harbor region namely as Region-I and Region-II,respectively.Further,Region-II is divided into multiple connected regions.The 2-D boundary element method(BEM)including the Chebyshev point discretization is utilized to solve the Helmholtz equation in each region separately to determine the wave amplification.The numerical convergence is performed to obtain the optimum numerical accuracy and the validation of the current numerical approach is also conducted by comparing the simulation results with existing studies.The four key spots based on the moored ship locations in Visakhapatnam Port are identified to perform the numerical simulation.The wave amplification at these locations is estimated for monochromatic incident waves,considering approximate water depth and different reflection coefficients on the wall of port under the resonance conditions.In addition,wave field analysis inside the Visakhapatnam Port is also conducted to understand resonance conditions.The current numerical model provides an efficient tool to analyze the amplification on any realistic ports or harbors.展开更多
The present article investigates the physical phenomena associated with the wave passage effect into a building considering the ground floor as the soft floor with the conformity of the up-to-date scenario of the cons...The present article investigates the physical phenomena associated with the wave passage effect into a building considering the ground floor as the soft floor with the conformity of the up-to-date scenario of the construction of high rise buildings, due to shear excitation of the base. The aim of the study is to analyse the post-earthquake situation of the building in respect to its health. With this vision, the ensuing problem on two-dimensional building models, non-incorporating soil-structure interaction, is being tackled by both analytical and neural network approaches. Computational results from both ends (of the approaches) show that the wave energy does not always propagate from the ground into the building, but for lower frequency range it sails to the building without any disturbances. However, for higher frequency range, the computational results show that the building experiences large “torsional” deformations, as a result the building may collapse. Finally, both the approaches maintain a good agreement among themselves. The present investigation may lead to a long way in contributing to better and more rational, simplified design criteria.展开更多
Off label use of Quetenza? (capsaicin 8%) patch in relieving post-thoracotomy neuropathic pain proved temporarily effective, but to a degree indicating limited usefulness in a clinical setting.A 57 year-old male with ...Off label use of Quetenza? (capsaicin 8%) patch in relieving post-thoracotomy neuropathic pain proved temporarily effective, but to a degree indicating limited usefulness in a clinical setting.A 57 year-old male with chronic post-thoracotomy pain was treated with 8% capsaicin topically. Pre-procedure pain was rated as 8 on a 10 point scale, the 30 minute post procedure pain was reported as 2 - 3 on a 10 point scale. Neuralgia was completely resolved for the initial 48 hours post-procedure, then returned gradually over the next 5 days. Because pain transmission pathways are the same in post herpetic and post traumatic neuralgias, the use of 8% capsaicin merits additional study.展开更多
Accurate mathematical modeling and optimal parameter extraction are important for improving the efficiency of solar photovoltaic systems,financial planning,and manufacturing.A novel linear regression-dynamic inertia p...Accurate mathematical modeling and optimal parameter extraction are important for improving the efficiency of solar photovoltaic systems,financial planning,and manufacturing.A novel linear regression-dynamic inertia particle swarm optimization(DIPSO)algorithm has been developed in this study.Linear regression forms the backbone of this model by offering strategic initialization of key parameters,i.e.photogenerated current and series resistance.The initial values from linear regression are optimized by accelerating the convergence rate quickly and decreasing the computational time during the optimization process,whereby the optimization algorithm attains spectacular speeds of 0.397 s for the KC 200GT photovoltaic module and 0.271 s for the RTC-France solar cell for the triple-diode model.The linear regression helps in the initialization of the parameters near the optimal values,thereby minimizing the search space for the subsequent particle swarm optimization with two significant improvements:Dynamic inertia weight adjustment and velocity clamping.Dynamic inertia adjustment accelerates convergence by focusing the search on promising regions,whereas velocity clamping stabilizes the movement of particles to achieve efficient exploration with minimal computational time.The proposed linear regression-DIPSO approach is applied to the KC200GT photovoltaic module at standard test conditions and to the RTC-France solar cell at 33℃,1000W/m^(2).The lowest root mean square error achieved is 2.357×10^(-4)and 8.65×10^(-4)for KC200 GT and RTC-France for the triple-diode model,respectively.A comparative study establishes that the proposed linear regression-DIPSO approach surpasses conventional algorithms like simulated annealing and DIPSO in achieving faster convergence without compromising the quality of solutions.This research not only opens new avenues for effective parameter extraction in different photovoltaic models but also reveals the key benefits of integrating machine learning and optimization techniques for next-generation solar energy applications.展开更多
Proper folding of a protein is essential for its diverse cellular functions.Improper protein folding may lead to the onset of various conformational diseases,including neurodegenerative diseases.Fortunately,multiple m...Proper folding of a protein is essential for its diverse cellular functions.Improper protein folding may lead to the onset of various conformational diseases,including neurodegenerative diseases.Fortunately,multiple mechanisms maintain protein homeostasis in cells,where molecular chaperones perform critical functions.Chaperones are responsible for folding nascent proteins and directing aberrantly folded proteins for proteolytic clearance.Chaperones are considered the first defensive molecules against misfolded proteins.However,the identification of chaperones in disease-associated inclusion bodies signifies their involvement in the pathogenesis of neuronal degenerative diseases.Here,we highlight mechanistic insights into the role of heat shock protein 70(Hsp70)molecular chaperones in several diseases such as Alzheimer’s,Parkinson’s,Huntington’s,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS).Furthermore,we explore the different Hsp70-based molecular mechanisms implicated in neurodegeneration.Comprehensive information on these molecular mechanisms can aid in the development of better chaperone-based therapeutic strategies.展开更多
