Original statement in the Section 2:2.Literature search Our primary screening of 180 articles yielded the relevant data for this study.2.1.Study selection A total of 180 articles spanning from 1960 to the present day,...Original statement in the Section 2:2.Literature search Our primary screening of 180 articles yielded the relevant data for this study.2.1.Study selection A total of 180 articles spanning from 1960 to the present day,including original research,reviews,case reports and studies reporting nitrosamine impurities above the no-observed-adverse-effect levels(NOAEL)established by regulatory agencies,were initially screened.During the primary screening,we considered factors such as relevance,publication date,access to the full article text,and content.展开更多
The presence of N-nitroso compounds,particularly N-nitrosamines,in pharmaceutical products has raised global safety concerns due to their significant genotoxic and mutagenic effects.This systematic review investigates...The presence of N-nitroso compounds,particularly N-nitrosamines,in pharmaceutical products has raised global safety concerns due to their significant genotoxic and mutagenic effects.This systematic review investigates their toxicity in active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs),drug products,and pharmaceutical excipients,along with novel analytical strategies for detection,root cause analysis,reformulation strategies,and regulatory guidelines for nitrosamines.This review emphasizes the molecular toxicity of N-nitroso compounds,focusing on genotoxic,mutagenic,carcinogenic,and other physiological effects.Additionally,it addresses the ongoing nitrosamine crisis,the development of nitrosamine-free products,and the importance of sensitive detection methods and precise risk evaluation.This comprehensive overview will aid molecular biologists,analytical scientists,formulation scientists in research and development sector,and researchers involved in management of nitrosamine-induced toxicity and promoting safer pharmaceutical products.展开更多
Pantoprazole sodium, a substituted benzimidazole derivative, is an irreversible proton pump inhibitor which is primarily used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (...Pantoprazole sodium, a substituted benzimidazole derivative, is an irreversible proton pump inhibitor which is primarily used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The monographs of European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) and United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) specify six impurities, viz.;impurities A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively for its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The identification and synthesis of all impurities except impurity E are well described in the literature;however, there is no report related to impurity E. The prospects to the formation and controlling of impurity E up to -0.03% in the synthesis of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (PAN) were discussed in detail for the first time. The present work described the journey towards the successful development of an optimal preparation procedure of dimer impurity E. The most plausible mechanism involved in the formation of impurity E has been proposed.展开更多
One unknown impurity （Imp-II） during the analysis of laboratory batches of isoproterenol hydrochloride was detected in the level ranging from 0.04% to 0.12% by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detectio...One unknown impurity （Imp-II） during the analysis of laboratory batches of isoproterenol hydrochloride was detected in the level ranging from 0.04% to 0.12% by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The unknown impurity structure was proposed as 4-[2-（propan-2oylamino）ethyl]benzene-l,2-diol （Imp-II） using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry （LC-MS） analysis. Imp-II was isolated by semi-preparative liquid chromatography from the impurity-enriched reaction crude sample. Its proposed structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic spectroscopy such as 1H, 13C, DEPT （1D NMR）, HSQC （2D NMR） and infrared spectroscopy （IR）, and retention time and purity with HPLC followed by the chemical synthesis. Due to less removable nature of Imp-II during the purification, the synthetic process was optimized proficiently to control the formation of Imp-II below to the limit 〈 0.12% in the course of reaction. The new chemical route was developed for the preparation of this impurity in required quantity with purity to use as reference standard. The most probable mechanism for the formation of Imp-II was discussed in details.展开更多
Infections or virus-based diseases are a significant threat to human societies and could affect the whole world within a very short time-span.Corona Virus Disease-2019(COVID-19),also known as novel coronavirus or SARS...Infections or virus-based diseases are a significant threat to human societies and could affect the whole world within a very short time-span.Corona Virus Disease-2019(COVID-19),also known as novel coronavirus or SARSCoV-2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2),is a respiratory based touch contiguous disease.The catastrophic situation resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic posed a serious threat to societies globally.The whole world is making tremendous efforts to combat this life-threatening disease.For taking remedial action and planning preventive measures on time,there is an urgent need for efficient prediction models to confront the COVID-19 outbreak.A deep learning-based ARIMA-LSTM hybrid model is proposed in this article for predicting the COVID-19 outbreak by utilizing real-time information from the WHO’s daily bulletin report as well as provides information regarding clinical trials across the world.To evaluate the suitability and performance of our proposed model compared to other well-established prediction models,an experimental study has been performed.To estimate the prediction results,the three performance measures,i.e.,Root Mean Square Error(RMSE),Coefficient of determination(R2 Score),and Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE)have been employed.The prediction results of fifty countries substantiated the fact that the proposed ARIMA-LSTM hybrid model performs very well as compared to other models.The proposed model archives the lowest RMSE,lowest MAPE,and highest R2 Score throughout the testing,under varied selection criteria(country-wise).This article aims to contribute a deep learning-based solution for the wellbeing of livings and to provide the current status of clinical trials across the globe.展开更多
