Background:Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide,creating a pressing need to develop novel drugs that inhibit oncogenic signaling pathways.Numerous studies have shown that berberine(BBR)has anti–lung ...Background:Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide,creating a pressing need to develop novel drugs that inhibit oncogenic signaling pathways.Numerous studies have shown that berberine(BBR)has anti–lung cancer potential.We aimed to explore the anti–lung cancer effect of BBR and related mechanisms by targeting the glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK3β)/β-catenin pathway.Methods:Lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)cells A549 and NCI-H1975 were treated with BBR.Results:Our results showed that BBR inhibited cell proliferation by decreasing c-Myc levels and induced cel cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase by lowering cyclin D1 levels.BBR induced apoptosis by upregulating cleaved caspase 3 levels.BBR inhibited cell migration and invasion by decreasing N-cadherin levels.Furthermore,BBR upregulated the expression of GSK3βprotein and phospho-β-catenin proteins in the cytoplasm,while decreasing the expression ofβ-catenin protein.Next,LUAD cel s were exposed to CHIR-99021(a GSK3βinhibitor).This treatment led to an increase in c-Myc,cyclin D1,andβ-catenin levels at specific concentrations.BBR partially reversed the effects of CHIR-99021.Finally,LUAD cells were treated with CHIR-99021(4μmoL/L)combined with BBR(30 and 60μmoL/L)for 24 h.The expression of programmed death ligand 1(PD-L1)was assessed by Western blot analysis.Jurkat T cells and A549 cel s were cocultured for 24 h to examine the lactate dehydrogenase release rate.Results suggested that BBR suppressed the expression of PD-L1 and heightened the immune lethality of T cells.Conclusions:BBR suppressed the proliferative activity of LUAD cell lines A549 and NCI-H1975 in vitro,induced cell cycle arrest and cancer cel apoptosis in the G0/G1 stage,and repressed the migration and invasion of cancer cells.BBR reduced the PD-L1 protein expression and enhanced T-cell–mediated cytotoxicity.These effects appear to be related to BBR's regulation of the GSK3β/β-catenin pathway.展开更多
盆腔器官脱垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)是一种多因素导致的疾病,发病机制复杂,主要与盆底肌肉和结缔组织缺损有关。这些缺损导致盆底组织支持功能丧失,引起盆腔器官疝入阴道,并伴有膀胱、直肠和性功能障碍的症状[1]。据报道,我国POP...盆腔器官脱垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)是一种多因素导致的疾病,发病机制复杂,主要与盆底肌肉和结缔组织缺损有关。这些缺损导致盆底组织支持功能丧失,引起盆腔器官疝入阴道,并伴有膀胱、直肠和性功能障碍的症状[1]。据报道,我国POP患病率约20%,其中有症状表现的POP占成年女性群体的9.6%[2]。展开更多
Hymoins A–C(1–3),three unusual polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols(PPAPs)were isolated from the flowers of Hypericum monogynum.Hymoin A features the first intriguing 6/5/5/5/7 pentacyclic caged PPAP.Hymoin...Hymoins A–C(1–3),three unusual polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols(PPAPs)were isolated from the flowers of Hypericum monogynum.Hymoin A features the first intriguing 6/5/5/5/7 pentacyclic caged PPAP.Hymoin B is characterized by an unprecedented rearranged 5/6/8 tricyclic ring system,while hymoin C represents the first rearranged PPAP with a fantastic spirocyclic 5/6/7 ring system.Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis,X-ray crystallography,and computational methods.The plausible biosynthetic routes for the compounds were also proposed.In oleic acid(OA)-induced HepG2 cells,all compounds exhibited significant lipid-lowering activity at the concentrations of 2–8μmol/L.Further mechanistic study implied that compound 1 exhibited excellent lipid-lowering activity in OA-induced HepG2 cells through inhibiting the proteins of free fatty acids synthesis and improving lipidolysis.展开更多
Directly correlating the morphology and composition of interfacial water is vital not only for studying water icing under critical conditions but also for understanding the role of protein–water interac-tions in bio-...Directly correlating the morphology and composition of interfacial water is vital not only for studying water icing under critical conditions but also for understanding the role of protein–water interac-tions in bio-relevant systems.In this study,we present a model system to study two-dimensional(2D)water layers under ambient conditions by using self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)supporting the physisorp-tion of the Cytochrome C(Cyt C)protein layer.We observed that the 2D island-like water layers were uniformly distributed on the SAMs as characterized by atomic force microscopy,and their composition was confirmed by nano-atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy.In addition,these 2D flakes could grow under high-humidity conditions or melt upon the introduction of a heat source.The formation of these flakes is attributed to the activation energy for water desorption from the Cyt C being nearly twofold high than that from the SAMs.Our results provide a new and effective method for further understanding the water–protein interactions.展开更多
A comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the leaves and twigs of Physalis angulata.var.villosa resulted in the isolation of 23 withanolide derivatives,including one novel 13,20-γ-lactone withanolide derivative(...A comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the leaves and twigs of Physalis angulata.var.villosa resulted in the isolation of 23 withanolide derivatives,including one novel 13,20-γ-lactone withanolide derivative(1)and three new withanolide derivatives(2-4).Architecturally,physalinin A(1)represents the first identified type B withanolide featuring a 13,20-γ-lactone moiety.The molecular structures of all isolates were elucidated using an integrated approach combining nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,mass spectrometry(MS),infrared(IR)spectroscopy,and quantum chemical calculations to confirm structural assignments.The antiproliferative activities of all isolated withanolides were evaluated against four human cancer cell lines(HEL,HCT-116,Colo320DM,and MDA-MB-231).Among them,eight derivatives(2,5–8,14,15,and 23)exhibited significant inhibitory effects,with half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values of 0.18±0.03 to 17.02±0.21μmol·L-1.Structureactivity relationship(SAR)analysis suggested that the presence of an epoxide ring enhances anticancer activity,potentially through increased reactivity or specific interactions with molecular targets involved in cancer progression.These findings underscore the pharmacological potential of withanolides as promising lead compounds for the development of novel anticancer therapeutics.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of berberine inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis in a diabetic rat model.METHODS: The 40 rats were randomly divided into five groups. One group was selected as the normal...AIM: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of berberine inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis in a diabetic rat model.METHODS: The 40 rats were randomly divided into five groups. One group was selected as the normal group. In the remaining groups(n = 8 each), the rats were fed on a high-fat diet for 1 mo and received intravenous injection of streptozotocin for induction of the diabetic models. Berberine(156 mg/kg per day)(berberine group) or metformin(184 mg/kg per day)(metformin group) was intragastrically administered to the diabetic rats and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide1-β-D-ribofuranoside(AICAR)(0.5 mg/kg per day)(AICAR group) was subcutaneously injected to the diabetic rats for 12 wk. The remaining eight diabetic rats served as the model group. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels as well as lipid profile were tested.The expressions of proteins were examined by western blotting. The nuclear translocation of CREB-regulated transcription co-activator(TORC)2 was observed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: Berberine improved impaired glucose tolerance and decreased plasma hyperlipidemia. Moreover, berberine decreased fasting plasma insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR). Berberine upregulated protein expression of liver kinase(LK)B1, AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) and phosphorylated AMPK(p-AMPK). The level of phophorylated TORC2(p-TORC2) protein in the cytoplasm was higher in the berberine group than in the model group, and no significant difference in total TORC2 protein level was observed. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that more TORC2 was localized in the cytoplasm of the berberine group than in the model group. Moreover, berberine treatment downregulated protein expression of the key gluconeogenic enzymes(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase) in the liver tissues. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that berberine inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis via the regulation of the LKB1-AMPK-TORC2 signaling pathway.