With the electrification of road vehicles leading to a reduction in tailpipe emissions,the relative contribution of non-exhaust emissions(NEEs)has become increasingly prominent.NEEs,particularly nanoparticles smaller ...With the electrification of road vehicles leading to a reduction in tailpipe emissions,the relative contribution of non-exhaust emissions(NEEs)has become increasingly prominent.NEEs,particularly nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm in aerodynamic diameter(PM_(0.1)),present significant health and environmental risks.A comprehensive understanding and strategic management of these emissions are urgently required to mitigate their impact.This article reviews existing studies and reveals that nanoparticles in NEEs are generated from brake and tyre wear under critical temperature conditions,while road wear and resuspension do not directly produce nanoparticles but contribute to larger particles.Common methodologies in studying these emissions include laboratory experiments(with brake dynamometers,tyre dynamometers,chassis dynamometers,and simulators),field tests(tunnel and real road emission tests),and source apportionments.The emission rate of PM_(0.1),calculated based on particle number concentration,ranges from 1.2% to 98.9%,depending on driving conditions.Extreme driving conditions result in high nanoparticle generation.Emission inventories reveal that PM0.1 emission levels have remained stable since 2020,without an observable reduction.Moreover,emissions attributable to brake wear are found to surpass those from tyre wear.Current mitigation strategies focus on material improvements for brake pads and tyres,better road maintenance,and regulatory measures.Mitigating the environmental and health impacts of nanoscale particulate matter requires additional research and regulations to control it at the source.展开更多
Children exhibit unique activity patterns in classrooms,and their movements influence the resuspension of particulate matter,thereby increasing the risk of inhalation.To quantify children’s activity patterns and part...Children exhibit unique activity patterns in classrooms,and their movements influence the resuspension of particulate matter,thereby increasing the risk of inhalation.To quantify children’s activity patterns and particulate matter inhalation doses,we measured particulate matter concentrations and tracked the recess activities of 194 children in two primary schools.YOLO v9 combined with the DeepSORT algorithm was used to identify and track the children in the videos,thereby calculating the speed and duration of each child.Statistical analysis revealed that classroom activities were highly transitory and predominantly of light intensity.The proportion of light-intensity physical activity in this study was 7%–15%higher than that reported in previous studies,attributable to high occupant density,limited activity space,and characteristics of the Chinese education environment.The median durations of recess activities decreased from light-intensity(4.7 s)to moderate-intensity(2.5 s)and vigorous-intensity activities(2.2 s).Furthermore,children’s activity speed and duration were strongly associated with variations in indoor PM2.5 concentrations.Additionally,the daily inhalation dose during recess decreased with increasing age,being 14.67%lower in the middle age group and 30.64%lower in the upper age group compared to the lower age group.Our analysis provides a valuable reference for assessing the health risks caused by particulate matter and for more effective measures to improve the classroom environment.展开更多
This paper explores the evolution of geoscientific inquiry,tracing the progression from traditional physics-based models to modern data-driven approaches facilitated by significant advancements in artificial intellige...This paper explores the evolution of geoscientific inquiry,tracing the progression from traditional physics-based models to modern data-driven approaches facilitated by significant advancements in artificial intelligence(AI)and data collection techniques.Traditional models,which are grounded in physical and numerical frameworks,provide robust explanations by explicitly reconstructing underlying physical processes.However,their limitations in comprehensively capturing Earth’s complexities and uncertainties pose challenges in optimization and real-world applicability.In contrast,contemporary data-driven models,particularly those utilizing machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL),leverage extensive geoscience data to glean insights without requiring exhaustive theoretical knowledge.ML techniques have shown promise in addressing Earth science-related questions.Nevertheless,challenges such as data scarcity,computational demands,data privacy concerns,and the“black-box”nature of AI models hinder their seamless integration into geoscience.The integration of physics-based and data-driven methodologies into hybrid models presents an alternative paradigm.These models,which incorporate domain knowledge to guide AI methodologies,demonstrate enhanced efficiency and performance with reduced training data requirements.This review provides a comprehensive overview of geoscientific research paradigms,emphasizing untapped opportunities at the intersection of advanced AI techniques and geoscience.It examines major methodologies,showcases advances in large-scale models,and discusses the challenges and prospects that will shape the future landscape of AI in geoscience.The paper outlines a dynamic field ripe with possibilities,poised to unlock new understandings of Earth’s complexities and further advance geoscience exploration.展开更多
This study aims to investigate the combined use of multi-sensor datasets(Landsat 4–5&8 OLI satellite imagery,spatial resolution=30 m)coupled with field studies to evaluate spatio-temporal dynamics of soil saliniz...This study aims to investigate the combined use of multi-sensor datasets(Landsat 4–5&8 OLI satellite imagery,spatial resolution=30 m)coupled with field studies to evaluate spatio-temporal dynamics of soil salinization along the coastal belt in West Bengal,India.This study assesses soil salinization by mapping the salinity and electrical conductivity of saturation extract(ECe)and utilizing spectral signatures for estimating soil salinity.The SI change(%)was analyzed(2021–1995),categorizing increases in salinity levels into 5%,10%,and 50%changes possibly due to salt encrustation on the soil layers.The land use land cover(LULC)change map(2021–1995)demonstrates that the study area is continuously evolving in terms of urbanization.Moreover,in the study area,soil salinity ranges from 0.03 ppt to 3.87 ppt,and ECe varies from 0.35 dSm^(-1)to 52.85 dSm^(-1).Additionally,vulnerable saline soil locations were further identified.Classification of soil salinity based on ECe reveals that 26%of samples fall into the nonsaline category,while the rest belong to the saline category.The Spectral signatures of the soil samples(n=19)acquired from FieldSpec hand spectrometer show significant absorption features around 1400,1900,and 2250 nm and indicate salt minerals.The results of reflectance spectroscopy were crossvalidated using X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy.This study also employed partial least square regression(PLSR)approach to predict ECe(r^(2)=0.79,RMSE=3.29)and salinity parameters(r^(2)=0.75,RMSE=0.51),suggesting PLSR applicability in monitoring salt-affected soils globally.This study’s conclusion emphasizes that remote sensing data and multivariate analysis can be crucial tools for mapping spatial variations and predicting soil salinity.It has also been concluded that saline groundwater used for irrigation and aqua-cultural activities exacerbates soil salinization.The study will help policymakers/farmers identify the salt degradation problem more effectively and adopt immediate mitigation measures.展开更多