In this paper, we present classical molecular dynamics （MD） simulations of model polymer/CNT composites constructed by embedding a single wall （10,10） CNT into two different amorphous polymer matrices： poly（meth...In this paper, we present classical molecular dynamics （MD） simulations of model polymer/CNT composites constructed by embedding a single wall （10,10） CNT into two different amorphous polymer matrices： poly（methyl methacrylate） and poly{（m-phenylene-vinylene）-co- [（2,5-dioctoxy-p-phenylene） vinylene]}, respectively, with different volume fractions. The simulation results support the idea that it is possible to use CNTs to mechanically reinforce an appropri- ate polymer matrix, especially in the longitudinal direction of the nanotube. The comparison of the simulation results with the macroscopic rule-of-mixtures for composite systems showed that for strong interfacial interactions, there can be large deviations of the results from the rule-of- mixtures. In order to verify this study, results obtained have been compared with those given by Elliott and Han （2007）.展开更多
VLF （very low frequency） mode instability with parallel AC electric field was studied for generalized loss-cone distribution with an index j, which is reducible to bi-Maxwellian, loss- cone and delta function for j ...VLF （very low frequency） mode instability with parallel AC electric field was studied for generalized loss-cone distribution with an index j, which is reducible to bi-Maxwellian, loss- cone and delta function for j = 0, 1 and co. The particle trajectories and dispersion relation are obtained through a kinetic approach and method of characteristic solutions. The calculations are compared with the observations of low frequency waves of Voyager 2. The growth rate of plasma parameters suited to magnetosphere of Uranus is obtained. It is inferred that the magnitude as well as frequency of AC （alternating current） field increases the growth rate and widen the band width significantly. In addition to temperature anisotropy, particles in plasma having generalized loss-cone distribution provide an additional source of energy.展开更多
Biochemical changes associated with flowering in Bambusa arundinacea Linn and Bambusa nutans Wall.ex Munro were analyzed.Gregarious flowering was initiated in natural areas and plantations of B.arundinacea in late 201...Biochemical changes associated with flowering in Bambusa arundinacea Linn and Bambusa nutans Wall.ex Munro were analyzed.Gregarious flowering was initiated in natural areas and plantations of B.arundinacea in late 2014 and reached full bloom in early 2015,whereas sporadic flowering recorded during 2014–2015 in vegetatively propagated plants of B.nutans.Leaf and nodal shoot samples from flowering culms/shoots and nonflowering culms/shoots were collected in February 2015 at the initiation of fruit filling,then analyzed and compared for soluble sugars,phenols and peroxidase activity.In both species sugars were higher in leaves of flowering culms/shoots and lower in nodal shoots of flowering culms/shoots compared to the nonflowering.Phenols were lower in leaves and nodal shoots of flowering B.arundinacea,but higher in leaves and decreases in nodal shoots of B.nutans.Peroxidase activity increases in leaves and nodal shoots of B.arundinacea after flowering but increases in nodal shoots and decreases in leaves of B.nutans.展开更多
Viral hepatitis is an acute or chronic liver disease due to the infection from Hepatitis A,B,C,D and E viruses.It can cause severe liver damage such as cirrhosis,liver failure and liver cancer.To avoid such fatal comp...Viral hepatitis is an acute or chronic liver disease due to the infection from Hepatitis A,B,C,D and E viruses.It can cause severe liver damage such as cirrhosis,liver failure and liver cancer.To avoid such fatal complications,hepatitis patients must be diagnosed,pathologized and treated as soon as possible.Furthermore,these hepatitis viruses infect through different routes,resulting in distinct disease pathologies,severity and even the need for specific treatment strategies to combat the infection.展开更多
The maternal causes of dystocia in cattle and buffaloes are analyzed. Uterine torsion appears to be the most frequent maternal cause of dys-tocia in buffaloes whereas improper cervical dilation appears to be more freq...The maternal causes of dystocia in cattle and buffaloes are analyzed. Uterine torsion appears to be the most frequent maternal cause of dys-tocia in buffaloes whereas improper cervical dilation appears to be more frequent maternal cause of dystocia in cattle. Failure of uterine expulsive forces (Uterine Inertia) and neo-plasm’s of vagina, vulva and uterus are com-monly seen in cows and buffaloes. The various maternal causes of dystocia in cattle and buf-faloes and their management are described.展开更多
