Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)possess a rich historical background,unique theoretical framework,remarkable therapeutic efficacy,and abundant resources.However,the modernization and internationalization of TCMs ha...Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)possess a rich historical background,unique theoretical framework,remarkable therapeutic efficacy,and abundant resources.However,the modernization and internationalization of TCMs have faced significant obstacles due to their diverse ingredients and unknown mechanisms.To gain deeper insights into the phytochemicals and ensure the quality control of TCMs,there is an urgent need to enhance analytical techniques.Currently,two-dimensional(2D)chromatography,which incorporates two independent separation mechanisms,demonstrates superior separation capabilities compared to the traditional one-dimensional(1D)separation system when analyzing TCMs samples.Over the past decade,new techniques have been continuously developed to gain actionable insights from complex samples.This review presents the recent advancements in the application of multidimensional chromatography for the quality evaluation of TCMs,encompassing 2D-gas chromatography(GC),2D-liquid chromatography(LC),as well as emerging three-dimensional(3D)-GC,3D-LC,and their associated data-processing approaches.These studies highlight the promising potential of multidimensional chromatographic separation for future phytochemical analysis.Nevertheless,the increased separation capability has resulted in higher-order data sets and greater demands for data-processing tools.Considering that multidimensional chromatography is still a relatively nascent research field,further hardware enhancements and the implementation of chemometric methods are necessary to foster its robust development.展开更多
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)is a progressive disease lacking effective therapy.Metformin,an antidiabetic medication,has shown promising therapeutic properties in preclinical fibrosis models;however,its precise c...Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)is a progressive disease lacking effective therapy.Metformin,an antidiabetic medication,has shown promising therapeutic properties in preclinical fibrosis models;however,its precise cellular targets and associated mechanisms in fibrosis resolution remain incompletely defined.Most research on metformin’s effects has focused on mesenchymal and inflammatory responses with limited attention to epithelial cells.In this study,we utilized Sftpc lineage-traced and Fgfr2b conditional knockout mice,along with BMP2/PPARγand AMPK inhibitors,to explore metformin’s impact on alveolar epithelial cells in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model and cell culture.We found that metformin increased the proliferation and differentiation of alveolar type 2(AT2)cells,particularly the recently identified injury-activated alveolar progenitors(IAAPs)-a subpopulation characterized by low SFTPC expression but enriched for PD-L1.Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a reduction in apoptosis among mature AT2 cells.Interestingly,metformin’s therapeutic effects were not significantly affected by BMP2 or PPARγinhibition,which blocked the lipogenic differentiation of myofibroblasts.However,Fgfr2b deletion in Sftpc lineage cells significantly impaired metformin’s ability to promote fibrosis resolution,a process linked to AMPK signaling.In conclusion,metformin alleviates fibrosis by directly activating AT2 cells,especially the IAAPs,through a mechanism that involves AMPK and FGFR2b signaling,but is largely independent of BMP2/PPARγpathways.展开更多
基金This work is financially supported by the Hunan 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Engineering&Technology with Environmental Benignity and Effective Resource UtilizationAdditional funding was provided by the Hunan Province Natural Science Fund(No.2020JJ4569 and 2023JJ60378)the Hunan Province College Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.S202110530044 and S202210530048).
文摘Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)possess a rich historical background,unique theoretical framework,remarkable therapeutic efficacy,and abundant resources.However,the modernization and internationalization of TCMs have faced significant obstacles due to their diverse ingredients and unknown mechanisms.To gain deeper insights into the phytochemicals and ensure the quality control of TCMs,there is an urgent need to enhance analytical techniques.Currently,two-dimensional(2D)chromatography,which incorporates two independent separation mechanisms,demonstrates superior separation capabilities compared to the traditional one-dimensional(1D)separation system when analyzing TCMs samples.Over the past decade,new techniques have been continuously developed to gain actionable insights from complex samples.This review presents the recent advancements in the application of multidimensional chromatography for the quality evaluation of TCMs,encompassing 2D-gas chromatography(GC),2D-liquid chromatography(LC),as well as emerging three-dimensional(3D)-GC,3D-LC,and their associated data-processing approaches.These studies highlight the promising potential of multidimensional chromatographic separation for future phytochemical analysis.Nevertheless,the increased separation capability has resulted in higher-order data sets and greater demands for data-processing tools.Considering that multidimensional chromatography is still a relatively nascent research field,further hardware enhancements and the implementation of chemometric methods are necessary to foster its robust development.
基金supported by the Discipline Cluster of Oncology of Wenzhou Medical University,China(Grant No.Z1-2023004 to Jin-San Zhang)Zhejiang Province Public Welfare Fund Project,China(Grant No.LY24H050003 to Jin-San Zhang)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82170017 to Chengshui Chen).
文摘Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)is a progressive disease lacking effective therapy.Metformin,an antidiabetic medication,has shown promising therapeutic properties in preclinical fibrosis models;however,its precise cellular targets and associated mechanisms in fibrosis resolution remain incompletely defined.Most research on metformin’s effects has focused on mesenchymal and inflammatory responses with limited attention to epithelial cells.In this study,we utilized Sftpc lineage-traced and Fgfr2b conditional knockout mice,along with BMP2/PPARγand AMPK inhibitors,to explore metformin’s impact on alveolar epithelial cells in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model and cell culture.We found that metformin increased the proliferation and differentiation of alveolar type 2(AT2)cells,particularly the recently identified injury-activated alveolar progenitors(IAAPs)-a subpopulation characterized by low SFTPC expression but enriched for PD-L1.Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a reduction in apoptosis among mature AT2 cells.Interestingly,metformin’s therapeutic effects were not significantly affected by BMP2 or PPARγinhibition,which blocked the lipogenic differentiation of myofibroblasts.However,Fgfr2b deletion in Sftpc lineage cells significantly impaired metformin’s ability to promote fibrosis resolution,a process linked to AMPK signaling.In conclusion,metformin alleviates fibrosis by directly activating AT2 cells,especially the IAAPs,through a mechanism that involves AMPK and FGFR2b signaling,but is largely independent of BMP2/PPARγpathways.