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of berberine on improving insulin resistance induced by free fatty acids (FFAs) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. METHODS: The model of insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocy...AIM: To investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of berberine on improving insulin resistance induced by free fatty acids (FFAs) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. METHODS: The model of insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was established by adding palmic acid (0.5 mmol/L) to the culture medium. Berberine treatment was performed at the same time. Glucose uptake rate was determined by the 2-deoxy-[3H]-D-glucose method. The levels of IkB kinase beta (IKKβ) Ser181 phosphorylation, insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1) Ser307 phosphorylation, expression of IKKβ, IRS-1, nuclear transcription factor kappaB p65 (NF-κB p65), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase p85 (PI-3K p85) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins were detected by Western blotting. The distribution of NF-κB p65 proteins inside the adipocytes was observed through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS: After the intervention of palmic acid for 24 h, the insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was inhibited by 67%. Meanwhile, the expression of IRS-1 and PI-3K p85 protein was reduced, while the levels of IKKβ Ser181 and IRS-1 Ser307 phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 protein were increased. However, the above indexes, which indicated the existence of insulin resistance, were reversed by berberine although the expression of GLUT4, IKKβ and total NF-κB p65 protein were not changed during this study. CONCLUSION: Insulin resistance induced by FFAs in 3T3-L1 adipocytes can be improved by berberine. Berberine reversed free-fatty-acid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through targeting IKKβ.展开更多
Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects and digestion. With the rapid advancement in salivaomics, saliva is well recognize...Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects and digestion. With the rapid advancement in salivaomics, saliva is well recognized as a pool of biological markers. Saliva, as a non-invasive and safe source, could be a substitute for blood in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. This review summarizes the latest advancements in saliva-related studies and addresses the potential value of saliva in the early diagnosis of oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease, as well as cancer, diabetes and other systemic disorders. Saliva biomarkers range from changes in the biochemical indices of DNA, RNA and proteins to the diversification of microbiota structures. This study integrates data reported in the recent literature and discusses the clinical significance and prospects for the application of saliva in the early diagnosis of diseases, translational medicine and precision medicine.展开更多
Decompression is the major therapeutic strategy for acute spinal cord injury,but there is some debate about the time window for decompression following spinal cord injury.An important goal and challenge in the treatme...Decompression is the major therapeutic strategy for acute spinal cord injury,but there is some debate about the time window for decompression following spinal cord injury.An important goal and challenge in the treatment of spinal cord injury is inhibiting or reversing secondary injury.Governor Vessel electroacupuncture can improve symptoms of spinal cord injury by inhibiting cell apoptosis and improving the microenvironment of the injured spinal cord.In this study,Governor Vessel electroacupuncture combined with decompression at different time points was used to treat acute spinal cord injury.The rat models were established by inserting a balloon catheter into the atlanto-occipital space.The upper cervical spinal cord was compressed for 12 or 48 hours prior to decompression.Electroacupuncture was conducted at the acupoints Dazhui（GV14） and Baihui（GV 20）（2 Hz,15 minutes） once a day for 14 consecutive days.Compared with decompression alone,hind limb motor function recovery was superior after decompression for 12 and 48 hours combined with electroacupuncture.However,the recovery of motor function was not significantly different at 14 days after treatment in rats receiving decompression for 12 hours.Platelet-activating factor levels and caspase-9 protein expression were significantly reduced in rats receiving electroacupuncture compared with decompression alone.These findings indicate that compared with decompression alone,Governor Vessel electroacupuncture combined with delayed decompression（48 hours） is more effective in the treatment of upper cervical spinal cord injury.Governor Vessel electroacupuncture combined with early decompression（12 hours） can accelerate the recovery of nerve movement in rats with upper cervical spinal cord injury.Nevertheless,further studies are necessary to confirm whether it is possible to obtain additional benefit compared with early decompression alone.展开更多
基金Supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.82174457)。