Background: In forensic science the identification of a human is based on three important factors: Age, Sex and Stature. Bones are an important tool for it and among human bones the pelvis and the skull are the most r...Background: In forensic science the identification of a human is based on three important factors: Age, Sex and Stature. Bones are an important tool for it and among human bones the pelvis and the skull are the most reliable source for sex determination. In the absence of complete pelvis, mandi-ble becomes the important source for sex determination since mandible is the most durable and movable part of skull that can resist postmortem changes. The present study is conducted to assess the accuracy and role of few metric and morphological parameters in determination of the sex of dry adult human mandible of North Indian origin. Material & Methods: The Study is conducted on 50 dry intact human adult mandibles of North Indian origin. The metric parameters i.e. bigonial breadth, bicondylar breadth are measured with a Vernier Calliper by two observers. Non-metric parameters being observed are the morphological features like gonion flaring, muscular markings and shape of angle of symphysis menti. Result & Conclusion: It is concluded that bigonial breadth and bicondylar breadth exhibit the sexual dimorphism. Morphological Parameters: Gonion flaring, muscular markings and shape of angle of symphysis menti also demonstrate the sexual dimorphism. These parameters taken together may determine the sex of adult human mandibles. The present study shows that the mandible is an important tool in the determination of gender with high accuracy.展开更多
The study area belongs to the north Afghanistan having complex tectonic setting, because of separation of the Afghanistan plate from Pangea in Early Permian and its subsequent northward journey and collision with Eura...The study area belongs to the north Afghanistan having complex tectonic setting, because of separation of the Afghanistan plate from Pangea in Early Permian and its subsequent northward journey and collision with Eurasian plate. The rock exposed in the area belongs to Paleozoic, Mesozoic to Quaternary with Proterozoic basement. Particularly the Permian succession of Afghanistan is rich in fusulinids (larger foraminifera), is age diagnostic, provides strong biostratigraphic tool for the Permian deposits, and has paleobiogeographic applications. The Bamian zone of north Afghanistan has good exposure to Middle Permian and is designated as Bolula and Khaja Ghar Formation is undertaken in this study. The Bolula Formation overlies the greenschist and basalts, composed mainly of carbonate rocks (Dolostone and limestone), having massive limestone, with some quartz and secondary calcite vein in the succession. The intermittent siliciclastic wedges within the carbonate succession are identified as input within the platform with tectonic pulses in the hinterland. Bolula and Khaja Ghar succession is divided into 8 lithofacies ( Facies A to H) and 6 carbonate Facies viz. Sparry calcites limestone, Micritic limestone, Fossiliferous limestones (Biomicrite), Peloidal limestone (Fecal pellets), Interlaminated micritic and sparite limestone, and sandy limestone (micritic). The Bolula and Khaja Ghar Formation in the Bamian area have deposited in a shallow marine shelf environment because of predominance of carbonate rocks and presence of shallow-water marine fossils including fusulinids, small benthic foraminifera, algae, bivalve, brachiopods fragments, corals and bryozoans, etc. In the Bamian zone the unconformity between Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian;indicates extensive gap in sedimentation, traceable to many parts of Afghanistan as unconformity or tectonic contact is considered here as sequence boundary.展开更多
This paper present an implementation of＂modified cubic B-spline differential quadrature method （MCB-DQM）＂ proposed by Arora ＆ Singh （Applied Mathematics and Computation Vol. 224（1） （2013） 161-177） for numer...This paper present an implementation of＂modified cubic B-spline differential quadrature method （MCB-DQM）＂ proposed by Arora ＆ Singh （Applied Mathematics and Computation Vol. 224（1） （2013） 161-177） for numerical computation of Fokker-Planck equations. The modified cubic B-splines are used as set of basis functions in the differential quadrature to compute the weighting coefficients for the spatial derivatives, which reduces Fokker-Planck equation into system of first-order ordinary differential equations （ODEs）, in time. The well known SSP-RK43 scheme is then applied to solve the resulting system of ODEs. The efficiency of proposed method has been confirmed by three examples having their exact solutions. This shows that MCB-DQM results are capable of achieving high accuracy. Advantage of the scheme is that it can be applied very smoothly to solve the linear or nonlinear physical problems, and a very less storage space is required which causes less accumulation of numerical errors.展开更多
The present article is concerned with the implementation of a recent semi-analytical method referred to as fractional reduced differential transform method （FRDTM） for computation of approximate solution of time-fra...The present article is concerned with the implementation of a recent semi-analytical method referred to as fractional reduced differential transform method （FRDTM） for computation of approximate solution of time-fractional gas dynamics equation （TFGDE） arising in shock fronts. In this approach, the fractional derivative is described in the Caputo sense. Four numeric experiments have been carried out to confirm the validity and the efficiency of the method. It is found that the exact or a closed approximate analytical solution of a fractional nonlinear differential equations arising in allied science and engineering can be obtained easily. Moreover, due to its small size of calculation contrary to the other analytical approaches while dealing with a complex and tedious physical problems arising in various branches of natural sciences and engineering, it is very easy to implement.展开更多