Recent Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicle emission standards are the first ever initiative to control particles on a number basis at the source. Related standards are also desirable for ambient nanoparticles （taken in this ar...Recent Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicle emission standards are the first ever initiative to control particles on a number basis at the source. Related standards are also desirable for ambient nanoparticles （taken in this article to be those below 300 rim） to protect against possible adverse effects on public health and the environment. However, there are a number of technical challenges that need to be tackled before developing a regulatory framework for atmospheric nanoparticles. Some of the challenges derive from a lack of standardisation of the key measurement parameters, including sampling, necessary for robust evaluation of particle number concentrations, especially in the context of insufficient knowledge of the physicochemical characteristics of emerging sources （i.e. bio-fuel derived and manufactured nanoparti- cles）. Ideally, ambient concentrations of primary particles could be linked to primary particle emissions by use of nanoparticle dispersion models, and secondary nanoparticles using photochemical modeling tools. The limitations in these areas are discussed. Although there is inadequate information on the exact biological mechanism through which these particles cause harm, it is argued that this should not in itself delay the introduction of regulation. This article reviews the missing links between the existing knowledge of nanoparticle number concentrations and the advances required to tackle the technical challenges implied in developing regulations.展开更多
The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate change.Yet,the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated b...The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate change.Yet,the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure(GBGI),such as parks,wetlands,and engineered greening,which have the potential to effectively reduce summer air temperatures.Despite many reviews,the evidence bases on quantified GBGI cooling benefits remains partial and the practical recommendations for implementation are unclear.This systematic literature review synthesizes the evidence base for heat mitigation and related co-benefits,identifies knowledge gaps,and proposes recommendations for their implementation to maximize their benefits.After screening 27,486 papers,202 were reviewed,based on 51 GBGI types categorized under 10 main divisions.Certain GBGI(green walls,parks,street trees)have been well researched for their urban cooling capabilities.However,several other GBGI have received negligible(zoological garden,golf course,estuary)or minimal(private garden,allotment)attention.The most efficient air cooling was observed in botanical gardens(5.0±3.5℃),wetlands(4.9±3.2℃),green walls(4.1±4.2℃),street trees(3.8±3.1℃),and vegetated balconies(3.8±2.7℃).Under changing climate conditions(2070–2100)with consideration of RCP8.5,there is a shift in climate subtypes,either within the same climate zone(e.g.,Dfa to Dfb and Cfb to Cfa)or across other climate zones(e.g.,Dfb[continental warm-summer humid]to BSk[dry,cold semi-arid]and Cwa[temperate]to Am[tropical]).These shifts may result in lower efficiency for the current GBGI in the future.Given the importance of multiple services,it is crucial to balance their functionality,cooling performance,and other related co-benefits when planning for the future GBGI.This global GBGI heat mitigation inventory can assist policymakers and urban planners in prioritizing effective interventions to reduce the risk of urban overheating,filling research gaps,and promoting community resilience.展开更多
Infectious diseases(e.g.,coronavirus disease 2019)dramatically impact human life,economy and social development.Exploring the low-cost and energy-saving approaches is essential in removing infectious virus particles f...Infectious diseases(e.g.,coronavirus disease 2019)dramatically impact human life,economy and social development.Exploring the low-cost and energy-saving approaches is essential in removing infectious virus particles from indoors,such as in classrooms.The application of air purification devices,such as negative ion generators(ionizers),gains popularity because of the favorable removal capacity for particles and the low operation cost.However,small and portable ionizers have potential disadvantages in the removal efficiency owing to the limited horizontal diffusion of negative ions.This study aims to investigate the layout strategy(number and location)of ionizers based on the energy-efficient natural ventilation in the classroom to improve removal efficiency(negative ions to particles)and decrease infection risk.Three infected students were considered in the classroom.The simulations of negative ion and particle concentrations were performed and validated by the experiment.Results showed that as the number of ionizers was 4 and 5,the removal performance was largely improved by combining ionizer with natural ventilation.Compared with the scenario without an ionizer,the scenario with 5 ionizers largely increased the average removal efficiency from around 20%to 85%and decreased the average infection risk by 23%.The setup with 5 ionizers placed upstream of the classroom was determined as the optimal layout strategy,particularly when the location and number of the infected students were unknown.This work can provide a guideline for applying ionizers to public buildings when natural ventilation is used.展开更多
The operation of a dynamic voltage restorer(DVR)is studied using a three-phase voltage source converter(VSC)-based topology to alleviate voltage anomalies from a polluted supply voltage.The control algorithm used incl...The operation of a dynamic voltage restorer(DVR)is studied using a three-phase voltage source converter(VSC)-based topology to alleviate voltage anomalies from a polluted supply voltage.The control algorithm used included two components.The first is an adaptive Takagi-Sugeno-Kang(TSK)-based adaptive reweighted L1 norm adaption-based normalized least mean square(TSK-ARNA-NLMS)unit,which is proposed for the extraction of fundamental active and reactive components from the non-ideal supply and is further employed to generate the load reference voltage and switching pulse for the VSC.The step size was evaluated using the proposed TSK-ARNA-NLMS controller,and the TSK unit was optimized by integration with the marine predator algorithm(MPA)for a faster convergence rate.The second,a fractional-order PID controller(FOPID),was employed for AC-and DC-link voltage regulation and was approximated using the Oustaloup technique.The FOPID()PI Dγμprovides more freedom for tuning the settling time,rise time,and overshoot.The FOPID coefficients(Ki,Kd,Kp,γ,andμ)were optimized by employing an advanced ant lion optimization(ALO)meta-heuristics technique to minimize the performance index,namely,the integral time absolute error(ITAE)and assess the accuracy of controllers.The DVR performance was validated under dynamic-and steady-state conditions.展开更多