文摘Background:Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide,creating a pressing need to develop novel drugs that inhibit oncogenic signaling pathways.Numerous studies have shown that berberine(BBR)has anti–lung cancer potential.We aimed to explore the anti–lung cancer effect of BBR and related mechanisms by targeting the glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK3β)/β-catenin pathway.Methods:Lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)cells A549 and NCI-H1975 were treated with BBR.Results:Our results showed that BBR inhibited cell proliferation by decreasing c-Myc levels and induced cel cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase by lowering cyclin D1 levels.BBR induced apoptosis by upregulating cleaved caspase 3 levels.BBR inhibited cell migration and invasion by decreasing N-cadherin levels.Furthermore,BBR upregulated the expression of GSK3βprotein and phospho-β-catenin proteins in the cytoplasm,while decreasing the expression ofβ-catenin protein.Next,LUAD cel s were exposed to CHIR-99021(a GSK3βinhibitor).This treatment led to an increase in c-Myc,cyclin D1,andβ-catenin levels at specific concentrations.BBR partially reversed the effects of CHIR-99021.Finally,LUAD cells were treated with CHIR-99021(4μmoL/L)combined with BBR(30 and 60μmoL/L)for 24 h.The expression of programmed death ligand 1(PD-L1)was assessed by Western blot analysis.Jurkat T cells and A549 cel s were cocultured for 24 h to examine the lactate dehydrogenase release rate.Results suggested that BBR suppressed the expression of PD-L1 and heightened the immune lethality of T cells.Conclusions:BBR suppressed the proliferative activity of LUAD cell lines A549 and NCI-H1975 in vitro,induced cell cycle arrest and cancer cel apoptosis in the G0/G1 stage,and repressed the migration and invasion of cancer cells.BBR reduced the PD-L1 protein expression and enhanced T-cell–mediated cytotoxicity.These effects appear to be related to BBR's regulation of the GSK3β/β-catenin pathway.
文摘盆腔器官脱垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)是一种多因素导致的疾病,发病机制复杂,主要与盆底肌肉和结缔组织缺损有关。这些缺损导致盆底组织支持功能丧失,引起盆腔器官疝入阴道,并伴有膀胱、直肠和性功能障碍的症状[1]。据报道,我国POP患病率约20%,其中有症状表现的POP占成年女性群体的9.6%[2]。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32270413,82060631,82160808,and 82360035)the Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province(Nos.QKHJC 2020–1Z076,QKHJC-ZK[2023]YB156,QKHJC-ZK[2021]YB569,and QKHPTRC[2020]5008)+4 种基金Excellent Young Talents Plan of Guizhou Medical University(2023,No.106)the 13thbatch of outstanding young scientific and technological talents in Guizhou Province(No.QKHPTRC[2021]5633)Guizhou Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team(No.QKHPTRC–CXTD[2022]007)High-level Innovative Talents in Guizhou Province(Thousand Levels of Talent for Chunmao Yuan in 2018)the project of State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants,Guizhou Medical University(Nos.FAMP202102K and QJJ[2023]113)。
文摘Hymoins A–C(1–3),three unusual polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols(PPAPs)were isolated from the flowers of Hypericum monogynum.Hymoin A features the first intriguing 6/5/5/5/7 pentacyclic caged PPAP.Hymoin B is characterized by an unprecedented rearranged 5/6/8 tricyclic ring system,while hymoin C represents the first rearranged PPAP with a fantastic spirocyclic 5/6/7 ring system.Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis,X-ray crystallography,and computational methods.The plausible biosynthetic routes for the compounds were also proposed.In oleic acid(OA)-induced HepG2 cells,all compounds exhibited significant lipid-lowering activity at the concentrations of 2–8μmol/L.Further mechanistic study implied that compound 1 exhibited excellent lipid-lowering activity in OA-induced HepG2 cells through inhibiting the proteins of free fatty acids synthesis and improving lipidolysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22273045,52488101 and 22472043)Ningbo Youth Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent(2023QL041)Tsinghua University Independent Scientific Research Plan for Young Investigator,Tsinghua University Dushi Program,and Initiative Scientific Research Program。
文摘Directly correlating the morphology and composition of interfacial water is vital not only for studying water icing under critical conditions but also for understanding the role of protein–water interac-tions in bio-relevant systems.In this study,we present a model system to study two-dimensional(2D)water layers under ambient conditions by using self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)supporting the physisorp-tion of the Cytochrome C(Cyt C)protein layer.We observed that the 2D island-like water layers were uniformly distributed on the SAMs as characterized by atomic force microscopy,and their composition was confirmed by nano-atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy.In addition,these 2D flakes could grow under high-humidity conditions or melt upon the introduction of a heat source.The formation of these flakes is attributed to the activation energy for water desorption from the Cyt C being nearly