Sikkim Himalaya hosts critical water resources such as glacial,rain,and snow-fed springs and lakes.Climate change is adversely affecting these resources in various ways,and elevation-dependent warming is prominent amo...Sikkim Himalaya hosts critical water resources such as glacial,rain,and snow-fed springs and lakes.Climate change is adversely affecting these resources in various ways,and elevation-dependent warming is prominent among them.This study is a discussion of the elevation-dependent warming(EDW),snowfall shift,and precipitation variability over Sikkim Himalaya using a high-resolution ERA5-land dataset.Furthermore,the findings show that the Sikkim Himalaya region is experiencing a warming trend from south to north.The majority of the Sikkim Himalayan region shows a declining trend in snowfall.A positive advancement in snowfall trend(at a rate of 1 mm per decade)has been noticed above 4500 meters.The S/P ratio indicates a shift in snowfall patterns,moving from lower elevations to much higher regions.This suggests that snowfall has also transitioned from Lachung and Lachen(3600 m)to higher elevated areas.Moreover,the seasonal shifting of snowfall in the recent decade is seen from January-March(JFM)to February-April(FMA).Subsequently,the preceding 21 years are being marked by a significant spatiotemporal change in temperature,precipitation,and snowfall.The potent negative correlation coefficient between temperature and snowfall(–0.9),temperature and S/P ratio(–0.5)suggested the changing nature of snowfall from solid to liquid,which further resulted in increased lower elevation precipitation.The entire Sikkim region is transitioning from a cold-dry to a warm-wet weather pattern.In the climate change scenario,a drop in the S/P ratio with altitude will continue to explain the rise in temperature over mountainous regions.展开更多
Background:Betel nut/areca nut/Areca catechu is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substance,and is also a major preventable cause of cancer.Unlike other psychoactive substances,such as nicotine,the mechanisms...Background:Betel nut/areca nut/Areca catechu is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substance,and is also a major preventable cause of cancer.Unlike other psychoactive substances,such as nicotine,the mechanisms underlying addiction to areca nuts and related oncogenesis remain elusive.Recent reports suggest a possible overlap in the mechanisms of action of nicotine and areca nuts in the human body.Thus,this study aimed to investigate the interactome of human proteins associated with areca nut exposure and the intricate similarities and differences in the effects of the two psychoactive substances on humans.Methods:A list of proteins associated with areca nut use was obtained from the available literature using terms from Medical Subject Headings(MeSH).Protein-protein interaction(PPI)networks and functional enrichment were analyzed.The results obtained for both psychoactive substances were compared.Results:Given the limited number of common proteins(36/226,16%)in the two sets,a substantial overlap(612/1176 nodes,52%)was observed in the PPI networks,as well as in Gene Ontology.Areca nuts mainly affect signaling pathways through three hub proteins(alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase,tumor protein 53,and interleukin-6),which are common to both psychoactive substances,as well as two unique hub proteins(epidermal growth factor receptor and master regulator of cell cycle entry and proliferative metabolism).Areca nut-related proteins are associated with unique pathways,such as extracellular matrix organization,lipid storage,and metabolism,which are not found in nicotine-associated proteins.Conclusions:Areca nuts affect regulatory mechanisms,leading to systemic toxicity and oncogenesis.Areca nuts also affect unique pathways that can be studied as potential markers of exposure,as well as targets for anticancer therapeutic agents.展开更多
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global epidemic that is likely to become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the next decade, worldwide. Though numerous drugs have been evaluated in clinica...Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global epidemic that is likely to become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the next decade, worldwide. Though numerous drugs have been evaluated in clinical trials, most of them have returned inconclusive results and shown poorly-tolerated adverse effects. None of the drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating biopsy-proven non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Vitamin E and pioglitazone have been extensively used in treatment of biopsy-proven nondiabetic NASH patients. Although some amelioration of inflammation has been seen, these drugs did not improve the fibrosis component of NASH. Therefore, dietary modification and weight reduction have remained the cornerstone of treatment of NASH;moreover, they have shown to improve histological activity as well as fibrosis. The search for an ideal drug or ‘Holy Grail’ within this landscape of possible agents continues, as weight reduction is achieved only in less than 10% of patients. In this current review, we summarize the drugs for NASH which are under investigation, and we provide a critical analysis of their up-to-date results and outcomes.展开更多
