Waterborne viruses have caused outbreaks of related diseases and threaten human health,and advanced oxidation processes(AOPs),as clean and efficient technologies,have received widespread attention for their excellent ...Waterborne viruses have caused outbreaks of related diseases and threaten human health,and advanced oxidation processes(AOPs),as clean and efficient technologies,have received widespread attention for their excellent performance in inactivating viruses.However,heterogeneity in susceptibility of structurally distinct viruses to various reactive oxygen species(ROS)is unclear.This study first measured the heterogeneity in inactivation kinetics and biological mechanisms of four typical viral surrogates(MS2,phi6,phix174,and T4)to various ROS by visible light catalysis.Notably,the second-order inactivation rate constants of four viruses by hydroxyl radicals(·OH),singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2)),and superoxide radicals(·O_(2)^(-))were quite different:10^(9)–10^(10),10^(7)–10^(8),and about 10^(5) M^(-1) s^(-1),respectively.The susceptibility of four viruses to ROS varied significantly,in the order of phi6>MS2>phix174>T4.More importantly,^(1)O_(2) can better oxidize capsid proteins.·O_(2)^(-)induced RNA damage was significantly greater than that to the DNA genome,indicating that RNA viruses are more susceptible.·OH can strongly inactivate the four structurally distinct viruses.Furthermore,the resistance of the ROS-inactivated virus to environmental interference was assessed in detail.This study advanced the under-standing of heterogeneity in susceptibility of structurally distinct viruses to various ROS and provided a valuable theoretical basis for the application of AOPs in water disinfection.展开更多
Current microbial control strategies face challenges in keeping up with the escalation of microbial problems due to the presence of biofilms.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop effective and robust strategies...Current microbial control strategies face challenges in keeping up with the escalation of microbial problems due to the presence of biofilms.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop effective and robust strategies to control problematic biofilms in water treatment and reuse systems.Nanozymes,which have intrinsic biocatalytic activity and broad antibacterial spectra,hold promise for controlling resilient biofilms.This review summarizes the milestones of nanozyme studies and their applications as antibiofilm agents.The mechanisms behind the antibacterial,quorum quenching,and depolymerizing properties of nanozymes with different enzyme activities are discussed.Notably,the surface and composition of nanozymes are crucial for their efficacy in biofilm control;thus,rationally designed nanozymes can increase their effectiveness.Additionally,the challenges of nanozymes as antibiofilm agents in realistic scenarios are investigated along with proposed strategies to overcome these challenges.Prospects of nanozyme-based biofilm control,such as machine learning-assisted nanozyme design,are also discussed.Overall,this review highlights the potential of nanozymes as antibiofilm agents and provides insights into the future design of nanozymes for biofilm control.展开更多
The boosting development of artificial intelligence(AI)is contributing to rapid exponential surge of computing power demand,which results in the concerns on the increased energy consumption and carbon emission.To high...The boosting development of artificial intelligence(AI)is contributing to rapid exponential surge of computing power demand,which results in the concerns on the increased energy consumption and carbon emission.To highlight the environmental impact of AI,a quantified analysis on the carbon emission associated with AI systems was conducted in this study,with the hope of offering guidelines for police maker to setup emission limits or studies interested in this issue and beyond.It has been discovered that both industry and academia play pivotal roles in driving AI development forward.The carbon emissions from 79 prominent AI systems released between 2020 and 2024 were quantified.The projected total carbon footprint from the AI systems in the top 20 of carbon emissions could reach up to 102.6 Mt of CO_(2) equivalent per year.This could potentially have a substantial impact on the environmental market,exceeding$10 billion annually,especially considering potential carbon penalties in the near future.Hence,it is appealed to take proactive measures to develop quantitative analysis methodologies and establish appropriate standards for measuring carbon emissions associated with AI systems.Emission cap is also crucial to drive the industry to adopt more environmentally friendly practices and technologies,in order to build a more sustainable future for AI.展开更多
基金funded by the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province,China(No.20220101214JC).
文摘Waterborne viruses have caused outbreaks of related diseases and threaten human health,and advanced oxidation processes(AOPs),as clean and efficient technologies,have received widespread attention for their excellent performance in inactivating viruses.However,heterogeneity in susceptibility of structurally distinct viruses to various reactive oxygen species(ROS)is unclear.This study first measured the heterogeneity in inactivation kinetics and biological mechanisms of four typical viral surrogates(MS2,phi6,phix174,and T4)to various ROS by visible light catalysis.Notably,the second-order inactivation rate constants of four viruses by hydroxyl radicals(·OH),singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2)),and superoxide radicals(·O_(2)^(-))were quite different:10^(9)–10^(10),10^(7)–10^(8),and about 10^(5) M^(-1) s^(-1),respectively.The susceptibility of four viruses to ROS varied significantly,in the order of phi6>MS2>phix174>T4.More importantly,^(1)O_(2) can better oxidize capsid proteins.·O_(2)^(-)induced RNA damage was significantly greater than that to the DNA genome,indicating that RNA viruses are more susceptible.·OH can strongly inactivate the four structurally distinct viruses.Furthermore,the resistance of the ROS-inactivated virus to environmental interference was assessed in detail.This study advanced the under-standing of heterogeneity in susceptibility of structurally distinct viruses to various ROS and provided a valuable theoretical basis for the application of AOPs in water disinfection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52030003 and 32302244)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFC3203805 and 2022YFC3704700)the Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute(China)for Advanced Study.
文摘Current microbial control strategies face challenges in keeping up with the escalation of microbial problems due to the presence of biofilms.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop effective and robust strategies to control problematic biofilms in water treatment and reuse systems.Nanozymes,which have intrinsic biocatalytic activity and broad antibacterial spectra,hold promise for controlling resilient biofilms.This review summarizes the milestones of nanozyme studies and their applications as antibiofilm agents.The mechanisms behind the antibacterial,quorum quenching,and depolymerizing properties of nanozymes with different enzyme activities are discussed.Notably,the surface and composition of nanozymes are crucial for their efficacy in biofilm control;thus,rationally designed nanozymes can increase their effectiveness.Additionally,the challenges of nanozymes as antibiofilm agents in realistic scenarios are investigated along with proposed strategies to overcome these challenges.Prospects of nanozyme-based biofilm control,such as machine learning-assisted nanozyme design,are also discussed.Overall,this review highlights the potential of nanozymes as antibiofilm agents and provides insights into the future design of nanozymes for biofilm control.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.226-2024-00010)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3203003)the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LZ23E080004).
文摘The boosting development of artificial intelligence(AI)is contributing to rapid exponential surge of computing power demand,which results in the concerns on the increased energy consumption and carbon emission.To highlight the environmental impact of AI,a quantified analysis on the carbon emission associated with AI systems was conducted in this study,with the hope of offering guidelines for police maker to setup emission limits or studies interested in this issue and beyond.It has been discovered that both industry and academia play pivotal roles in driving AI development forward.The carbon emissions from 79 prominent AI systems released between 2020 and 2024 were quantified.The projected total carbon footprint from the AI systems in the top 20 of carbon emissions could reach up to 102.6 Mt of CO_(2) equivalent per year.This could potentially have a substantial impact on the environmental market,exceeding$10 billion annually,especially considering potential carbon penalties in the near future.Hence,it is appealed to take proactive measures to develop quantitative analysis methodologies and establish appropriate standards for measuring carbon emissions associated with AI systems.Emission cap is also crucial to drive the industry to adopt more environmentally friendly practices and technologies,in order to build a more sustainable future for AI.