twofold high than that from the SAMs.Our results provide a new and effective method for further understanding the water–protein interactions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science oundation of China(Nos.31960087,82060631,and 32270413)the Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province(No.QKHJC[2020]1Z076)+6 种基金the Excellent Young Talents Plan of Guizhou Medical University(2023,No.106)the 13~(th)Batch of Outstanding Young Scientific and Technological Talents in Guizhou Province(No.QKHPTRC[2021]5633)the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province(No.QKHZYD[2022]4015)the High-level Innovative Talents in Guizhou Province(Thousand Levels of Talent for Chunmao Yuan in 2018 and Jue Yang in 2023)2022 Guiyang Science and Technology Talent Training Project(No.ZKH[2023]48-5)Guizhou Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team(No.QKHPTRC-CXTD[2022]007)the“Light of the West”Talent Cultivation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences for Chunmao Yuan(No.RZ[2020]82)。
文摘A comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the leaves and twigs of Physalis angulata.var.villosa resulted in the isolation of 23 withanolide derivatives,including one novel 13,20-γ-lactone withanolide derivative(1)and three new withanolide derivatives(2-4).Architecturally,physalinin A(1)represents the first identified type B withanolide featuring a 13,20-γ-lactone moiety.The molecular structures of all isolates were elucidated using an integrated approach combining nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,mass spectrometry(MS),infrared(IR)spectroscopy,and quantum chemical calculations to confirm structural assignments.The antiproliferative activities of all isolated withanolides were evaluated against four human cancer cell lines(HEL,HCT-116,Colo320DM,and MDA-MB-231).Among them,eight derivatives(2,5–8,14,15,and 23)exhibited significant inhibitory effects,with half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values of 0.18±0.03 to 17.02±0.21μmol·L-1.Structureactivity relationship(SAR)analysis suggested that the presence of an epoxide ring enhances anticancer activity,potentially through increased reactivity or specific interactions with molecular targets involved in cancer progression.These findings underscore the pharmacological potential of withanolides as promising lead compounds for the development of novel anticancer therapeutics.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30973836
文摘AIM: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of berberine inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis in a diabetic rat model.METHODS: The 40 rats were randomly divided into five groups. One group was selected as the normal group. In the remaining groups(n = 8 each), the rats were fed on a high-fat diet for 1 mo and received intravenous injection of streptozotocin for induction of the diabetic models. Berberine(156 mg/kg per day)(berberine group) or metformin(184 mg/kg per day)(metformin group) was intragastrically administered to the diabetic rats and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide1-β-D-ribofuranoside(AICAR)(0.5 mg/kg per day)(AICAR group) was subcutaneously injected to the diabetic rats for 12 wk. The remaining eight diabetic rats served as the model group. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels as well as lipid profile were tested.The expressions of proteins were examined by western blotting. The nuclear translocation of CREB-regulated transcription co-activator(TORC)2 was observed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: Berberine improved impaired glucose tolerance and decreased plasma hyperlipidemia. Moreover, berberine decreased fasting plasma insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR). Berberine upregulated protein expression of liver kinase(LK)B1, AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) and phosphorylated AMPK(p-AMPK). The level of phophorylated TORC2(p-TORC2) protein in the cytoplasm was higher in the berberine group than in the model group, and no significant difference in total TORC2 protein level was observed. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that more TORC2 was localized in the cytoplasm of the berberine group than in the model group. Moreover, berberine treatment downregulated protein expression of the key gluconeogenic enzymes(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase) in the liver tissues. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that berberine inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis via the regulation of the LKB1-AMPK-TORC2 signaling pathway.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30371816