Annually,10%of cirrhotic patients with ascites develop refractory ascites for which large-volume paracentesis(LVP)is a frequently used therapeutic procedure.LVP,although a safe method,is associated with circulatory dy...Annually,10%of cirrhotic patients with ascites develop refractory ascites for which large-volume paracentesis(LVP)is a frequently used therapeutic procedure.LVP,although a safe method,is associated with circulatory dysfunction in a significant percentage of patients,which is termed para-centesis-induced circulatory dysfunction(PICD).PICD results in faster reaccumulation of ascites,hyponatremia,renal impairment,and shorter survival.PICD is diagnosed through laboratory results,with increases of>50%of baseline plasma renin activity to a value≥4 ng/mL/h on the fifth to sixth day after paracentesis.In this review,we discuss the pathophysi-ology and prevention of PICD.展开更多
Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in wound healing by forming new blood vessels from preexisting vessels by invading the wound clot and organizing into a microvascular network throughout the granulation tissue.This dy...Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in wound healing by forming new blood vessels from preexisting vessels by invading the wound clot and organizing into a microvascular network throughout the granulation tissue.This dynamic process is highly regulated by signals from both serum and the surrounding extracellular matrix environment.Vascular endothelial growth factor,angiopoietin,fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta are among the potent angiogenic cytokines in wound angiogenesis.Specific endothelial cell ECM receptors are critical for morphogenetic changes in blood vessels during wound repair.In particular integrin(αvβ3)receptors for fibrin and fibronectin,appear to be required for wound angiogenesis:αvβ3 is focally expressed at the tips of angiogenic capillary sprouts invading the wound clot,and any functional inhibitors ofαvβ3 such as monoclonal antibodies,cyclic RGD peptide antagonists,and peptidomimetics rapidly inhibit granulation tissue formation.In spite of clear knowledge about influence of many angiogenic factors on wound healing,little progress has been made in defining the source of these factors,the regulatory events involved in wound angiogenesis and in the clinical use of angiogenic stimulants to promote repair.展开更多
文摘Original statement in the Section 2:2.Literature search Our primary screening of 180 articles yielded the relevant data for this study.2.1.Study selection A total of 180 articles spanning from 1960 to the present day,including original research,reviews,case reports and studies reporting nitrosamine impurities above the no-observed-adverse-effect levels(NOAEL)established by regulatory agencies,were initially screened.During the primary screening,we considered factors such as relevance,publication date,access to the full article text,and content.
文摘The presence of N-nitroso compounds,particularly N-nitrosamines,in pharmaceutical products has raised global safety concerns due to their significant genotoxic and mutagenic effects.This systematic review investigates their toxicity in active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs),drug products,and pharmaceutical excipients,along with novel analytical strategies for detection,root cause analysis,reformulation strategies,and regulatory guidelines for nitrosamines.This review emphasizes the molecular toxicity of N-nitroso compounds,focusing on genotoxic,mutagenic,carcinogenic,and other physiological effects.Additionally,it addresses the ongoing nitrosamine crisis,the development of nitrosamine-free products,and the importance of sensitive detection methods and precise risk evaluation.This comprehensive overview will aid molecular biologists,analytical scientists,formulation scientists in research and development sector,and researchers involved in management of nitrosamine-induced toxicity and promoting safer pharmaceutical products.
文摘Pantoprazole sodium, a substituted benzimidazole derivative, is an irreversible proton pump inhibitor which is primarily used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The monographs of European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) and United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) specify six impurities, viz.;impurities A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively for its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The identification and synthesis of all impurities except impurity E are well described in the literature;however, there is no report related to impurity E. The prospects to the formation and controlling of impurity E up to -0.03% in the synthesis of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (PAN) were discussed in detail for the first time. The present work described the journey towards the successful development of an optimal preparation procedure of dimer impurity E. The most plausible mechanism involved in the formation of impurity E has been proposed.
文摘One unknown impurity （Imp-II） during the analysis of laboratory batches of isoproterenol hydrochloride was detected in the level ranging from 0.04% to 0.12% by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The unknown impurity structure was proposed as 4-[2-（propan-2oylamino）ethyl]benzene-l,2-diol （Imp-II） using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry （LC-MS） analysis. Imp-II was isolated by semi-preparative liquid chromatography from the impurity-enriched reaction crude sample. Its proposed structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic spectroscopy such as 1H, 13C, DEPT （1D NMR）, HSQC （2D NMR） and infrared spectroscopy （IR）, and retention time and purity with HPLC followed by the chemical synthesis. Due to less removable nature of Imp-II during the purification, the synthetic process was optimized proficiently to control the formation of Imp-II below to the limit 〈 0.12% in the course of reaction. The new chemical route was developed for the preparation of this impurity in required quantity with purity to use as reference standard. The most probable mechanism for the formation of Imp-II was discussed in details.
