Development of cost-effective and environmental friendly energy storage devices(ESDs) has attracted widespread attention in recent scenario of energy research.Recently,the environmentally viable "water-in-salt&qu...Development of cost-effective and environmental friendly energy storage devices(ESDs) has attracted widespread attention in recent scenario of energy research.Recently,the environmentally viable "water-in-salt"(WiS) electrolytes has received significant interest for the development of advanced high performance ESDs.The WiS electrolyte exhibits wide electrochemical stability window(ESW),highsafety,non-flammability and superior electrochemical performance compared to the conventional "salt-in-water" electrolytes.This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion on WiS electrolyte based on theoretical,electrochemical and physicochemical characteristics.A strategic way for the usage of WiS electrolyte in rechargeable metal-ion batteries and supercapacitors with potentially improved electrochemical performance has been reviewed systematically.This review also discussed the unique advantages of WiS electrolytes as well as the future scope and challenges.展开更多
In using risk-informed approaches for ensuring safety of operating NPPs(nuclear power plants),risk importance measures obtained from PRAs(probabilistic risk assessments)of the plants are integral elements of considera...In using risk-informed approaches for ensuring safety of operating NPPs(nuclear power plants),risk importance measures obtained from PRAs(probabilistic risk assessments)of the plants are integral elements of consideration in many cases.In PSA models and applications associated with NPPs the risk importance of a particular feature(e.g.function,system,component,failure mode or operator action)can be,most generally,divided into two categories:importance with respect to risk increase potential and importance with respect to risk decrease potential.The representative of the first category,as used for practical purposes,is RAW(risk achievement worth).Representative of the second category,as mentioned in consideration of risk importance,is RRW(risk reduction worth).It can be shown that the two risk importance measures,RAW and RRW,are dependent on each other.The only parameter in this mutual dependency is probability of failure of the considered feature.The paper discusses the relation between RAW and RRW and some of its implications,including those on the general strategies for the reduction of risk imposed for the operation of the considered facility.Two general risk reduction strategies which are considered in the discussion are:a)risk reduction by decreasing the failure probability of the considered feature;and b)risk reduction while keeping the failure probability of the considered feature at the same level.Simple examples are provided to illustrate the differences between two strategies and point to main issues and conclusions.展开更多
基金the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research(CSIR) for the financial support through the HCP-44/02/1 projectthe DST-INSPIRE Faculty Scheme,Department of Science and Technology,New Delhi,Govt.of India(IFA20-MS-168) for the financial supports。
文摘Development of cost-effective and environmental friendly energy storage devices(ESDs) has attracted widespread attention in recent scenario of energy research.Recently,the environmentally viable "water-in-salt"(WiS) electrolytes has received significant interest for the development of advanced high performance ESDs.The WiS electrolyte exhibits wide electrochemical stability window(ESW),highsafety,non-flammability and superior electrochemical performance compared to the conventional "salt-in-water" electrolytes.This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion on WiS electrolyte based on theoretical,electrochemical and physicochemical characteristics.A strategic way for the usage of WiS electrolyte in rechargeable metal-ion batteries and supercapacitors with potentially improved electrochemical performance has been reviewed systematically.This review also discussed the unique advantages of WiS electrolytes as well as the future scope and challenges.
文摘In using risk-informed approaches for ensuring safety of operating NPPs(nuclear power plants),risk importance measures obtained from PRAs(probabilistic risk assessments)of the plants are integral elements of consideration in many cases.In PSA models and applications associated with NPPs the risk importance of a particular feature(e.g.function,system,component,failure mode or operator action)can be,most generally,divided into two categories:importance with respect to risk increase potential and importance with respect to risk decrease potential.The representative of the first category,as used for practical purposes,is RAW(risk achievement worth).Representative of the second category,as mentioned in consideration of risk importance,is RRW(risk reduction worth).It can be shown that the two risk importance measures,RAW and RRW,are dependent on each other.The only parameter in this mutual dependency is probability of failure of the considered feature.The paper discusses the relation between RAW and RRW and some of its implications,including those on the general strategies for the reduction of risk imposed for the operation of the considered facility.Two general risk reduction strategies which are considered in the discussion are:a)risk reduction by decreasing the failure probability of the considered feature;and b)risk reduction while keeping the failure probability of the considered feature at the same level.Simple examples are provided to illustrate the differences between two strategies and point to main issues and conclusions.