文摘AIM: To investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of berberine on improving insulin resistance induced by free fatty acids (FFAs) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. METHODS: The model of insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was established by adding palmic acid (0.5 mmol/L) to the culture medium. Berberine treatment was performed at the same time. Glucose uptake rate was determined by the 2-deoxy-[3H]-D-glucose method. The levels of IkB kinase beta (IKKβ) Ser181 phosphorylation, insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1) Ser307 phosphorylation, expression of IKKβ, IRS-1, nuclear transcription factor kappaB p65 (NF-κB p65), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase p85 (PI-3K p85) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins were detected by Western blotting. The distribution of NF-κB p65 proteins inside the adipocytes was observed through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS: After the intervention of palmic acid for 24 h, the insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was inhibited by 67%. Meanwhile, the expression of IRS-1 and PI-3K p85 protein was reduced, while the levels of IKKβ Ser181 and IRS-1 Ser307 phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 protein were increased. However, the above indexes, which indicated the existence of insulin resistance, were reversed by berberine although the expression of GLUT4, IKKβ and total NF-κB p65 protein were not changed during this study. CONCLUSION: Insulin resistance induced by FFAs in 3T3-L1 adipocytes can be improved by berberine. Berberine reversed free-fatty-acid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through targeting IKKβ.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81430011 to Xue-Dong Zhou and 81371135 to Ji-Yao Li)Clinical Advanced Technique Award of West China Hospital of Stomatology (LCXJS2015 to Xin Xu)the Brilliant Young Investigator Award,Sichuan University (2015SCU04A16 to Xin Xu)
文摘Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects and digestion. With the rapid advancement in salivaomics, saliva is well recognized as a pool of biological markers. Saliva, as a non-invasive and safe source, could be a substitute for blood in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. This review summarizes the latest advancements in saliva-related studies and addresses the potential value of saliva in the early diagnosis of oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease, as well as cancer, diabetes and other systemic disorders. Saliva biomarkers range from changes in the biochemical indices of DNA, RNA and proteins to the diversification of microbiota structures. This study integrates data reported in the recent literature and discusses the clinical significance and prospects for the application of saliva in the early diagnosis of diseases, translational medicine and precision medicine.
基金supported by the Capital Characteristic Clinical Application Research Projects of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Plan of China,No.Z16110000516009
文摘Decompression is the major therapeutic strategy for acute spinal cord injury,but there is some debate about the time window for decompression following spinal cord injury.An important goal and challenge in the treatment of spinal cord injury is inhibiting or reversing secondary injury.Governor Vessel electroacupuncture can improve symptoms of spinal cord injury by inhibiting cell apoptosis and improving the microenvironment of the injured spinal cord.In this study,Governor Vessel electroacupuncture combined with decompression at different time points was used to treat acute spinal cord injury.The rat models were established by inserting a balloon catheter into the atlanto-occipital space.The upper cervical spinal cord was compressed for 12 or 48 hours prior to decompression.Electroacupuncture was conducted at the acupoints Dazhui（GV14） and Baihui（GV 20）（2 Hz,15 minutes） once a day for 14 consecutive days.Compared with decompression alone,hind limb motor function recovery was superior after decompression for 12 and 48 hours combined with electroacupuncture.However,the recovery of motor function was not significantly different at 14 days after treatment in rats receiving decompression for 12 hours.Platelet-activating factor levels and caspase-9 protein expression were significantly reduced in rats receiving electroacupuncture compared with decompression alone.These findings indicate that compared with decompression alone,Governor Vessel electroacupuncture combined with delayed decompression（48 hours） is more effective in the treatment of upper cervical spinal cord injury.Governor Vessel electroacupuncture combined with early decompression（12 hours） can accelerate the recovery of nerve movement in rats with upper cervical spinal cord injury.Nevertheless,further studies are necessary to confirm whether it is possible to obtain additional benefit compared with early decompression alone.