TSC renal cystic disease is poorly understood and has no approved treatment.In a new principal cell-targeted murine model of Tsc cystic disease,the renal cystic epithelium is mostly composed of type A intercalated cel...TSC renal cystic disease is poorly understood and has no approved treatment.In a new principal cell-targeted murine model of Tsc cystic disease,the renal cystic epithelium is mostly composed of type A intercalated cells with an intact Tsc2 gene confirmed by sequencing,although these cells exhibit a Tsc-mutant disease phenotype.We used a newly derived targeted murine model in lineage tracing and extracellular vesicle(EV)characterization experiments and a cell culture model in EV characterization and cellular induction experiments to understand TSC cystogenesis.Using lineage tracing experiments,we found principal cells undergo clonal expansion but contribute very few cells to the cyst.We determined that cystic kidneys contain more interstitial EVs than noncystic kidneys,excrete fewer EVs in urine,and contain EVs in cyst fluid.Moreover,the loss of Tsc2 gene in EV-producing cells greatly changes the effect of EVs on renal tubular epithelium,such that the epithelium develops increased secretory and proliferative pathway activity.We demonstate that the mTORC1 pathway activity is independent form the EV production,and that the EV effects for a single cell line can vary significantly.TSC cystogenesis involves significant contribution from genetically intact cells conscripted to the mutant phenotype by mutant cell derived EVs.展开更多
基金supported by the Collaborative Research Project(CRP)grant,Nazarbayev University(Nos.11022021CRP1512,211123CRP1604)PK acknowledges the support from the NERC-funded projects ASAP-Delhi(NE/P016510/1),GreenCities(NE/P016510/1)RECLAIM Network Plus(EP/W034034/1).
文摘Scientific evidence sustains PM_(2.5)particles’inhalation may generate harmful impacts on human beings’health;therefore,theirmonitoring in ambient air is of paramount relevance in terms of public health.Due to the limited number of fixed stations within the air qualitymonitoring networks,development ofmethodological frameworks tomodel ambient air PM_(2.5)particles is primordial to providing additional information on PM_(2.5)exposure and its trends.In this sense,this work aims to offer a global easily-applicable tool to estimate ambient air PM_(2.5)as a function of meteorological conditions using a multivariate analysis.Daily PM_(2.5)data measured by 84 fixed monitoring stations and meteorological data from ERA5(ECMWF Reanalysis v5)reanalysis daily based data between 2000 and 2021 across the United Kingdom were attended to develop the suggested approach.Data from January 2017 to December 2020 were employed to build amathematical expression that related the dependent variable(PM_(2.5))to predictor ones(sea-level pressure,planetary boundary layer height,temperature,precipitation,wind direction and speed),while 2021 data tested the model.Evaluation indicators evidenced a good performance of model(maximum values of RMSE,MAE and MAPE:1.80μg/m^(3),3.24μg/m^(3),and 20.63%,respectively),compiling the current legislation’s requirements for modelling ambient air PM_(2.5)concentrations.A retrospective analysis of meteorological features allowed estimating ambient air PM_(2.5)concentrations from 2000 to 2021.The highest PM_(2.5)concentrations relapsed in theMid-and Southlands,while Northlands sustained the lowest concentrations.
基金the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)for funding the researchUK India Education Research Initiative(UKIERI)for funding support.
文摘This review provides an insightful and comprehensive exploration of the emerging 2D material borophene,both pristine and modified,emphasizing its unique attributes and potential for sustainable applications.Borophene’s distinctive properties include its anisotropic crystal structures that contribute to its exceptional mechanical and electronic properties.The material exhibits superior electrical and thermal conductivity,surpassing many other 2D materials.Borophene’s unique atomic spin arrangements further diversify its potential application for magnetism.Surface and interface engineering,through doping,functionalization,and synthesis of hybridized and nanocomposite borophene-based systems,is crucial for tailoring borophene’s properties to specific applications.This review aims to address this knowledge gap through a comprehensive and critical analysis of different synthetic and functionalisation methods,to enhance surface reactivity by increasing active sites through doping and surface modifications.These approaches optimize diffusion pathways improving accessibility for catalytic reactions,and tailor the electronic density to tune the optical and electronic behavior.Key applications explored include energy systems(batteries,supercapacitors,and hydrogen storage),catalysis for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions,sensors,and optoelectronics for advanced photonic devices.The key to all these applications relies on strategies to introduce heteroatoms for tuning electronic and catalytic properties,employ chemical modifications to enhance stability and leverage borophene’s conductivity and reactivity for advanced photonics.Finally,the review addresses challenges and proposes solutions such as encapsulation,functionalization,and integration with composites to mitigate oxidation sensitivity and overcome scalability barriers,enabling sustainable,commercial-scale applications.
文摘The motion of the moored ship in the harbor is a classical hydrodynamics problem that still faces many challenges in naval operations,such as cargo transfer and ship pairings between a big transport ship and some small ships.A mathematical model is presented based on the Laplace equation utilizing the porous breakwater to investigate the moored ship motion in a partially absorbing/reflecting harbor.The motion of the moored ship is described with the hydrodynamic forces along the rotational motion(roll,pitch,and yaw)and translational motion(surge,sway,and heave).The efficiency of the numerical method is verified by comparing it with the analytical study of Yu and Chwang(1994)for the porous breakwater,and the moored ship motion is compared with the theoretical and experimental data obtained by Yoo(1998)and Takagi et al.(1993).Further,the current numerical scheme is implemented on the realistic Visakhapatnam Fishing port,India,in order to analyze the hydrodynamic forces on moored ship motion under resonance conditions.The model incorporates some essential strategies such as adding a porous breakwater and utilizing the wave absorber to reduce the port’s resonance.It has been observed that these tactics have a significant impact on the resonance inside the port for safe maritime navigation.Therefore,the current numerical model provides an efficient tool to reduce the resonance within the arbitrarily shaped ports for secure anchoring.