文摘Infections or virus-based diseases are a significant threat to human societies and could affect the whole world within a very short time-span.Corona Virus Disease-2019(COVID-19),also known as novel coronavirus or SARSCoV-2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2),is a respiratory based touch contiguous disease.The catastrophic situation resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic posed a serious threat to societies globally.The whole world is making tremendous efforts to combat this life-threatening disease.For taking remedial action and planning preventive measures on time,there is an urgent need for efficient prediction models to confront the COVID-19 outbreak.A deep learning-based ARIMA-LSTM hybrid model is proposed in this article for predicting the COVID-19 outbreak by utilizing real-time information from the WHO’s daily bulletin report as well as provides information regarding clinical trials across the world.To evaluate the suitability and performance of our proposed model compared to other well-established prediction models,an experimental study has been performed.To estimate the prediction results,the three performance measures,i.e.,Root Mean Square Error(RMSE),Coefficient of determination(R2 Score),and Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE)have been employed.The prediction results of fifty countries substantiated the fact that the proposed ARIMA-LSTM hybrid model performs very well as compared to other models.The proposed model archives the lowest RMSE,lowest MAPE,and highest R2 Score throughout the testing,under varied selection criteria(country-wise).This article aims to contribute a deep learning-based solution for the wellbeing of livings and to provide the current status of clinical trials across the globe.
文摘In this paper, we present classical molecular dynamics （MD） simulations of model polymer/CNT composites constructed by embedding a single wall （10,10） CNT into two different amorphous polymer matrices： poly（methyl methacrylate） and poly{（m-phenylene-vinylene）-co- [（2,5-dioctoxy-p-phenylene） vinylene]}, respectively, with different volume fractions. The simulation results support the idea that it is possible to use CNTs to mechanically reinforce an appropri- ate polymer matrix, especially in the longitudinal direction of the nanotube. The comparison of the simulation results with the macroscopic rule-of-mixtures for composite systems showed that for strong interfacial interactions, there can be large deviations of the results from the rule-of- mixtures. In order to verify this study, results obtained have been compared with those given by Elliott and Han （2007）.
文摘VLF （very low frequency） mode instability with parallel AC electric field was studied for generalized loss-cone distribution with an index j, which is reducible to bi-Maxwellian, loss- cone and delta function for j = 0, 1 and co. The particle trajectories and dispersion relation are obtained through a kinetic approach and method of characteristic solutions. The calculations are compared with the observations of low frequency waves of Voyager 2. The growth rate of plasma parameters suited to magnetosphere of Uranus is obtained. It is inferred that the magnitude as well as frequency of AC （alternating current） field increases the growth rate and widen the band width significantly. In addition to temperature anisotropy, particles in plasma having generalized loss-cone distribution provide an additional source of energy.
基金carried out from research grant of Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education(ICFRE),Dehradun
文摘Biochemical changes associated with flowering in Bambusa arundinacea Linn and Bambusa nutans Wall.ex Munro were analyzed.Gregarious flowering was initiated in natural areas and plantations of B.arundinacea in late 2014 and reached full bloom in early 2015,whereas sporadic flowering recorded during 2014–2015 in vegetatively propagated plants of B.nutans.Leaf and nodal shoot samples from flowering culms/shoots and nonflowering culms/shoots were collected in February 2015 at the initiation of fruit filling,then analyzed and compared for soluble sugars,phenols and peroxidase activity.In both species sugars were higher in leaves of flowering culms/shoots and lower in nodal shoots of flowering culms/shoots compared to the nonflowering.Phenols were lower in leaves and nodal shoots of flowering B.arundinacea,but higher in leaves and decreases in nodal shoots of B.nutans.Peroxidase activity increases in leaves and nodal shoots of B.arundinacea after flowering but increases in nodal shoots and decreases in leaves of B.nutans.
文摘Viral hepatitis is an acute or chronic liver disease due to the infection from Hepatitis A,B,C,D and E viruses.It can cause severe liver damage such as cirrhosis,liver failure and liver cancer.To avoid such fatal complications,hepatitis patients must be diagnosed,pathologized and treated as soon as possible.Furthermore,these hepatitis viruses infect through different routes,resulting in distinct disease pathologies,severity and even the need for specific treatment strategies to combat the infection.
文摘The maternal causes of dystocia in cattle and buffaloes are analyzed. Uterine torsion appears to be the most frequent maternal cause of dys-tocia in buffaloes whereas improper cervical dilation appears to be more frequent maternal cause of dystocia in cattle. Failure of uterine expulsive forces (Uterine Inertia) and neo-plasm’s of vagina, vulva and uterus are com-monly seen in cows and buffaloes. The various maternal causes of dystocia in cattle and buf-faloes and their management are described.
