We present a short retrospective review of the existing literature about the dynamics of(dry)granular matter under the effect of vibrations.The main objective is the development of an integrated resource where vital i...We present a short retrospective review of the existing literature about the dynamics of(dry)granular matter under the effect of vibrations.The main objective is the development of an integrated resource where vital information about past findings and recent discoveries is provided in a single treatment.Special attention is paid to those works where successful synthetic routes to as-yet unknown phenomena were identified.Such landmark results are analyzed,while smoothly blending them with a history of the field and introducing possible categorizations of the prevalent dynamics.Although no classification is perfect,and it is hard to distillate general properties out of specific observations or realizations,two possible ways to interpret the existing results are defined according to the type of forcing or the emerging(ensuing)regime of motion.In particular,first results concerning the case where vibrations and gravity are concurrent(vertical shaking)are examined,then the companion situation with vibrations perpendicular to gravity(horizontal shaking)is described.Universality classes are introduced as follows:(1)Regimes where sand self-organizes leading to highly regular geometrical“pulsating”patterns(thin layer case);(2)Regimes where the material undergoes“fluidization”and develops an internal multicellular convective state(tick layers case);(3)Regimes where the free interface separating the sand from the overlying gas changes inclination or develops a kind a patterned configuration consisting of stable valleys and mountains or travelling waves;(4)Regimes where segregation is produced,i.e.,particles of a given size tend to be separated from the other grains(deep containers).Where possible,an analogy or parallelism is drawn with respect to the companion field of fluid-dynamics for which the assumption of“continuum”can be applied.展开更多
Emerging contaminants(ECs)have drawn global concern,and the endocrine disrupting chemicals is one of the highly interested ECs categories.However,numerous ECs lacks the basic information about whether they can disturb...Emerging contaminants(ECs)have drawn global concern,and the endocrine disrupting chemicals is one of the highly interested ECs categories.However,numerous ECs lacks the basic information about whether they can disturb the endocrine related biomacromolecules or elicit endocrine related detrimental effects on organism.In this study,the potential binding affinity and underlying binding mechanism between 29 ECs from 7 chemical groups and Gobiocypris rarus transthyretin(CrmTTR)are investigated and probed using in vitro and in silico methods.The experimental results demonstrate that 14 selected ECs(11 disinfection byproducts,1 pharmaceuticals and personal care product,1 alkylphenol,1 perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance)are potential CrmTTR binders.The CrmTTR binding affinity of three ECs(i.e.,2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol(logRP(T_(4))=0.678±0.198),2-bromo-6-chloro-4-nitrophenol(logRP(T_(4))=0.399±0.0908),tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone(logRP(T_(4))=0.272±0.0655))were higher than that of 3,3′,5,5′-tetraiodo-L-thyronine,highlighting that more work should be performed to reveal their potential endocrine related harmful effects on Gobiocypris rarus.Molecular docking results imply that hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions are the dominated non-covalent interactions between the active disruptors and CrmTTR.The optimum mechanism-based(for CrmTTR),and high throughput screening(for CrmTTR,little skate-TTR,seabream-TTR,and human-TTR)binary classification models are developed using three machine learning algorithms,and all the models have good classification performance.To facilitate the use of developed high throughput screening models,a tool named“TTR Profiler”is derived,which could be employed to determine whether a given substance is a potential CrmTTR,little skate-TTR,seabreamTTR,or human-TTR disruptor or not.展开更多
文摘We present a short retrospective review of the existing literature about the dynamics of(dry)granular matter under the effect of vibrations.The main objective is the development of an integrated resource where vital information about past findings and recent discoveries is provided in a single treatment.Special attention is paid to those works where successful synthetic routes to as-yet unknown phenomena were identified.Such landmark results are analyzed,while smoothly blending them with a history of the field and introducing possible categorizations of the prevalent dynamics.Although no classification is perfect,and it is hard to distillate general properties out of specific observations or realizations,two possible ways to interpret the existing results are defined according to the type of forcing or the emerging(ensuing)regime of motion.In particular,first results concerning the case where vibrations and gravity are concurrent(vertical shaking)are examined,then the companion situation with vibrations perpendicular to gravity(horizontal shaking)is described.Universality classes are introduced as follows:(1)Regimes where sand self-organizes leading to highly regular geometrical“pulsating”patterns(thin layer case);(2)Regimes where the material undergoes“fluidization”and develops an internal multicellular convective state(tick layers case);(3)Regimes where the free interface separating the sand from the overlying gas changes inclination or develops a kind a patterned configuration consisting of stable valleys and mountains or travelling waves;(4)Regimes where segregation is produced,i.e.,particles of a given size tend to be separated from the other grains(deep containers).Where possible,an analogy or parallelism is drawn with respect to the companion field of fluid-dynamics for which the assumption of“continuum”can be applied.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22176097)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(China)(No.30923011032).
文摘Emerging contaminants(ECs)have drawn global concern,and the endocrine disrupting chemicals is one of the highly interested ECs categories.However,numerous ECs lacks the basic information about whether they can disturb the endocrine related biomacromolecules or elicit endocrine related detrimental effects on organism.In this study,the potential binding affinity and underlying binding mechanism between 29 ECs from 7 chemical groups and Gobiocypris rarus transthyretin(CrmTTR)are investigated and probed using in vitro and in silico methods.The experimental results demonstrate that 14 selected ECs(11 disinfection byproducts,1 pharmaceuticals and personal care product,1 alkylphenol,1 perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance)are potential CrmTTR binders.The CrmTTR binding affinity of three ECs(i.e.,2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol(logRP(T_(4))=0.678±0.198),2-bromo-6-chloro-4-nitrophenol(logRP(T_(4))=0.399±0.0908),tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone(logRP(T_(4))=0.272±0.0655))were higher than that of 3,3′,5,5′-tetraiodo-L-thyronine,highlighting that more work should be performed to reveal their potential endocrine related harmful effects on Gobiocypris rarus.Molecular docking results imply that hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions are the dominated non-covalent interactions between the active disruptors and CrmTTR.The optimum mechanism-based(for CrmTTR),and high throughput screening(for CrmTTR,little skate-TTR,seabream-TTR,and human-TTR)binary classification models are developed using three machine learning algorithms,and all the models have good classification performance.To facilitate the use of developed high throughput screening models,a tool named“TTR Profiler”is derived,which could be employed to determine whether a given substance is a potential CrmTTR,little skate-TTR,seabreamTTR,or human-TTR disruptor or not.