文摘In the present paper, we have studied the effect of Ge addition on the physical properties of Se-Sn-Pb chalcogenide ma- terial. The necessary physical parameters which have important role in determining the structure and strength of the material viz. constraints, coordination number etc. have been calculated. The increasing trend has been found in cohesive energy, heat of atomization and mean bond energy. The glass transition has been studied using the Tichy-Ticha and Lankhorst approaches, which also increases with the increasing Ge contents. The increase in these physical parameters is due to the increasing covalent character in the material.
文摘DRASTIC is a very simple and common model used for the assessment of groundwater to contamination.This model is widely used across the world in various hydrogeological environments for groundwater vulnerability assessment.The Ohio Water Well Association(OWWA)developed DRASTIC model in 1987.Over the years,several modifications have been made in this model as per the need of the regional assessment of groundwater to contamination.This model has fixed weights for its parameters and fixed ratings for the sub-parameters under the main parameters.The weights and ratings of DRASTIC parameters were fixed on the basis of Delphi network technique,which is the best technique for the consensus-building of experts,but it lacks scientific explanations.Over the years,several optimization techniques have been used to optimize these weights and ratings.This work intends to present a critical analysis of decision optimization techniques used to get the optimum values of weights and ratings.The inherent pros and cons and the optimization challenges associated with these techniques have also been discussed.The finding of this study is that the application of MCDA optimization techniques used to optimize the weights and ratings of DRASTIC model to assess the vulnerability of groundwater depend on the availability of hydrogeological data,the pilot study area and the level of required accuracy for earmarking the vulnerable regions.It is recommended that one must choose the appropriate MCDA technique for the particular region because unnecessary complex structure for optimization process takes more time,efforts,resources,and implementation costs.
基金financially supported by the Department of Applied Science(Mathematics)National Institute of Technology DelhiSERB-DST Project,Government of India(Grant No.ECR/2016/001680)。
文摘A mathematical model has been developed to analyze the influence of extreme water waves over multiconnected regions in Visakhapatnam Port,India by considering an average water depth in each multiconnected regions.In addition,partial reflection of incident waves on coastal boundary is also considered.The domain of interest is divided mainly into two regions,i.e.,open sea region and harbor region namely as Region-I and Region-II,respectively.Further,Region-II is divided into multiple connected regions.The 2-D boundary element method(BEM)including the Chebyshev point discretization is utilized to solve the Helmholtz equation in each region separately to determine the wave amplification.The numerical convergence is performed to obtain the optimum numerical accuracy and the validation of the current numerical approach is also conducted by comparing the simulation results with existing studies.The four key spots based on the moored ship locations in Visakhapatnam Port are identified to perform the numerical simulation.The wave amplification at these locations is estimated for monochromatic incident waves,considering approximate water depth and different reflection coefficients on the wall of port under the resonance conditions.In addition,wave field analysis inside the Visakhapatnam Port is also conducted to understand resonance conditions.The current numerical model provides an efficient tool to analyze the amplification on any realistic ports or harbors.
文摘The present article investigates the physical phenomena associated with the wave passage effect into a building considering the ground floor as the soft floor with the conformity of the up-to-date scenario of the construction of high rise buildings, due to shear excitation of the base. The aim of the study is to analyse the post-earthquake situation of the building in respect to its health. With this vision, the ensuing problem on two-dimensional building models, non-incorporating soil-structure interaction, is being tackled by both analytical and neural network approaches. Computational results from both ends (of the approaches) show that the wave energy does not always propagate from the ground into the building, but for lower frequency range it sails to the building without any disturbances. However, for higher frequency range, the computational results show that the building experiences large “torsional” deformations, as a result the building may collapse. Finally, both the approaches maintain a good agreement among themselves. The present investigation may lead to a long way in contributing to better and more rational, simplified design criteria.
文摘Off label use of Quetenza? (capsaicin 8%) patch in relieving post-thoracotomy neuropathic pain proved temporarily effective, but to a degree indicating limited usefulness in a clinical setting.A 57 year-old male with chronic post-thoracotomy pain was treated with 8% capsaicin topically. Pre-procedure pain was rated as 8 on a 10 point scale, the 30 minute post procedure pain was reported as 2 - 3 on a 10 point scale. Neuralgia was completely resolved for the initial 48 hours post-procedure, then returned gradually over the next 5 days. Because pain transmission pathways are the same in post herpetic and post traumatic neuralgias, the use of 8% capsaicin merits additional study.
文摘Accurate mathematical modeling and optimal parameter extraction are important for improving the efficiency of solar photovoltaic systems,financial planning,and manufacturing.A novel linear regression-dynamic inertia particle swarm optimization(DIPSO)algorithm has been developed in this study.Linear regression forms the backbone of this model by offering strategic initialization of key parameters,i.e.photogenerated current and series resistance.The initial values from linear regression are optimized by accelerating the convergence rate quickly and decreasing the computational time during the optimization process,whereby the optimization algorithm attains spectacular speeds of 0.397 s for the KC 200GT photovoltaic module and 0.271 s for the RTC-France solar cell for the triple-diode model.The linear regression helps in the initialization of the parameters near the optimal values,thereby minimizing the search space for the subsequent particle swarm optimization with two significant improvements:Dynamic inertia weight adjustment and velocity clamping.Dynamic inertia adjustment accelerates convergence by focusing the search on promising regions,whereas velocity clamping stabilizes the movement of particles to achieve efficient exploration with minimal computational time.The proposed linear regression-DIPSO approach is applied to the KC200GT photovoltaic module at standard test conditions and to the RTC-France solar cell at 33℃,1000W/m^(2).The lowest root mean square error achieved is 2.357×10^(-4)and 8.65×10^(-4)for KC200 GT and RTC-France for the triple-diode model,respectively.A comparative study establishes that the proposed linear regression-DIPSO approach surpasses conventional algorithms like simulated annealing and DIPSO in achieving faster convergence without compromising the quality of solutions.This research not only opens new avenues for effective parameter extraction in different photovoltaic models but also reveals the key benefits of integrating machine learning and optimization techniques for next-generation solar energy applications.