文摘Background: In forensic science the identification of a human is based on three important factors: Age, Sex and Stature. Bones are an important tool for it and among human bones the pelvis and the skull are the most reliable source for sex determination. In the absence of complete pelvis, mandi-ble becomes the important source for sex determination since mandible is the most durable and movable part of skull that can resist postmortem changes. The present study is conducted to assess the accuracy and role of few metric and morphological parameters in determination of the sex of dry adult human mandible of North Indian origin. Material & Methods: The Study is conducted on 50 dry intact human adult mandibles of North Indian origin. The metric parameters i.e. bigonial breadth, bicondylar breadth are measured with a Vernier Calliper by two observers. Non-metric parameters being observed are the morphological features like gonion flaring, muscular markings and shape of angle of symphysis menti. Result & Conclusion: It is concluded that bigonial breadth and bicondylar breadth exhibit the sexual dimorphism. Morphological Parameters: Gonion flaring, muscular markings and shape of angle of symphysis menti also demonstrate the sexual dimorphism. These parameters taken together may determine the sex of adult human mandibles. The present study shows that the mandible is an important tool in the determination of gender with high accuracy.
文摘The study area belongs to the north Afghanistan having complex tectonic setting, because of separation of the Afghanistan plate from Pangea in Early Permian and its subsequent northward journey and collision with Eurasian plate. The rock exposed in the area belongs to Paleozoic, Mesozoic to Quaternary with Proterozoic basement. Particularly the Permian succession of Afghanistan is rich in fusulinids (larger foraminifera), is age diagnostic, provides strong biostratigraphic tool for the Permian deposits, and has paleobiogeographic applications. The Bamian zone of north Afghanistan has good exposure to Middle Permian and is designated as Bolula and Khaja Ghar Formation is undertaken in this study. The Bolula Formation overlies the greenschist and basalts, composed mainly of carbonate rocks (Dolostone and limestone), having massive limestone, with some quartz and secondary calcite vein in the succession. The intermittent siliciclastic wedges within the carbonate succession are identified as input within the platform with tectonic pulses in the hinterland. Bolula and Khaja Ghar succession is divided into 8 lithofacies ( Facies A to H) and 6 carbonate Facies viz. Sparry calcites limestone, Micritic limestone, Fossiliferous limestones (Biomicrite), Peloidal limestone (Fecal pellets), Interlaminated micritic and sparite limestone, and sandy limestone (micritic). The Bolula and Khaja Ghar Formation in the Bamian area have deposited in a shallow marine shelf environment because of predominance of carbonate rocks and presence of shallow-water marine fossils including fusulinids, small benthic foraminifera, algae, bivalve, brachiopods fragments, corals and bryozoans, etc. In the Bamian zone the unconformity between Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian;indicates extensive gap in sedimentation, traceable to many parts of Afghanistan as unconformity or tectonic contact is considered here as sequence boundary.
文摘This paper present an implementation of＂modified cubic B-spline differential quadrature method （MCB-DQM）＂ proposed by Arora ＆ Singh （Applied Mathematics and Computation Vol. 224（1） （2013） 161-177） for numerical computation of Fokker-Planck equations. The modified cubic B-splines are used as set of basis functions in the differential quadrature to compute the weighting coefficients for the spatial derivatives, which reduces Fokker-Planck equation into system of first-order ordinary differential equations （ODEs）, in time. The well known SSP-RK43 scheme is then applied to solve the resulting system of ODEs. The efficiency of proposed method has been confirmed by three examples having their exact solutions. This shows that MCB-DQM results are capable of achieving high accuracy. Advantage of the scheme is that it can be applied very smoothly to solve the linear or nonlinear physical problems, and a very less storage space is required which causes less accumulation of numerical errors.
文摘The present article is concerned with the implementation of a recent semi-analytical method referred to as fractional reduced differential transform method （FRDTM） for computation of approximate solution of time-fractional gas dynamics equation （TFGDE） arising in shock fronts. In this approach, the fractional derivative is described in the Caputo sense. Four numeric experiments have been carried out to confirm the validity and the efficiency of the method. It is found that the exact or a closed approximate analytical solution of a fractional nonlinear differential equations arising in allied science and engineering can be obtained easily. Moreover, due to its small size of calculation contrary to the other analytical approaches while dealing with a complex and tedious physical problems arising in various branches of natural sciences and engineering, it is very easy to implement.
文摘Sikkim Himalaya hosts critical water resources such as glacial,rain,and snow-fed springs and lakes.Climate change is adversely affecting these resources in various ways,and elevation-dependent warming is prominent among them.This study is a discussion of the elevation-dependent warming(EDW),snowfall shift,and precipitation variability over Sikkim Himalaya using a high-resolution ERA5-land dataset.Furthermore,the findings show that the Sikkim Himalaya region is experiencing a warming trend from south to north.The majority of the Sikkim Himalayan region shows a declining trend in snowfall.A positive advancement in snowfall trend(at a rate of 1 mm per decade)has been noticed above 4500 meters.The S/P ratio indicates a shift in snowfall patterns,moving from lower elevations to much higher regions.This suggests that snowfall has also transitioned from Lachung and Lachen(3600 m)to higher elevated areas.Moreover,the seasonal shifting of snowfall in the recent decade is seen from January-March(JFM)to February-April(FMA).Subsequently,the preceding 21 years are being marked by a significant spatiotemporal change in temperature,precipitation,and snowfall.The potent negative correlation coefficient between temperature and snowfall(–0.9),temperature and S/P ratio(–0.5)suggested the changing nature of snowfall from solid to liquid,which further resulted in increased lower elevation precipitation.The entire Sikkim region is transitioning from a cold-dry to a warm-wet weather pattern.In the climate change scenario,a drop in the S/P ratio with altitude will continue to explain the rise in temperature over mountainous regions.