基金supported by BRNS grant(to A.M.,No.54/14/16/2020-BRNS-Government of India).
文摘Proper folding of a protein is essential for its diverse cellular functions.Improper protein folding may lead to the onset of various conformational diseases,including neurodegenerative diseases.Fortunately,multiple mechanisms maintain protein homeostasis in cells,where molecular chaperones perform critical functions.Chaperones are responsible for folding nascent proteins and directing aberrantly folded proteins for proteolytic clearance.Chaperones are considered the first defensive molecules against misfolded proteins.However,the identification of chaperones in disease-associated inclusion bodies signifies their involvement in the pathogenesis of neuronal degenerative diseases.Here,we highlight mechanistic insights into the role of heat shock protein 70(Hsp70)molecular chaperones in several diseases such as Alzheimer’s,Parkinson’s,Huntington’s,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS).Furthermore,we explore the different Hsp70-based molecular mechanisms implicated in neurodegeneration.Comprehensive information on these molecular mechanisms can aid in the development of better chaperone-based therapeutic strategies.
基金the University of Surrey's for supporting YW PhDthe EPSRC funded INHALE(EP/T003189/1)RECLAIM Network Plus(EP/W034034/1)projects.
文摘With the electrification of road vehicles leading to a reduction in tailpipe emissions,the relative contribution of non-exhaust emissions(NEEs)has become increasingly prominent.NEEs,particularly nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm in aerodynamic diameter(PM_(0.1)),present significant health and environmental risks.A comprehensive understanding and strategic management of these emissions are urgently required to mitigate their impact.This article reviews existing studies and reveals that nanoparticles in NEEs are generated from brake and tyre wear under critical temperature conditions,while road wear and resuspension do not directly produce nanoparticles but contribute to larger particles.Common methodologies in studying these emissions include laboratory experiments(with brake dynamometers,tyre dynamometers,chassis dynamometers,and simulators),field tests(tunnel and real road emission tests),and source apportionments.The emission rate of PM_(0.1),calculated based on particle number concentration,ranges from 1.2% to 98.9%,depending on driving conditions.Extreme driving conditions result in high nanoparticle generation.Emission inventories reveal that PM0.1 emission levels have remained stable since 2020,without an observable reduction.Moreover,emissions attributable to brake wear are found to surpass those from tyre wear.Current mitigation strategies focus on material improvements for brake pads and tyres,better road maintenance,and regulatory measures.Mitigating the environmental and health impacts of nanoscale particulate matter requires additional research and regulations to control it at the source.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52278090)Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of ChinaPrashant Kumar acknowledges the support received through the EPSRC-funded COTRACE/SAMHE project(EP/W001411/1).
文摘Children exhibit unique activity patterns in classrooms,and their movements influence the resuspension of particulate matter,thereby increasing the risk of inhalation.To quantify children’s activity patterns and particulate matter inhalation doses,we measured particulate matter concentrations and tracked the recess activities of 194 children in two primary schools.YOLO v9 combined with the DeepSORT algorithm was used to identify and track the children in the videos,thereby calculating the speed and duration of each child.Statistical analysis revealed that classroom activities were highly transitory and predominantly of light intensity.The proportion of light-intensity physical activity in this study was 7%–15%higher than that reported in previous studies,attributable to high occupant density,limited activity space,and characteristics of the Chinese education environment.The median durations of recess activities decreased from light-intensity(4.7 s)to moderate-intensity(2.5 s)and vigorous-intensity activities(2.2 s).Furthermore,children’s activity speed and duration were strongly associated with variations in indoor PM2.5 concentrations.Additionally,the daily inhalation dose during recess decreased with increasing age,being 14.67%lower in the middle age group and 30.64%lower in the upper age group compared to the lower age group.Our analysis provides a valuable reference for assessing the health risks caused by particulate matter and for more effective measures to improve the classroom environment.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2225019,41925007,62372470,U21A2013,42201415,42022054,42241109,42077156,52121006,42090014,and 42325107)the National Key R&D Programme of China(2022YFF0500)+2 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2023112)the Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS(XDA23090303)the RECLAIM Network Plus(EP/W034034/1).
文摘This paper explores the evolution of geoscientific inquiry,tracing the progression from traditional physics-based models to modern data-driven approaches facilitated by significant advancements in artificial intelligence(AI)and data collection techniques.Traditional models,which are grounded in physical and numerical frameworks,provide robust explanations by explicitly reconstructing underlying physical processes.However,their limitations in comprehensively capturing Earth’s complexities and uncertainties pose challenges in optimization and real-world applicability.In contrast,contemporary data-driven models,particularly those utilizing machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL),leverage extensive geoscience data to glean insights without requiring exhaustive theoretical knowledge.ML techniques have shown promise in addressing Earth science-related questions.Nevertheless,challenges such as data scarcity,computational demands,data privacy concerns,and the“black-box”nature of AI models hinder their seamless integration into geoscience.The integration of physics-based and data-driven methodologies into hybrid models presents an alternative paradigm.These models,which incorporate domain knowledge to guide AI methodologies,demonstrate enhanced efficiency and performance with reduced training data requirements.This review provides a comprehensive overview of geoscientific research paradigms,emphasizing untapped opportunities at the intersection of advanced AI techniques and geoscience.It examines major methodologies,showcases advances in large-scale models,and discusses the challenges and prospects that will shape the future landscape of AI in geoscience.The paper outlines a dynamic field ripe with possibilities,poised to unlock new understandings of Earth’s complexities and further advance geoscience exploration.
基金PK thanks Banaras Hindu University(BHU)for providing the University Fellowship(R/Dev/Sch/UGC Research Fellow/2020-21/18340)and Credit Incentive to Research ScholarsPK expresses gratitude to Dr.Abhinav Yadav(IESD,BHU)for his assistance during the laboratory procedures for soil analysis.PK acknowledges the XRF facility at the Sophisticated Analytical&Technical Help Institute(SATHI)at central discovery centre,BHU,and Scanning Electron Microscopy Laboratory,Geology,BHU,for instrumental support.AB acknowledges the University Grant Commission for funding this work as a start-up Research Grant(No.F.30-431/2018-BSR)AB would also like to thank Banaras Hindu University for utilizing partial funds from the Bridge Grant(Development Scheme number 6031-A)under the Institution of Eminence(IoE)program to the University。
文摘This study aims to investigate the combined use of multi-sensor datasets(Landsat 4–5&8 OLI satellite imagery,spatial resolution=30 m)coupled with field studies to evaluate spatio-temporal dynamics of soil salinization along the coastal belt in West Bengal,India.This study assesses soil salinization by mapping the salinity and electrical conductivity of saturation extract(ECe)and utilizing spectral signatures for estimating soil salinity.The SI change(%)was analyzed(2021–1995),categorizing increases in salinity levels into 5%,10%,and 50%changes possibly due to salt encrustation on the soil layers.The land use land cover(LULC)change map(2021–1995)demonstrates that the study area is continuously evolving in terms of urbanization.Moreover,in the study area,soil salinity ranges from 0.03 ppt to 3.87 ppt,and ECe varies from 0.35 dSm^(-1)to 52.85 dSm^(-1).Additionally,vulnerable saline soil locations were further identified.Classification of soil salinity based on ECe reveals that 26%of samples fall into the nonsaline category,while the rest belong to the saline category.The Spectral signatures of the soil samples(n=19)acquired from FieldSpec hand spectrometer show significant absorption features around 1400,1900,and 2250 nm and indicate salt minerals.The results of reflectance spectroscopy were crossvalidated using X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy.This study also employed partial least square regression(PLSR)approach to predict ECe(r^(2)=0.79,RMSE=3.29)and salinity parameters(r^(2)=0.75,RMSE=0.51),suggesting PLSR applicability in monitoring salt-affected soils globally.This study’s conclusion emphasizes that remote sensing data and multivariate analysis can be crucial tools for mapping spatial variations and predicting soil salinity.It has also been concluded that saline groundwater used for irrigation and aqua-cultural activities exacerbates soil salinization.The study will help policymakers/farmers identify the salt degradation problem more effectively and adopt immediate mitigation measures.
基金an EPSRC grant(EP/H026290/1),awarded to PK,on nanoparticles dispersion invehicle wakes
文摘Recent Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicle emission standards are the first ever initiative to control particles on a number basis at the source. Related standards are also desirable for ambient nanoparticles （taken in this article to be those below 300 rim） to protect against possible adverse effects on public health and the environment. However, there are a number of technical challenges that need to be tackled before developing a regulatory framework for atmospheric nanoparticles. Some of the challenges derive from a lack of standardisation of the key measurement parameters, including sampling, necessary for robust evaluation of particle number concentrations, especially in the context of insufficient knowledge of the physicochemical characteristics of emerging sources （i.e. bio-fuel derived and manufactured nanoparti- cles）. Ideally, ambient concentrations of primary particles could be linked to primary particle emissions by use of nanoparticle dispersion models, and secondary nanoparticles using photochemical modeling tools. The limitations in these areas are discussed. Although there is inadequate information on the exact biological mechanism through which these particles cause harm, it is argued that this should not in itself delay the introduction of regulation. This article reviews the missing links between the existing knowledge of nanoparticle number concentrations and the advances required to tackle the technical challenges implied in developing regulations.
基金This work has been commissioned by the UKRI(EPSRC,NERC,AHRC)funded by RECLAIM Network Plus project(EP/W034034/1,EP/W033984)under its synthesis review seriesThe following authors acknowledge the funding received through their grants:P.K.and L.J.(NE/X002799/1,NE/X002772/1),L.J.(H2020 REGREEN,EU Grant agreement No.821016,2021YFE93100),G.M.L.(FAPESP 2019/08783-0),C.D.F.R.(EP/R017727),L.M.(ARC Grant No.IC220100012),H.G.(RGC Grant No.C5024-21G),M.F.A.and E.D.F.(FAPESP Grant No.2016/18438-0,2022/02365-5),S.J.C.(NSFC Grant No.52225005),R.Y.(NSFC Grant No.52278090),F.W.(NKP Grant No.2020YFC180700),J.E.(NE/X000443/1),and F.C.(NE/M010961/1,NE/V002171/1).The authors thank Andrea Sofia Majjul Fajardo for her contribution to the initial design of certain figures.We also thank the team members of GCARE and its Guildford Living Lab(GLL),as well as the participants in the RECLAIM Network Plus Horizon Scanning Workshop.