基金supported by intramural funding from the National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research,Indian Council of Medical Research(No.NICPR/Anuj/intramural/2021/1).
文摘Background:Betel nut/areca nut/Areca catechu is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substance,and is also a major preventable cause of cancer.Unlike other psychoactive substances,such as nicotine,the mechanisms underlying addiction to areca nuts and related oncogenesis remain elusive.Recent reports suggest a possible overlap in the mechanisms of action of nicotine and areca nuts in the human body.Thus,this study aimed to investigate the interactome of human proteins associated with areca nut exposure and the intricate similarities and differences in the effects of the two psychoactive substances on humans.Methods:A list of proteins associated with areca nut use was obtained from the available literature using terms from Medical Subject Headings(MeSH).Protein-protein interaction(PPI)networks and functional enrichment were analyzed.The results obtained for both psychoactive substances were compared.Results:Given the limited number of common proteins(36/226,16%)in the two sets,a substantial overlap(612/1176 nodes,52%)was observed in the PPI networks,as well as in Gene Ontology.Areca nuts mainly affect signaling pathways through three hub proteins(alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase,tumor protein 53,and interleukin-6),which are common to both psychoactive substances,as well as two unique hub proteins(epidermal growth factor receptor and master regulator of cell cycle entry and proliferative metabolism).Areca nut-related proteins are associated with unique pathways,such as extracellular matrix organization,lipid storage,and metabolism,which are not found in nicotine-associated proteins.Conclusions:Areca nuts affect regulatory mechanisms,leading to systemic toxicity and oncogenesis.Areca nuts also affect unique pathways that can be studied as potential markers of exposure,as well as targets for anticancer therapeutic agents.
文摘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global epidemic that is likely to become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the next decade, worldwide. Though numerous drugs have been evaluated in clinical trials, most of them have returned inconclusive results and shown poorly-tolerated adverse effects. None of the drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating biopsy-proven non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Vitamin E and pioglitazone have been extensively used in treatment of biopsy-proven nondiabetic NASH patients. Although some amelioration of inflammation has been seen, these drugs did not improve the fibrosis component of NASH. Therefore, dietary modification and weight reduction have remained the cornerstone of treatment of NASH;moreover, they have shown to improve histological activity as well as fibrosis. The search for an ideal drug or ‘Holy Grail’ within this landscape of possible agents continues, as weight reduction is achieved only in less than 10% of patients. In this current review, we summarize the drugs for NASH which are under investigation, and we provide a critical analysis of their up-to-date results and outcomes.
文摘Annually,10%of cirrhotic patients with ascites develop refractory ascites for which large-volume paracentesis(LVP)is a frequently used therapeutic procedure.LVP,although a safe method,is associated with circulatory dysfunction in a significant percentage of patients,which is termed para-centesis-induced circulatory dysfunction(PICD).PICD results in faster reaccumulation of ascites,hyponatremia,renal impairment,and shorter survival.PICD is diagnosed through laboratory results,with increases of>50%of baseline plasma renin activity to a value≥4 ng/mL/h on the fifth to sixth day after paracentesis.In this review,we discuss the pathophysi-ology and prevention of PICD.
文摘Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in wound healing by forming new blood vessels from preexisting vessels by invading the wound clot and organizing into a microvascular network throughout the granulation tissue.This dynamic process is highly regulated by signals from both serum and the surrounding extracellular matrix environment.Vascular endothelial growth factor,angiopoietin,fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta are among the potent angiogenic cytokines in wound angiogenesis.Specific endothelial cell ECM receptors are critical for morphogenetic changes in blood vessels during wound repair.In particular integrin(αvβ3)receptors for fibrin and fibronectin,appear to be required for wound angiogenesis:αvβ3 is focally expressed at the tips of angiogenic capillary sprouts invading the wound clot,and any functional inhibitors ofαvβ3 such as monoclonal antibodies,cyclic RGD peptide antagonists,and peptidomimetics rapidly inhibit granulation tissue formation.In spite of clear knowledge about influence of many angiogenic factors on wound healing,little progress has been made in defining the source of these factors,the regulatory events involved in wound angiogenesis and in the clinical use of angiogenic stimulants to promote repair.