文摘The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate change.Yet,the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure(GBGI),such as parks,wetlands,and engineered greening,which have the potential to effectively reduce summer air temperatures.Despite many reviews,the evidence bases on quantified GBGI cooling benefits remains partial and the practical recommendations for implementation are unclear.This systematic literature review synthesizes the evidence base for heat mitigation and related co-benefits,identifies knowledge gaps,and proposes recommendations for their implementation to maximize their benefits.After screening 27,486 papers,202 were reviewed,based on 51 GBGI types categorized under 10 main divisions.Certain GBGI(green walls,parks,street trees)have been well researched for their urban cooling capabilities.However,several other GBGI have received negligible(zoological garden,golf course,estuary)or minimal(private garden,allotment)attention.The most efficient air cooling was observed in botanical gardens(5.0±3.5℃),wetlands(4.9±3.2℃),green walls(4.1±4.2℃),street trees(3.8±3.1℃),and vegetated balconies(3.8±2.7℃).Under changing climate conditions(2070–2100)with consideration of RCP8.5,there is a shift in climate subtypes,either within the same climate zone(e.g.,Dfa to Dfb and Cfb to Cfa)or across other climate zones(e.g.,Dfb[continental warm-summer humid]to BSk[dry,cold semi-arid]and Cwa[temperate]to Am[tropical]).These shifts may result in lower efficiency for the current GBGI in the future.Given the importance of multiple services,it is crucial to balance their functionality,cooling performance,and other related co-benefits when planning for the future GBGI.This global GBGI heat mitigation inventory can assist policymakers and urban planners in prioritizing effective interventions to reduce the risk of urban overheating,filling research gaps,and promoting community resilience.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar(No.52225005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52178069)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.4301002171)Concordia University-Canada,through the Concordia Research Chair-Energy&Environment,and the support received through the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)–funded CO-TRACE(COvid-19 Transmission Risk Assessment Case studiesEducation Establishments,EP/W001411/1)the COVAIR(Is SARS-CoV-2 airborne and does it interact with particle pollutants?,EP/V052462/1)projects,and“Knowledge Transfer and Practical application of research on Indoor Air Quality(KTP-IAQ)”project that is funded by the University of Surrey’s Research England funding under the Global Challenge Research Fund(GCRF).
文摘Infectious diseases(e.g.,coronavirus disease 2019)dramatically impact human life,economy and social development.Exploring the low-cost and energy-saving approaches is essential in removing infectious virus particles from indoors,such as in classrooms.The application of air purification devices,such as negative ion generators(ionizers),gains popularity because of the favorable removal capacity for particles and the low operation cost.However,small and portable ionizers have potential disadvantages in the removal efficiency owing to the limited horizontal diffusion of negative ions.This study aims to investigate the layout strategy(number and location)of ionizers based on the energy-efficient natural ventilation in the classroom to improve removal efficiency(negative ions to particles)and decrease infection risk.Three infected students were considered in the classroom.The simulations of negative ion and particle concentrations were performed and validated by the experiment.Results showed that as the number of ionizers was 4 and 5,the removal performance was largely improved by combining ionizer with natural ventilation.Compared with the scenario without an ionizer,the scenario with 5 ionizers largely increased the average removal efficiency from around 20%to 85%and decreased the average infection risk by 23%.The setup with 5 ionizers placed upstream of the classroom was determined as the optimal layout strategy,particularly when the location and number of the infected students were unknown.This work can provide a guideline for applying ionizers to public buildings when natural ventilation is used.
文摘The operation of a dynamic voltage restorer(DVR)is studied using a three-phase voltage source converter(VSC)-based topology to alleviate voltage anomalies from a polluted supply voltage.The control algorithm used included two components.The first is an adaptive Takagi-Sugeno-Kang(TSK)-based adaptive reweighted L1 norm adaption-based normalized least mean square(TSK-ARNA-NLMS)unit,which is proposed for the extraction of fundamental active and reactive components from the non-ideal supply and is further employed to generate the load reference voltage and switching pulse for the VSC.The step size was evaluated using the proposed TSK-ARNA-NLMS controller,and the TSK unit was optimized by integration with the marine predator algorithm(MPA)for a faster convergence rate.The second,a fractional-order PID controller(FOPID),was employed for AC-and DC-link voltage regulation and was approximated using the Oustaloup technique.The FOPID()PI Dγμprovides more freedom for tuning the settling time,rise time,and overshoot.The FOPID coefficients(Ki,Kd,Kp,γ,andμ)were optimized by employing an advanced ant lion optimization(ALO)meta-heuristics technique to minimize the performance index,namely,the integral time absolute error(ITAE)and assess the accuracy of controllers.The DVR performance was validated under dynamic-and steady-state conditions.
基金This work was supported by DoD(No.W81XWH-14-1-0343)(JJB)Federal Express Chair of Excellence(JJB),and Children’s Foundation Research Institute(JJB).
文摘TSC renal cystic disease is poorly understood and has no approved treatment.In a new principal cell-targeted murine model of Tsc cystic disease,the renal cystic epithelium is mostly composed of type A intercalated cells with an intact Tsc2 gene confirmed by sequencing,although these cells exhibit a Tsc-mutant disease phenotype.We used a newly derived targeted murine model in lineage tracing and extracellular vesicle(EV)characterization experiments and a cell culture model in EV characterization and cellular induction experiments to understand TSC cystogenesis.Using lineage tracing experiments,we found principal cells undergo clonal expansion but contribute very few cells to the cyst.We determined that cystic kidneys contain more interstitial EVs than noncystic kidneys,excrete fewer EVs in urine,and contain EVs in cyst fluid.Moreover,the loss of Tsc2 gene in EV-producing cells greatly changes the effect of EVs on renal tubular epithelium,such that the epithelium develops increased secretory and proliferative pathway activity.We demonstate that the mTORC1 pathway activity is independent form the EV production,and that the EV effects for a single cell line can vary significantly.TSC cystogenesis involves significant contribution from genetically intact cells conscripted to the mutant phenotype by mutant cell derived EVs.
